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Kim DM, Moon SH, Kim SC, Lee TG, Cho HS, Tark D. Genome characterization of a Korean isolate of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus. Microbiol Resour Announc 2024; 13:e0011823. [PMID: 38117065 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00118-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) outbreaks occur annually in the Republic of Korea. The complete genome sequence of the PED virus isolate CKK1-1 obtained from an infected pig was determined. The genome is 28,037 nt long, excluding the poly(A) tail, and contains seven open reading frames flanked by two untranslated regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Min Kim
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University , Iksan, South Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University , Iksan, South Korea
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University , Iksan, South Korea
| | - Taek Geun Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University , Iksan, South Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University , Iksan, South Korea
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University , Iksan, South Korea
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2
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Deng B, He X, Wang D, Wang Y, Jiang Y, Chen T, Xu L. Designing Selenium Nanoadjuvant as Universal Agent for Live-Killed Virus-Based Vaccine. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2300293. [PMID: 37491791 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202300293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Inactivated virus vaccines with whole antigen spectra and good safety are the commonly used modality for preventing infections. However, the poor immunogenicity greatly limits its clinical applications. Herein, by taking advantages of the crucial roles of Se in the functions of immune cells and its biomineralization property, it successfully in-situ synthesized Se nanoadjuvant on inactivated viruses such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), pseudorabies virus (PRV), and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) in a facile method, which is universal to construct other inactivated virus vaccines. The nanovaccine can highly effectively enhance the uptake of PEDV/PRV/PRRSV into dendritic cells (DCs) and activate DCs via triggering TLR4 signaling pathways and regulating selenoproteins expressions. Furthermore, it exhibited better activities in triggering macrophages and natural killer cells-mediated innate immunity and T cells-mediated cellular immunity compared to PEDV and the commercial inactivated PEDV vaccine on both mice and swine models. This study provides a universal Se nanoadjuvant for developing inactivated viruses-based nanovaccines for preventing virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Deng
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Xiaoming He
- Wens Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- Wens Foodstuff Group Co. Ltd, Yunfu, Guangdong, 527400, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Yalin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
| | - Ligeng Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510632, China
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Li M, Pan Y, Xi Y, Wang M, Zeng Q. Insights and progress on epidemic characteristics, genotyping, and preventive measures of PEDV in China: A review. Microb Pathog 2023; 181:106185. [PMID: 37269880 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea (PED) is an acute, extremely infectious intestinal disease of pigs caused by the Porcine Epidemic Diarrhoea Virus (PEDV). The virus can affect pigs of all breeds and age groups and shows varying degrees of symptoms, with piglets, in particular, being infected with mortality rates of up to 100%. PEDV was first identified in China in the 1980s and in October 2010 a large-scale PED outbreak caused by a variant of PEDV occurred in China, resulting in huge economic losses. Initially, vaccination can effectively prevent the classical strain, but since December 2010, the PEDV variant has caused "persistent diarrhoea" with severe vomiting, watery diarrhoea, and high morbidity and mortality in newborn piglets as the dominant clinical features, with a significant increase in morbidity and mortality. This indicates that PEDV strains have mutated during evolution and that traditional vaccines no longer provide effective cross-immune protection, so it is necessary to optimize immunization programs and find effective treatments through epidemiological surveys of PEDV to reduce the economic losses caused by infections with mutated strains. This article reviews the progress of research on the aetiology, epidemiological characteristics, genotyping, pathogenesis, transmission routes, and comprehensive control of PEDV infection in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yangyang Pan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China; Technology and Research Center of Gansu Province for Embryonic Engineering of Bovine and Sheep & Goat, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yao Xi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Meng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
| | - Qiaoying Zeng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China.
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Kim DM, Moon SH, Kim SC, Cho HS, Tark D. Development of Effective PEDV Vaccine Candidates Based on Viral Culture and Protease Activity. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050923. [PMID: 37243027 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Revised: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) is a highly contagious disease that has been reported annually in several Asian countries, causing significant economic losses to the swine livestock industry. Although vaccines against the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) are available, their efficacy remains questionable due to limitations such as viral genome mutation and insufficient intestinal mucosal immunity. Therefore, the development of a safe and effective vaccine is necessary. In this study, a virulent Korean strain of PEDV, CKT-7, was isolated from a piglet with severe diarrhea, and six different conditions were employed for serial passage of the strain in a cell culture system to generate effective live attenuated vaccine (LAV) candidates. The characteristics of these strains were analyzed in vitro and in vivo, and the CKT-7 N strain was identified as the most effective vaccine candidate, with a viral titer peak of 8.67 ± 0.29 log10TCID50/mL, and no mortality or diarrhea symptoms were observed in five-day-old piglets. These results indicate that LAV candidates can be generated through serial passage with different culture conditions and provide valuable insights into the development of a highly effective LAV against PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Min Kim
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 545431, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chai Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Bio-Safety Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongseob Tark
- Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention, Korea Zoonosis Research Institute, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 545431, Republic of Korea
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Alcantara KP, Nalinratana N, Chutiwitoonchai N, Castillo AL, Banlunara W, Vajragupta O, Rojsitthisak P, Rojsitthisak P. Enhanced Nasal Deposition and Anti-Coronavirus Effect of Favipiravir-Loaded Mucoadhesive Chitosan-Alginate Nanoparticles. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122680. [PMID: 36559173 PMCID: PMC9782217 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Favipiravir (FVR) is a repurposed antiviral drug for treating mild to moderate cases of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). However, its poor solubility and permeability limit its clinical efficacy. To overcome its physicochemical and pharmacokinetic limitations, we statistically designed a mucoadhesive chitosan-alginate nanoparticles (MCS-ALG-NPs) as a new carrier for FVR using response surface methodology, which provided suitable characteristics for transmucosal delivery. The use of mucoadhesive polymers for intranasal administration promotes the residence time and contact of FVR in the mucus membrane. The optimized FVR-MCS-ALG-NPs demonstrated superior mucoadhesion, higher permeation and deposition in the nasal mucosa, and a significant increase in the inhibition of viral replication over 35-fold compared with free FVR. The overall results suggest that MCS-ALG-NPs could be used as an effective mucoadhesive carrier to enhance the activity of FVR against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khent Primo Alcantara
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology Program, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nonthaneth Nalinratana
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Nopporn Chutiwitoonchai
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand
| | - Agnes L. Castillo
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The Graduate School, Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences (RCNAS), University of Santo Tomas, Manila 1008, Philippines
| | - Wijit Banlunara
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Opa Vajragupta
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Molecular Probes for Imaging Research Network, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-2-218-8310
| | - Pranee Rojsitthisak
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Metallurgy and Materials Science Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Harnessing the Genetic Plasticity of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 to Target Suicidal Replication. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091676. [PMID: 34578257 PMCID: PMC8473201 DOI: 10.3390/v13091676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), the causative agent of a wasting disease in weanling piglets, has periodically evolved into several new subtypes since its discovery, indicating that the efficacy of current vaccines can be improved. Although a DNA virus, the mutation rates of PCV2 resemble RNA viruses. The hypothesis that recoding of selected serine and leucine codons in the PCV2b capsid gene could result in stop codons due to mutations occurring during viral replication and thus result in rapid attenuation was tested. Vaccination of weanling pigs with the suicidal vaccine constructs elicited strong virus-neutralizing antibody responses. Vaccination prevented lesions, body-weight loss, and viral replication on challenge with a heterologous PCV2d strain. The suicidal PCV2 vaccine construct was not detectable in the sera of vaccinated pigs at 14 days post-vaccination, indicating that the attenuated vaccine was very safe. Exposure of the modified virus to immune selection pressure with sub-neutralizing levels of antibodies resulted in 5 of the 22 target codons mutating to a stop signal. Thus, the described approach for the rapid attenuation of PCV2 was both effective and safe. It can be readily adapted to newly emerging viruses with high mutation rates to meet the current need for improved platforms for rapid-response vaccines.
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Singh G, Jorgenson J, Pringle T, Nelson T, Ramamoorthy S. Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 decontamination by dry heat and ultraviolet treatment with a swine coronavirus as a surrogate. Infect Prev Pract 2021; 3:100103. [PMID: 34316570 PMCID: PMC7694467 DOI: 10.1016/j.infpip.2020.100103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The critical need for reliable methods to validate decontamination protocols for personal protective equipment (PPE) for re-use during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic is limited by the need for specialized containment facilities to handle the virus. Hence, we have herein validated the use of a swine coronavirus as a surrogate, and tested the effectiveness of dry heat and ultraviolet (UV) rays for PPE decontamination. Exposure of experimentally contaminated N95 masks and hospital gowns to 60°C for 20 min, and UVC at 1800 mJ/cm2 resulted in a 4-log reduction and inactivation of the surrogate virus. This study provides a novel alternative to validate PPE reprocessing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Singh
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - J Jorgenson
- Blue Water Resolute (BWR) Innovations, Fargo, ND, USA
| | | | - T Nelson
- Blue Water Resolute (BWR) Innovations, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - S Ramamoorthy
- Department of Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
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Luo R, Delaunay‐Moisan A, Timmis K, Danchin A. SARS-CoV-2 biology and variants: anticipation of viral evolution and what needs to be done. Environ Microbiol 2021; 23:2339-2363. [PMID: 33769683 PMCID: PMC8251359 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The global propagation of SARS-CoV-2 and the detection of a large number of variants, some of which have replaced the original clade to become dominant, underscores the fact that the virus is actively exploring its evolutionary space. The longer high levels of viral multiplication occur - permitted by high levels of transmission -, the more the virus can adapt to the human host and find ways to success. The third wave of the COVID-19 pandemic is starting in different parts of the world, emphasizing that transmission containment measures that are being imposed are not adequate. Part of the consideration in determining containment measures is the rationale that vaccination will soon stop transmission and allow a return to normality. However, vaccines themselves represent a selection pressure for evolution of vaccine-resistant variants, so the coupling of a policy of permitting high levels of transmission/virus multiplication during vaccine roll-out with the expectation that vaccines will deal with the pandemic, is unrealistic. In the absence of effective antivirals, it is not improbable that SARS-CoV-2 infection prophylaxis will involve an annual vaccination campaign against 'dominant' viral variants, similar to influenza prophylaxis. Living with COVID-19 will be an issue of SARS-CoV-2 variants and evolution. It is therefore crucial to understand how SARS-CoV-2 evolves and what constrains its evolution, in order to anticipate the variants that will emerge. Thus far, the focus has been on the receptor-binding spike protein, but the virus is complex, encoding 26 proteins which interact with a large number of host factors, so the possibilities for evolution are manifold and not predictable a priori. However, if we are to mount the best defence against COVID-19, we must mount it against the variants, and to do this, we must have knowledge about the evolutionary possibilities of the virus. In addition to the generic cellular interactions of the virus, there are extensive polymorphisms in humans (e.g. Lewis, HLA, etc.), some distributed within most or all populations, some restricted to specific ethnic populations and these variations pose additional opportunities for/constraints on viral evolution. We now have the wherewithal - viral genome sequencing, protein structure determination/modelling, protein interaction analysis - to functionally characterize viral variants, but access to comprehensive genome data is extremely uneven. Yet, to develop an understanding of the impacts of such evolution on transmission and disease, we must link it to transmission (viral epidemiology) and disease data (patient clinical data), and the population granularities of these. In this editorial, we explore key facets of viral biology and the influence of relevant aspects of human polymorphisms, human behaviour, geography and climate and, based on this, derive a series of recommendations to monitor viral evolution and predict the types of variants that are likely to arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibang Luo
- Department of Computer ScienceThe University of Hong KongBonham RoadPokfulamHong Kong
| | - Agnès Delaunay‐Moisan
- Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Gif‐sur‐Yvette91198France
| | - Kenneth Timmis
- Institute of MicrobiologyTechnical University of BraunschweigBraunschweigGermany
| | - Antoine Danchin
- Kodikos Labs, Institut Cochin, 24 rue du Faubourg Saint‐JacquesParis75014France
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Kashing Faculty of MedicineUniversity of Hong Kong21 Sassoon RoadHong Kong
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Kim J, Yoon J, Park JE. Construction of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus-Like Particles and Its Immunogenicity in Mice. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9040370. [PMID: 33920460 PMCID: PMC8069460 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9040370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED), a highly contagious and lethal enteric disease in piglets, is characterized by diarrhea, vomiting, and dehydration, with high mortality in neonatal piglets. Despite the nationwide use of attenuated and inactivated vaccines, the outbreak of PED is still a major problem in the swine industry. Virus-like particles (VLPs) are artificial nanoparticles similar to viruses that are devoid of genetic material and are unable to replicate. VLPs have good safety profiles and elicit robust cellular and humoral immune responses. Here, we generated PED VLPs in eukaryotic cells and examined their immune responses in mice. We found that the M protein is essential for the formation of PED VLPs. Interestingly, PED VLP formation was decreased in the presence of E proteins and increased in the presence of N proteins. Both IgG and IgA antibodies were induced in mice immunized with PED VLPs. Moreover, these antibodies protected against PED virus infection in Vero cells. PED VLPs immunization induced Th2-dominant immune responses in mice. Our results indicate that PED VLPs induce strong immune responses in mice, suggesting that the VLP-based vaccine is a promising vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Kim
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jaewon Yoon
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.K.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jung-Eun Park
- Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea; (J.K.); (J.Y.)
- Research Institute of Veterinary Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Correspondence:
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