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Bayraktar E, Aydin O, Tali HE, Yilmaz SG, Yilmaz A, Turan N, Bamac OE, Ozturk A, Erdem A, Kelleci M, Sadeyen JR, Chang P, Yilmaz H, Iqbal M. Molecular characterisation of fowl adenovirus associated with hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome in broiler and layer breeders in Azerbaijan. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:244. [PMID: 38849870 PMCID: PMC11157802 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04081-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fowl adenovirus-4 is a causative agent of hydropericardium hepatitis syndrome (HHS) in chickens and has been frequently reported from many countries. Fowl adenoviruses cause severe disease and mortality in broiler and layer breeders in Azerbaijan. Therefore, in this study, pathological lesions and the dissemination of fowl adenovirus-4 into the visceral organs of infected birds were investigated as well as molecular characterisation of detected strains. For this, liver, heart and spleen from 20 necropsied chickens originated from a broiler breeder flock and a layer breeder flock were embeded on the FTA cards and the samples were analysed for adenovirus-DNA by PCR and sequencing. RESULTS The findings of necropsy in both broiler and layer breeder chickens were similar, and the liver was severely effected showing hepatitis, and the heart with hydropericardium lesions. The kidneys were swollen with haemorrhages and small white foci on the surface of the spleens were noted. Intestinal congestion and ecchymotic hemorrhages were also observed in some birds. Fowl adenovirus-4-DNA was detected by PCR in all collected organs of 20 birds. The sequence analysis revealed that fowl adenovirus-4 present in Azerbaijan and close similarity of the hexon genes of the adenoviruses existing in the Middle East, North America, far east and Indian subcontinent were determined by phylogenetic analysis. However, sequence diversity was detected from the adenovirus strains circulating in Europe, North and South America. CONCLUSIONS This study indicates the impact of fowl adenovirus-4 on the poultry health and production, and improved disease control and prevention strategies are necessary to reduce the HHS disease in chickens in Azerbaijan.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ozge Aydin
- Department of Virology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty, Hadimkoy, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Hasan Emre Tali
- Department of Virology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty, Hadimkoy, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Semaha Gul Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty, Hadimkoy, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Aysun Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty, Hadimkoy, Istanbul, Türkiye
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Nuri Turan
- Department of Virology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty, Hadimkoy, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Ozge Erdogan Bamac
- Department of Pathology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty, Hadimkoy, Istanbul, Türkiye
| | - Akay Ozturk
- CEVA Animal Health, Poultry Division, Maslak, Türkiye
| | - Altug Erdem
- CEVA Animal Health, Poultry Division, Maslak, Türkiye
| | - Metin Kelleci
- Kartallar Veterinary Consultancy Company, Bursa, Türkiye
| | | | - Pengxiang Chang
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | - Huseyin Yilmaz
- Department of Virology, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Veterinary Faculty, Hadimkoy, Istanbul, Türkiye.
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK.
| | - Munir Iqbal
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
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Jakab S, Bali K, Homonnay Z, Kaszab E, Ihász K, Fehér E, Mató T, Kiss I, Palya V, Bányai K. Genomic Epidemiology and Evolution of Fowl Adenovirus 1. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2819. [PMID: 37760219 PMCID: PMC10525556 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus 1 (FAdV-1) is the main cause of gizzard erosion in chickens. Whole genome sequencing and sequence analyses of 32 FAdV-1 strains from a global collection provided evidence that multiple recombination events have occurred along the entire genome. In gene-wise phylogenies, only the adenoviral pol gene formed a tree topology that corresponded to whole genome-based phylogeny. Virus genetic features that were clearly connected to gizzard erosion were not identified in our analyses. However, some genome variants tended to be more frequently identified from birds with gizzard erosion and strains isolated from healthy birds or birds with non-specific pathologies tended to form common clusters in multiple gene phylogenies. Our data show that the genetic diversity is greater, and the evolutionary mechanisms are more complex within FAdV-1 than previously thought. The implications of these findings for viral pathogenesis and epidemiology await further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szilvia Jakab
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (K.B.); (E.K.); (K.I.); (E.F.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Bali
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (K.B.); (E.K.); (K.I.); (E.F.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zalán Homonnay
- Ceva-Phylaxia Ltd., Szállás u. 5, H-1107 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.H.); (T.M.); (I.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Eszter Kaszab
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (K.B.); (E.K.); (K.I.); (E.F.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Ihász
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (K.B.); (E.K.); (K.I.); (E.F.)
| | - Enikő Fehér
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (K.B.); (E.K.); (K.I.); (E.F.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Mató
- Ceva-Phylaxia Ltd., Szállás u. 5, H-1107 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.H.); (T.M.); (I.K.); (V.P.)
| | - István Kiss
- Ceva-Phylaxia Ltd., Szállás u. 5, H-1107 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.H.); (T.M.); (I.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Vilmos Palya
- Ceva-Phylaxia Ltd., Szállás u. 5, H-1107 Budapest, Hungary; (Z.H.); (T.M.); (I.K.); (V.P.)
| | - Krisztián Bányai
- Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary; (S.J.); (K.B.); (E.K.); (K.I.); (E.F.)
- National Laboratory for Infectious Animal Diseases, Antimicrobial Resistance, Veterinary Public Health and Food Chain Safety, Hungária krt. 21, H-1143 Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Veterinary Medicine, István utca 2, H-1078 Budapest, Hungary
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Ghanei-Motlagh R, Fast MD, Groman D, Kumar G, Soliman H, El-Matbouli M, Saleh M. Description, molecular identification and pathological lesions of Huffmanela persica sp. nov. (Nematoda: Trichosomoididae: Huffmanelinae) from the daggertooth pike conger Muraenesox cinereus. Parasit Vectors 2023; 16:182. [PMID: 37277780 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-023-05772-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The genus Huffmanela Moravec, 1987 (Nematoda, Trichosomoididae, Huffmanelinae), represents a group of nematodes that infect both marine and freshwater fish, and the main gross feature of infection with different species of the genus is the presence of noticeable dark spots or tracks within the parasitized tissues. The purpose of this study was to describe morphologically and morphometrically the eggs of a new marine species of Huffmanela (Huffmanela persica sp. nov.), which was found in the form of black spots in the ovary and the tunica serosa of the stomach of the daggertooth pike conger (Muraenesox cinereus). The new species differs from Huffmanela hamo, another species reported from musculature of this host in Japan, in egg metrics, eggshell features and targeted organ. Molecular identification and pathological examination of the lesions caused by the new species are also reported. METHODS Nematode eggs with varying degrees of development were separated from the infected tissues (ovary and tunica serosa of stomach) and investigated using light and scanning electron microscopy. Different species-specific markers (small subunit ribosomal DNA, 18S; large subunit ribosomal DNA, 28S; internal transcribed spacer, ITS) were used for molecular identification and phylogenetic study of the new species. Infected tissues were fixed in buffered formalin for pathological investigations. RESULTS The fully developed eggs of H. persica sp. nov. are distinguished from those previously described from this host on the basis of their measurements (size, 54-68 × 31-43 µm; polar plugs, 6.4-9.7 × 8.4-12 µm; shell thickness, 3.5-6.1 µm) and a delicate but ornate uterine layer (UL) covering the entire eggshell including the polar plugs. Histopathological examination revealed a fibro-granulomatous inflammation in the ovary and the serosal layer of the stomach of infected fish. Maximum-likelihood (ML) phylogenetic analysis recovered a sister relationship between the new species of marine origin and Huffmanela species previously collected from freshwater hosts. CONCLUSIONS The present study is the first to report the molecular characterization and phylogenetic position of a teleost-associated marine species of the genus Huffmanela. A comprehensive list of nominal and innominate populations of Huffmanela is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Ghanei-Motlagh
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada.
| | - Mark D Fast
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - David Groman
- Aquatic Diagnostic Services, Atlantic Veterinary College, University of Prince Edward Island, Charlottetown, PEI, Canada
| | - Gokhlesh Kumar
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hatem Soliman
- Department of Aquatic Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71515, Egypt
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mona Saleh
- Division of Fish Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210, Vienna, Austria.
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High Phenotypic Variation between an In Vitro-Passaged Fowl Adenovirus Serotype 1 (FAdV-1) and Its Virulent Progenitor Strain despite Almost Complete Sequence Identity of the Whole Genomes. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020358. [PMID: 35215948 PMCID: PMC8880033 DOI: 10.3390/v14020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral gizzard erosion is an emerging disease with negative impact on health and production of chickens. In this study, we compared in vitro and in vivo characteristics of a fowl adenovirus serotype 1 (FAdV-1), attenuated by 53 consecutive passages in primary chicken embryo liver (CEL) cell cultures (11/7127-AT), with the virulent strain (11/7127-VT). Whole genome analysis revealed near-complete sequence identity between the strains. However, a length polymorphism in a non-coding adenine repeat sequence (11/7127-AT: 11 instead of 9) immediately downstream of the hexon open reading frame was revealed. One-step growth kinetics showed delayed multiplication of 11/7127-AT together with significantly lower titers in cell culture (up to 4 log10 difference), indicating reduced replication efficiency in vitro. In vivo pathogenicity and immunogenicity were determined in day-old specific pathogen-free layer chicks inoculated orally with the respective viruses. In contrast to birds infected with 11/7127-VT, birds infected with 11/7127-AT did not exhibit body weight loss or severe pathological lesions in the gizzard. Virus detection rates, viral load in organs and virus excretion were significantly lower in birds inoculated with 11/7127-AT. Throughout the experimental period, these birds did not develop measurable neutralizing antibodies, prevalent in birds in response to 11/7127-VT infection. Differences in pathogenicity between the virulent FAdV-1 and the attenuated strain could not be correlated to prominently discriminate genomic features. We conclude that differential in vitro growth profiles indicate that attenuation is linked to modulation of viral replication during interaction of the virus with the host cells. Thus, hosts would be unable to prevent the rapid replication of virulent FAdV leading to severe tissue damage, a phenomenon broadly applicable to further FAdV serotypes, considering the substantial intra-serotype virulence differences of FAdVs and the variation of diseases.
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Sohaimi NM, Hair-Bejo M. A recent perspective on fiber and hexon genes proteins analyses of fowl adenovirus toward virus infectivity-A review. Open Vet J 2021; 11:569-580. [PMID: 35070851 PMCID: PMC8770197 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2021.v11.i4.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Fowl adenovirus (FAdV) is a double-stranded DNA virus with a non-enveloped structure comprising three major proteins known as hexon, penton, and fiber. Molecular analysis which emphasizes on hexon and fiber proteins is currently the major focus of curiosity for FAdV antigenicity and pathogenicity. Recently, disease outbreaks associated with FAdV infections such as inclusion body hepatitis, hepatitis hydropericardium syndrome, and gizzard erosion, were commonly reported and continue to increase worldwide. Studies on the virulence gene of the virus were intensively conducted to provide a better understanding on the role of these major capsid proteins in the development of a safe and effective vaccine against the disease in the poultry industry. This paper highlights the variations of the fiber and hexon genes, their importance in genotypes and serotypes differentiation, and infectivity between FAdV strains. It appears that the L1 loop of hexon and the knob of fiber genes are the infectivity markers for FAdV infection. The fiber-2 protein plays a major role in FAdV pathogenicity than the hexon protein, while the fiber-1 protein is important for viral replication and assembly, regardless of virulence capability instead of infectivity. The hexon protein plays a major role in virus infectivity and tissue tropism. These findings could further enhance the knowledge of FAdV strains’ classification and evolution, diagnosis, and strategies to prevent and control FAdV infection and outbreaks in chicken farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norfitriah Mohamed Sohaimi
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Hair-Bejo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Zhang Y, Liu A, Wang Y, Cui H, Gao Y, Qi X, Liu C, Zhang Y, Li K, Gao L, Pan Q, Wang X. A Single Amino Acid at Residue 188 of the Hexon Protein Is Responsible for the Pathogenicity of the Emerging Novel Virus Fowl Adenovirus 4. J Virol 2021; 95:e0060321. [PMID: 34133902 PMCID: PMC8354325 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00603-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2015, severe hydropericardium-hepatitis syndrome (HHS) associated with a novel fowl adenovirus 4 (FAdV-4) has emerged in China, representing a new challenge for the poultry industry. Although various highly pathogenic FAdV-4 strains have been isolated, the virulence factor and the pathogenesis of novel FAdV-4 are unclear. In our previous studies, we reported that a large genomic deletion (1,966 bp) is not related to increased virulence. Here, two recombinant chimeric viruses, rHN20 strain and rFB2 strain, were generated from a highly pathogenic FAdV-4 strain by replacing the hexon or fiber-2 gene of a nonpathogenic FAdV-4, respectively. Both chimeric strains showed similar titers to the wild-type strain in vitro. Notably, rFB2 and the wild-type strain induced 100% mortality, while no mortality or clinical signs appeared in chickens inoculated with rHN20, indicating that hexon, but not fiber-2, determines the novel FAdV-4 virulence. Furthermore, an R188I mutation in the hexon protein identified residue 188 as the key amino acid for the reduced pathogenicity. The rR188I mutant strain was significantly neutralized by chicken serum in vitro and in vivo, whereas the wild-type strain was able to replicate efficiently. Finally, the immunogenicity of the rescued rR188I was investigated. Nonpathogenic rR188I provided full protection against lethal FAdV-4 challenge. Collectively, these findings provide an in-depth understanding of the molecular basis of novel FAdV-4 pathogenicity and present rR188I as a potential live attenuated vaccine candidate or a novel vaccine vector for HHS vaccines. IMPORTANCE HHS associated with a novel FAdV-4 infection in chickens has caused huge economic losses to the poultry industry in China since 2015. The molecular basis for the increased virulence remains largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the hexon gene is vital for FAdV-4 pathogenicity. Furthermore, we show that the amino acid residue at position 188 of the hexon protein is responsible for pathogenicity. Importantly, the rR188I mutant strain was neutralized by chicken serum in vitro and in vivo, whereas the wild-type strain was not. Further, the rR188I mutant strain provided complete protection against FAdV-4 challenge. Our results provide a molecular basis of the increased virulence of novel FAdV-4. We propose that the rR188I mutant is a potential live attenuated vaccine against HHS and a new vaccine vector for HHS-combined vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Aijing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Hongyu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yulong Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaole Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Changjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Kai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Li Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Qing Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaomei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Biotechnology, Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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