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Wang J, Yan P, Jia Y, Guo Z, Guo Y, Yin R, Wang L, Fan Z, Zhou Y, Yuan J, Yin R. Expression profiles of miRNAs in the lung tissue of piglets infected with Glaesserella parasuis and the roles of ssc-miR-135 and ssc-miR-155-3p in the regulation of inflammation. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2024; 111:102214. [PMID: 39002176 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2024.102214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been shown to play an important regulatory role in the process of pathogenic infection. However, the miRNAs that regulate the pathogenic process of G. parasuis and their functions are still unknown. Here, high-throughput sequencing was used to quantify the expression of miRNA in piglet lung tissue after G. parasuis XX0306 strain infection. A total of 25 differentially expressed microRNAs (DEmiRNAs) were identified. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis showed that many of the functions of genes that may be regulated by DEmiRNA are related to inflammatory response and immune regulation. Further studies found that ssc-miR-135 may promote the expression of inflammatory factors through NF-κB signaling pathway. Whereas, ssc-miR-155-3p inhibited the inflammatory response induced by G. parasuis, and its regulatory mechanism remains to be further investigated. This study provides a valuable reference for revealing the regulatory effects of miRNAs on the pathogenesis of G. parasuis. DATA AVAILABILITY: The datasets generated during the current study are not publicly available due to this study is currently in the ongoing research stage, and some of the data cannot be made public sooner yet, but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China; College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121000, China.
| | - Ping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Yongchao Jia
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Zhongbo Guo
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Ronglan Yin
- Research Academy of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine Sciences of Jilin Province, Changchun 130062, China.
| | - Linxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Zenglei Fan
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Yuanyuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Jing Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Ronghuan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Livestock Infectious Diseases, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
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Fu S, Liu S, Li J, Dong Q, Fu Y, Luo R, Sun Y, Tian X, Liu W, Zong B, Ye C, Lu Q, Qiu Y, Guo L. Baicalin and probenecid protect against Glaesserella parasuis challenge in a piglet model. Vet Res 2024; 55:96. [PMID: 39075542 PMCID: PMC11285411 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) induces vascular damage and systemic inflammation. However, the mechanism by which it causes vascular damage is currently unclear. Baicalin has important anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and immunomodulatory functions. In this study, we explored the ability of baicalin and probenecid to protect against G. parasuis challenge in a piglet model. Sixty piglets were randomly divided into a control group; an infection group; a probenecid group; and 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg baicalin groups. The probenecid group and the 25 mg/kg, 50 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg baicalin groups were injected intramuscularly with 20 mg/kg body weight (BW) probenecid and 25 mg/kg BW, 50 mg/kg BW and 100 mg/kg BW baicalin, respectively. All piglets except those from the control group were injected intraperitoneally with 1 × 108 CFU of G. parasuis. The control group was injected intraperitoneally with TSB. The results showed baicalin and probenecid protected piglets against G. parasuis challenge, improved body weight and decreased temperature changes in piglets. Baicalin and probenecid attenuated IL-1β, IL-10, IL-18, TNF-α and IFN-γ mRNA levels in the blood for 48 h, inhibited the production of the nucleosides ATP, ADP, AMP and UMP from 24 to 72 h, reduced Panx-1/P2Y6/P2X7 expression, weakened NF-kB, AP-1, NLRP3/Caspase-1 and ROCK/MLCK/MLC signalling activation, and upregulated VE-cadherin expression in the blood vessels of piglets challenged with G. parasuis. Baicalin and probenecid alleviated pathological tissue damage in piglets induced by G. parasuis. Our results might provide a promising strategy to control and treat G. parasuis infection in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Jingyang Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Qiaoli Dong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yunjian Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Ronghui Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yamin Sun
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Xinyue Tian
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Bingbing Zong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Chun Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Qirong Lu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China
| | - Yinsheng Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China.
| | - Ling Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, 430023, China.
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan, 430023, China.
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Fu S, Tian X, Peng C, Zhang D, Zhou L, Yuan Y, He J, Guo L, Qiu Y, Ye C, Liu Y, Zong B. Baicalin inhibited PANX-1/P2Y6 signaling pathway activation in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells infected by Glaesserella parasuis. Heliyon 2024; 10:e23632. [PMID: 38187335 PMCID: PMC10770501 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e23632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis can induce endothelial barrier damage in piglets, although the mechanism by which this pathogen triggers inflammatory damage remains unclear. Baicalin possesses anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant activities. However, whether baicalin can relieve endothelial barrier damage caused by Glaesserella parasuis infection has not yet been studied. Hence, we evaluated the ability of baicalin to counteract the changes induced by Glaesserella parasuis in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells. The results showed that Glaesserella parasuis could upregulate the expression of pannexin 1 channel protein and promote the release of adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine 3'-monophosphate, uridine triphosphate, uridine diphosphate, and uridine monophosphate in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells. The expression level of purinergic receptor P2Y6 was upregulated in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells triggered by Glaesserella parasuis. In addition, Glaesserella parasuis could activate phospholipase C-protein kinase C and myosin light chain kinase-myosin light chain signaling pathways in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells. Baicalin could inhibit pannexin 1 channel protein expression, reduce adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, adenosine 3'-monophosphate, uridine triphosphate, uridine diphosphate, and uridine monophosphate release, and attenuate the expression level of P2Y6 in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells induced by Glaesserella parasuis. Baicalin could also reduce the activation of phospholipase C-protein kinase C and myosin light chain kinase-myosin light chain signaling pathways in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells triggered by Glaesserella parasuis. Our study report that Glaesserella parasuis could promote pannexin 1 channel protein expression, induce nucleosides substance release, and P2Y6 expression in porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells and baicalin could inhibit the expression levels of pannexin 1, nucleosides substance, and P2Y6 in the porcine aortic vascular endothelial cells induced by Glaesserella parasuis, which might be served as some targets for treatment of inflammation disease caused by Glaesserella parasuis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Fu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Xinyue Tian
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Chun Peng
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Linglu Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Yuzhen Yuan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Jing He
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Ling Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Yinsheng Qiu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Chun Ye
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
| | - Bingbing Zong
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, PR China
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Animal Nutrition and Feed Safety, Wuhan 430023, PR China
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Guan Z, Pang L, Ouyang Y, Jiang Y, Zhang J, Qiu Y, Li Z, Li B, Liu K, Shao D, Ma Z, Wei J. Secondary Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (HP-PRRSV2) Infection Augments Inflammatory Responses, Clinical Outcomes, and Pathogen Load in Glaesserella-parasuis-Infected Piglets. Vet Sci 2023; 10:vetsci10050365. [PMID: 37235448 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10050365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis (Gps), Gram-negative bacteria, are a universal respiratory-disease-causing pathogen in swine that colonize the upper respiratory tract. Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (HP-PRRSV2HP-PRRSV2) and Gps coinfections are epidemics in China, but little is known about the influence of concurrent coinfection on disease severity and inflammatory responses. Herein, we studied the effects of secondary HP-PRRS infection on clinical symptoms, pathological changes, pathogen load, and inflammatory response of Gps coinfection in the upper respiratory tract of piglets. All coinfected piglets (HP-PRRSV2 + Gps) displayed fever and severe lesions in the lungs, while fever was present in only a few animals with a single infection (HP-PRRSV2 or Gps). Additionally, HP-PRRSV2 and Gps loading in nasal swabs and blood and lung tissue samples was significantly increased in the coinfected group. Necropsy data showed that coinfected piglets suffered from severe lung damage and had significantly higher antibody titers of HP-PRRSV2 or Gps than single-infected piglets. Moreover, the serum and lung concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) were also significantly higher in coinfected piglets than in those infected with HP-PRRSV2 or Gps alone. In conclusion, our results show that HP-PRRSV2 promotes the shedding and replication of Gps, and their coinfection in the upper respiratory tract aggravates the clinical symptoms and inflammatory responses, causing lung damage. Therefore, in the unavoidable situation of Gps infection in piglets, necessary measures must be made to prevent and control secondary infection with HP-PRRSV2, which can save huge economic losses to the pork industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Guan
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Linlin Pang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yan Ouyang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, China
- College of Agriculture, Hubei Three Gorges Polytechnic, Yichang 443000, China
| | - Yifeng Jiang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yafeng Qiu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zongjie Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Beibei Li
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ke Liu
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Donghua Shao
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zhiyong Ma
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Jianchao Wei
- Shanghai Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 518, Ziyue Road, Shanghai 200241, China
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Yan P, Jia YC, Zhang XL, Zhou YY, Guo Y, Yin RL, Yuan J, Wang LX, Guo ZB, Wang JY, Wang X, Yin RH. Virulence assessment of four Glaesserella parasuis strains isolated in Liaoning province of China. Res Vet Sci 2023; 158:226-234. [PMID: 37031471 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) is a part of the normal upper respiratory microbiota of healthy swine. In many studies, the serovars 1, 4, 5, and 12 of G. parasuis are considered to be highly virulent and its serovars 3, 6, 7, 9, and 11 are considered to be non-virulent. Until now, researchers have found that non-virulent strains of G. parasuis cause an increasing number of diseases. However, little is known concerning why non-virulent strains cause disease with the virulence changes. In present study, four G. parasuis strains were evaluated for their cytotoxicity property, which aims to compare their virulence. The results showed that highly virulent strains XX0306 and CY1201, as well as, non-virulent strains HLD0115 and YK1603 caused a series of pathological changes, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and decreased cell activity. In addition, compared to the control group, both highly and non-virulent strains showed similar trends, demonstrating that the method of classifying the virulence of G. parasuis based on its serovar is worth further deliberation. Hence, we investigated the adhesion capacity and invasion rate of G. parasuis, the results indicated that XX0306 and HLD0115 had the strongest adhesion and invasion ability, which contradicts the classification of the virulence of G. parasuis based on its serovar. The apoptosis degree induced by highly virulent strains was more intensive than non-virulent strains, as measured by annexin V and propidium iodide (PI) double staining. Through testing the expression of apoptosis-related genes Bcl-2 and Bax, we found highly virulent strains induced apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of Bcl-2.
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Severe Inflammation Caused by Coinfection of PCV2 and Glaesserella parasuis Is Associated with Pyroptosis via Noncanonical Inflammasome Pathway. Cell Microbiol 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/7227099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Coinfections of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) are widely existing in the swine industry worldwide. However, the mechanisms for this coinfection remain unclear. The aim of this study is to assess whether the coinfection PCV2 and G. parasuis would affect the inflammatory response and related mechanisms. In this study, BALB/c mice and RAW264.7 cells were used to study the inflammation and related mechanism caused by the coinfection of PCV2 and G. parasuis. Coinfection with PCV2 and G. parasuis significantly increased the mortality of mice and led to the development of more severe lung and spleen lesions compared with single agent infection. Especially, coinfection significantly increased the bacterial loads in the lungs. Coinfection with PCV2 and G. parasuis can enhance RAW264.7 cell phagocytosis and elimination to G. parasuis. Cell death rate of cells increased in coinfection was measured with Flow cytometry. Moreover, coinfection led to the downregulation of the expression of TNFα and IL-8 in comparison with G. parasuis infection, but the maturation of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was significantly upregulated. Our study firstly revealed that coinfection of PCV2 and G. parasuis can increase the phagocytosis of cells to G. parasuis, and LPS in the cytoplasm will induce the maturation of caspase-11 and lead to the cleavage of Gasdermin D (GSDMD) to cause pyroptosis by noncanonical pathway. The revealing of mechanisms associated with coinfection with PCV2 and G. parasuis will provide a scientific basis for investigating the synergistic infection mechanisms between viruses and bacteria.
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