1
|
Bollard SM, Howard J, Casalou C, Mooney L, Peters S, Sweeney C, Ajaykumar A, Triana K, McCann A, Kelly PA, Potter SM. Comparative characterisation of extracellular vesicles from canine and human plasma: a necessary step in biomarker discovery. Vet Res Commun 2024; 48:2775-2782. [PMID: 38717732 PMCID: PMC11315736 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-024-10405-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular Vesicles (EV) have become an interesting focus as novel biomarkers of disease and are increasingly reported upon in humans and other species. The Minimal Information for Studies of Extracellular Vesicles 2018 (MISEV2018) guidelines were published to improve rigor and standardisation within the EV field and provide a framework for the reliable isolation and characterisation of EV populations. However, this rigor and standardisation has been challenging in the area of comparative medicine. Herein we present the successful isolation of EVs from human and canine plasma using Size Exclusion Chromatography and characterise these EVs according to best international practice. This study provides evidence for the reliable comparison of human and canine EVs isolated by this approach, and a baseline description of the EVs from healthy dogs to inform future biomarker studies. This work also demonstrates that the MISEV2018 guidelines can be successfully applied to EVs isolated from canine plasma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Marie Bollard
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland.
| | - J Howard
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - C Casalou
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - L Mooney
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - S Peters
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - C Sweeney
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A Ajaykumar
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - K Triana
- UCD Clinical Research Centre, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - A McCann
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - P A Kelly
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - S M Potter
- UCD School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Mater Misercordiae University Hospital, Eccles Street, Dublin 7, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Lanci A, Iacono E, Merlo B. Therapeutic Application of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Domestic Animals. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2147. [PMID: 39123673 PMCID: PMC11310970 DOI: 10.3390/ani14152147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Recently, the therapeutic potential of extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) has been extensively studied in both human and veterinary medicine. EVs are nano-sized particles containing biological components commonly found in other biological materials. For that reason, EV isolation and characterization are critical to draw precise conclusions during their investigation. Research on EVs within veterinary medicine is still considered in its early phases, yet numerous papers were published in recent years. The conventional adult tissues for deriving MSCs include adipose tissue and bone marrow. Nonetheless, alternative sources such as synovial fluid, endometrium, gingiva, and milk have also been intermittently used. Fetal adnexa are amniotic membrane/fluid, umbilical cord and Wharton's jelly. Cells derived from fetal adnexa exhibit an intermediate state between embryonic and adult cells, demonstrating higher proliferative and differentiative potential and longer telomeres compared to cells from adult tissues. Summarized here are the principal and recent preclinical and clinical studies performed in domestic animals such as horse, cattle, dog and cat. To minimize the use of antibiotics and address the serious issue of antibiotic resistance as a public health concern, they will undoubtedly also be utilized in the future to treat infections in domestic animals. A number of concerns, including large-scale production with standardization of EV separation and characterization techniques, must be resolved for clinical application.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aliai Lanci
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sora 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (E.I.); (B.M.)
| | - Eleonora Iacono
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sora 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (E.I.); (B.M.)
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Merlo
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Tolara di Sora 50, Ozzano dell’Emilia, 40064 Bologna, Italy; (E.I.); (B.M.)
- Health Science and Technologies Interdepartmental Center for Industrial Research (HST-ICIR), University of Bologna, 40100 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Rešetar Maslov D, Rubić I, Farkaš V, Kuleš J, Beer Ljubić B, Beletić A, Samardžija M, Kovačić M, Jurkić Krsteska G, Mrljak V. Characterization and LC-MS/MS based proteomic analysis of extracellular vesicles separated from blood serum of healthy and dogs naturally infected by Babesia canis. A preliminary study. Vet Parasitol 2024; 328:110188. [PMID: 38653059 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2024.110188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
Canine babesiosis is a rapidly spreading tick-borne disease in Europe, which entails protozoan parasites invading red blood cells. Small extracellular vesicles (EVs) (< 200 nm) were isolated from the serum of 15 healthy and 15 by Babesia canis naturally infected dogs aimed to distinguish EV characteristics and protein profiles. There were no significant differences (P = 0.05) observed in the mean sizes and concentrations of serum EVs between the healthy and canine babesiosis groups. Despite a higher number of Canis lupus proteins detected in EVs from serum of diseased dogs, there were no statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in the number of protein IDs between the experimental groups. We successfully identified 211 Canis lupus proteins across both experimental groups, of which 147 Canis lupus proteins were validated as being EV-associated. This data set is accessible via the ProteomeXchange PXD047647. EVs isolated from serum of B. canis infected dogs were Cd9+, Cd63+, Cd81+, and Cd82+. Furthermore, 73 Canis lupus proteins were validated as EV-associated and specific for EVs isolated from serum of B. canis-infected dogs. These were predominantly membrane and cytosolic proteins, and innate and adaptive immune system-related proteins, especially those involved in adhesion and proteoglycan mechanisms like integrins. Enrichment was also observed for proteins involved in vascular and cellular responses, including signalling pathways such as VEGF, VEGFR, and the LKB1 network. When only blood-related sites of EV expression were evaluated, the origins of EV proteins were mostly cells of immune system. These were dendritic cells, neutrophils, B cells, monocytes and platelets. In general, proteins were enriched in pathways that collectively regulate various cellular processes, including immune responses, communication, signal transduction, membrane trafficking, and apoptosis. Serum EVs and their protein cargo may have an important role in both the invasion of B. canis and the host's response to the parasitic infection, nevertheless, additional experimental research is warranted. The overall count of identified EV proteins of parasitic origin, meeting cut off criteria of two peptides and 1 % FDR, was relatively low.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Rešetar Maslov
- Laboratory of proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova street 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia.
| | - Ivana Rubić
- Laboratory of proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova street 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Farkaš
- Laboratory of proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova street 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia; Ruđer Bošković Insitute, Division of Molecular Medicine, Laboratory of Molecular Neuropsychiatry, Bijenička cesta 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Josipa Kuleš
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova Street 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Blanka Beer Ljubić
- Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova street 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Anđelo Beletić
- Laboratory of proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova street 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia; Genos Ltd, Glycoscience Research Laboratory, Borongajska cesta 83H, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Marko Samardžija
- Reproduction and Obstetrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova street 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Mislav Kovačić
- Department of Biology, University of Osijek, Osijek 31000, Croatia
| | - Gabrijela Jurkić Krsteska
- Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova street 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| | - Vladimir Mrljak
- Laboratory of proteomics, Internal Diseases Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Zagreb, Heinzelova street 55, Zagreb 10000, Croatia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Saba E, Sandhu MA, Pelagalli A. Canine Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Exosomes: State-of-the-Art Characterization, Functional Analysis and Applications in Various Diseases. Vet Sci 2024; 11:187. [PMID: 38787159 PMCID: PMC11126113 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess the capacity to differentiate into a variety of cell types and secrete a wide range of bioactive molecules in the form of soluble and membrane-bound exosomes. Extracellular vesicles/exosomes are nano-sized vesicles that carry proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids and can modulate recipient cell response in various ways. The process of exosome formation is a physiological interaction between cells. With a significant increase in basic research over the last two decades, there has been a tremendous expansion in research in MSC exosomes and their potential applications in canine disease models. The characterization of exosomes has demonstrated considerable variations in terms of source, culture conditions of MSCs, and the inclusion of fetal bovine serum or platelet lysate in the cell cultures. Furthermore, the amalgamation of exosomes with various nano-materials has become a novel approach to the fabrication of nano-exosomes. The fabrication of exosomes necessitates the elimination of extrinsic proteins, thus enhancing their potential therapeutic uses in a variety of disease models, including spinal cord injury, osteoarthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. This review summarizes current knowledge on the characteristics, biological functions, and clinical relevance of canine MSC exosomes and their potential use in human and canine research. As discussed, exosomes have the ability to control lethal vertebrate diseases by administration directly at the injury site or through specific drug delivery mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Saba
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan; (E.S.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Mansur Abdullah Sandhu
- Department of Veterinary Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, PMAS-Arid Agriculture University, Rawalpindi 46300, Pakistan; (E.S.); (M.A.S.)
| | - Alessandra Pelagalli
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy
- Institute of Biostructures and Bioimages, National Research Council, Via De Amicis 95, 80131 Naples, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Caliani Carrera AL, Minto BW, Malard P, Brunel HDSS. The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome (Extracellular Microvesicles and Exosomes) in Animals' Musculoskeletal and Neurologic-Related Disorders. Vet Med Int 2023; 2023:8819506. [PMID: 38023428 PMCID: PMC10645499 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8819506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The advances in regenerative medicine are very important for the development of medicine and the discovery of stem cells has shown a greater capacity to raise the level of therapeutic quality while their use becomes more accessible, especially in their mesenchymal form. In veterinary medicine, it is not different. The use of those cells, as well as recent advances related to the use of their extracellular vesicles, demonstrates a great opportunity to enhance therapeutic methods and ensure more life quality for patients, which can be in clinical or surgical treatments. Knowing the advances in these modalities and the growing clinical and surgery research and demands for innovations in orthopedic and neurology medicines, this paper aimed to review the literature about the methodologies of use and applications such as the pathways of action and the advances that were postulated for microvesicles and exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells in veterinary medicine, especially for musculoskeletal disorders and related injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alefe Luiz Caliani Carrera
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av Paulo Donato Castelane s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Watanabe Minto
- Department of Clinical and Veterinary Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Av Paulo Donato Castelane s/n, Jaboticabal, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Malard
- Catholic University of Brasilia, Brasília, Federal District, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Davies R, Allen S, Mennan C, Platt M, Wright K, Kehoe O. Extracellular Vesicle Depletion Protocols of Foetal Bovine Serum Influence Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Phenotype, Immunomodulation, and Particle Release. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119242. [PMID: 37298194 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The immunomodulatory properties of MSCs can be recreated using their extracellular vesicles (EVs). Yet, the true capabilities of the MSC EVs cannot be distinguished from contaminating bovine EVs and protein derived from supplemental foetal bovine serum (FBS). FBS EV depletion protocols can minimise this, but vary in terms of depletion efficiency, which can negatively impact the cell phenotype. We explore the impact of FBS EV depletion strategies, including ultracentrifugation, ultrafiltration, and serum-free, on umbilical cord MSC characteristics. Whilst a greater depletion efficiency, seen in the ultrafiltration and serum-free strategies, did not impact the MSC markers or viability, the MSCs did become more fibroblastic, had slower proliferation, and showed inferior immunomodulatory capabilities. Upon MSC EV enrichment, more particles, with a greater particle/protein ratio, were isolated upon increasing the FBS depletion efficiency, except for serum-free, which showed a decreased particle number. Whilst all conditions showed the presence of EV-associated markers (CD9, CD63, and CD81), serum-free was shown to represent a higher proportion of these markers when normalised by total protein. Thus, we caution MSC EV researchers on the use of highly efficient EV depletion protocols, showing that it can impact the MSC phenotype, including their immunomodulatory properties, and stress the importance of testing in consideration to downstream objectives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Davies
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine (Keele University), RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Shannen Allen
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine (Keele University), RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Claire Mennan
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering (Keele University), RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Mark Platt
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Analytical Science, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK
| | - Karina Wright
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering (Keele University), RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
| | - Oksana Kehoe
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine Research, School of Medicine (Keele University), RJAH Orthopaedic Hospital, Shropshire SY10 7AG, UK
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Phyo H, Aburza A, Mellanby K, Esteves CL. Characterization of canine adipose- and endometrium-derived Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells and response to lipopolysaccharide. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1180760. [PMID: 37275605 PMCID: PMC10237321 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1180760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are used for regenerative therapy in companion animals. Their potential was initially attributed to multipotency, but subsequent studies in rodents, humans and veterinary species evidenced that MSCs produce factors that are key mediators of immune, anti-infective and angiogenic responses, which are essential in tissue repair. MSCs preparations have been classically obtained from bone marrow and adipose tissue (AT) in live animals, what requires the use of surgical procedures. In contrast, the uterus, which is naturally exposed to external insult and infection, can be accessed nonsurgically to obtain samples, or tissues can be taken after neutering. In this study, we explored the endometrium (EM) as an alternative source of MSCs, which we compared with AT obtained from canine paired samples. Canine AT- and EM-MSCs, formed CFUs when seeded at low density, underwent tri-lineage differentiation into adipocytes, osteocytes and chondrocytes, and expressed the CD markers CD73, CD90 and CD105, at equivalent levels. The immune genes IL8, CCL2 and CCL5 were equally expressed at basal levels by both cell types. However, in the presence of the inflammatory stimulus lipopolysaccharide (LPS), expression of IL8 was higher in EM- than in AT-MSCs (p < 0.04) while the other genes were equally elevated in both cell types (p < 0.03). This contrasted with the results for CD markers, where the expression was unaltered by exposing the MSCs to LPS. Overall, the results indicate that canine EM-MSCs could serve as an alternative cell source to AT-MSCs in therapeutic applications.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kronstadt SM, Van Heyningen LH, Aranda A, Jay SM. Assessment of anti-inflammatory bioactivity of extracellular vesicles is susceptible to error via media component contamination. Cytotherapy 2023; 25:387-396. [PMID: 36599771 PMCID: PMC10006399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are widely implicated as novel diagnostic and therapeutic modalities for a wide range of diseases. Thus, optimization of EV biomanufacturing is of high interest. In the course of developing parameters for a human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293T) EV production platform, we examined the combinatorial effects of cell culture conditions (i.e., static versus dynamic) and isolation techniques (i.e., ultracentrifugation versus tangential flow filtration versus size-exclusion chromatography) on functional characteristics of HEK293T EVs, including anti-inflammatory bioactivity using a well-established lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse macrophage model. We unexpectedly found that, depending on culture condition and isolation strategy, HEK293T EVs appeared to significantly suppress the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (i.e., interleukin-6, RANTES [regulated upon activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted]) in the stimulated mouse macrophages. Further examination revealed that these results were most likely due to non-EV fetal bovine serum components in HEK293T EV preparations. Thus, future research assessing the anti-inflammatory effects of EVs should be designed to account for this phenomenon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Kronstadt
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | | | - Amaya Aranda
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA
| | - Steven M Jay
- Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA; Program in Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Yoshizaki K, Nishida H, Tabata Y, Jo JI, Nakase I, Akiyoshi H. Controlled release of canine MSC-derived extracellular vesicles by cationized gelatin hydrogels. Regen Ther 2022; 22:1-6. [PMID: 36582604 PMCID: PMC9761439 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2022.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Canine mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as a promising form of regenerative therapy. Therapeutic application of EVs remains difficult due to the short half-life of EVs in vivo and their rapid clearance from the body. We have developed cationized gelatin hydrogels that prolong the retention of EVs to overcome this problem. Methods Canine MSCs were isolated from bone marrow. MSC-derived EVs were isolated from the culture supernatant by ultracentrifugation. Gelatin was mixed with ethylene diamine anhydrate to cationized. Distinct cross-linked cationized gelatin hydrogels were created by thermal dehydration. Hydrogels were implanted into the back subcutis of mice in order to evaluate the degradation profiles. Hydrogels with collagenase were incubated at 37 °C in vitro to quantize the release of EVs from hydrogels. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV-2 cells were used to evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of EVs after release from the hydrogels. Results The cationized gelatin hydrogels suppressed EV release in PBS. More than 60% of immobilized EVs are not released from the hydrogels. The cationized hydrogels released EVs in a sustainable manner and prolonged the retention time of EVs depending on the intensity of cross-linking after degradation by collagenase. The expression of IL-1β in LPS-stimulated BV-2 cells was lower in EVs released from the hydrogels than in controls. Conclusions Our results indicate that the controlled release of EVs can be achieved by cationized gelatin hydrogels. The released EVs experimentally confirmed to be effective in reducing proinflammatory response. The cationized gelatin hydrogels appear to be useful biomaterials for releasing canine MSC-derived EVs for regenerative therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karin Yoshizaki
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Life and Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Nishida
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Life and Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
- Corresponding author. Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Life and Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, 1-58, Rinku Oraikita, Izumisano, Osaka, 598-8531, Japan. Fax: +81 724-63-5476
| | - Yasuhiko Tabata
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
- Corresponding author. Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, 53 Kawara-cho Shogoin, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan. Fax: +81 75-751-4646
| | - Jun-ichiro Jo
- Laboratory of Biomaterials, Department of Regeneration Science and Engineering Institute for Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Biomaterials, Osaka Dental University, Hirakata, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ikuhiko Nakase
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideo Akiyoshi
- Department of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Life and Veterinary Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Izumisano, Osaka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Extracellular Vesicles in Veterinary Medicine. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192716. [PMID: 36230457 PMCID: PMC9559303 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane-bound vesicles involved in many physiological and pathological processes not only in humans but also in all the organisms of the eukaryotic and prokaryotic kingdoms. EV shedding constitutes a fundamental universal mechanism of intra-kingdom and inter-kingdom intercellular communication. A tremendous increase of interest in EVs has therefore grown in the last decades, mainly in humans, but progressively also in animals, parasites, and bacteria. With the present review, we aim to summarize the current status of the EV research on domestic and wild animals, analyzing the content of scientific literature, including approximately 220 papers published between 1984 and 2021. Critical aspects evidenced through the veterinarian EV literature are discussed. Then, specific subsections describe details regarding EVs in physiology and pathophysiology, as biomarkers, and in therapy and vaccines. Further, the wide area of research related to animal milk-derived EVs is also presented in brief. The numerous studies on EVs related to parasites and parasitic diseases are excluded, deserving further specific attention. The literature shows that EVs are becoming increasingly addressed in veterinary studies and standardization in protocols and procedures is mandatory, as in human research, to maximize the knowledge and the possibility to exploit these naturally produced nanoparticles.
Collapse
|
11
|
Pilgrim CR, McCahill KA, Rops JG, Dufour JM, Russell KA, Koch TG. A Review of Fetal Bovine Serum in the Culture of Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Potential Alternatives for Veterinary Medicine. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:859025. [PMID: 35591873 PMCID: PMC9111178 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.859025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fetal bovine serum (FBS) remains widely used as a supplement in cell culture media used in the isolation and expansion of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) despite longstanding practical, clinical, and ethical concerns over its use. As a result, research on alternative culture media supplement solutions that conserve crucial MSC characteristics has become increasingly relevant. Species-specific supplements and serum-free media such as platelet lysate or chemically defined media have been assessed for their effect in MSC cultures regarding proliferation, differentiation, and immunomodulatory capacity. While none of the alternatives offer a complete solution in replacing traditional FBS supplemented media for culturing MSCs for all species, short-term or transitional use of FBS-free media can perform equally well and could address some of the concerns over the use of FBS.
Collapse
|
12
|
Immunomodulatory Effects of Canine Adipose Tissue Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles on Stimulated CD4 + T Cells Isolated from Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:2993043. [PMID: 34447855 PMCID: PMC8384509 DOI: 10.1155/2021/2993043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) have anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory characteristics. Many studies have suggested that the immunomodulation of ADSCs is largely mediated by secreted paracrine factors. Various factors are secreted from ADSCs, among which extracellular vesicles are considered to play a major role in the communication between ADSCs and target cells. Several studies have reported the function of canine ADSC-derived extracellular vesicles (cADSC-EVs), but few studies have reported the immunomodulatory effects of cADSC-EVs on immune cells. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cADSC-EVs on in vitro-stimulated CD4+ T cells isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). cADSC-EVs were isolated from cADSCs under naive conditions or primed conditions by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) and interferon-γ (IFNγ). The expression levels of several microRNAs in cADSC-EVs were altered by priming with TNFα and IFNγ. Culturing PBMCs stimulated with concanavalin A in the presence of naive or primed cADSC-EVs inhibited the differentiation of PBMCs and CD4+ T cells and promoted apoptosis of PBMCs. CD4+, CD8+, and CD4+CD8+ T cells were decreased, while CD3+CD4-CD8- T cells were increased. T helper (Th) 1, Th2, Th17, and regulatory T (Treg) cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. cADSC-EVs inhibited the proliferation of Th1 and Th17 cells and enhanced Th2 and Treg cell proliferation. However, CD4+ T cells that had incorporated labeled cADSC-EVs comprised only a few percent of all cells. Therefore, these responses of stimulated CD4+ T cells may be due to not only direct effects of cADSC-EVs but also to indirect effects through interactions between cADSC-EVs and other immune cells. In conclusion, cADSC-EVs exert immunosuppressive effects on stimulated CD4+ T cells in vitro. These findings may be useful for further studies of immune diseases.
Collapse
|