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Ma X, Cui H, Huang Y, Ma S, Chen H. Molecular detection and evolutionary analysis of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus in Henan and Shaanxi provinces in China. Arch Virol 2024; 170:20. [PMID: 39688728 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-024-06201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2024] [Accepted: 11/07/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) caused by porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious and devastating enteric disease of pigs characterized by diarrhea, dehydration and 80-100% mortality in piglets, leading to substantial economic losses in the global swine industry. To investigate the prevalence of PEDV in Henan and Shaanxi provinces of China from 2022 to 2023, a total of 87 clinical samples (including intestinal tissues and faeces) were collected from diseased piglets during outbreaks of diarrhea on pig farms. Of the 87 samples, 32 (36.7%) tested positive for PEDV by RT-PCR, and the complete S gene from nine positive samples and the ORF3 gene from 11 positive samples, all from different farms, were subsequently sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis based on S gene sequences showed that most of the nine PEDV isolates sequenced belonged to the G2a clade and were most closely related to variant strains of PEDV. However, two strains from Shaanxi (CH-SX1-2023 and CH-SX2-2023) belonged to the G2b subtype, and one strain from Henan (CH-HNC2-2023) belonged to the S-INDEL branch. Amino acid sequence comparisons showed that there were several amino acid substitutions and deletions in the S and ORF3 proteins of the PEDV strains from Henan and Shaanxi compared to the CV777 vaccine strain. Some of these mutations occurred in neutralizing epitopes, particularly COE and might therefore be associated with the ineffective protection provided by existing vaccines. These results will provide insights for better understanding of the epidemiological situation of PEDV in Henan and Shaanxi provinces between 2022 and 2023, and this information also contributes to the development of new strategies for the prevention and control of variant PEDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Ma
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 218 Ping'an Avenue, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Hongbo Cui
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 218 Ping'an Avenue, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Yanfei Huang
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 218 Ping'an Avenue, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China
| | - Shijie Ma
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 218 Ping'an Avenue, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
| | - Hongying Chen
- The College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, 218 Ping'an Avenue, Zhengdong New District, Zhengzhou, 450046, Henan Province, China.
- Key Laboratory for Animal-derived Food Safety of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Animal Pathogens and Biosafety, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.
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2
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Zhao H, Zheng D, Chang Q, Zhang H, Shao Y, Li J, Cui W, Jiang Y, Tang L, Li Y, Wang X. IPEC-J2 Autophagy Induced by TLR4 and NSP6 Interactions Facilitate Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Replication. Viruses 2024; 16:1787. [PMID: 39599901 PMCID: PMC11598845 DOI: 10.3390/v16111787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2024] [Revised: 11/08/2024] [Accepted: 11/15/2024] [Indexed: 11/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important cellular response against intracellular pathogens. However, some viruses have evolved mechanisms to hijack this defensive process to provide favorable conditions for virus replication in host cells. The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has been shown to alter autophagy pathways; however, it is still unknown through which receptors PEDV induces autophagy in IPEC-J2 cells, whether autophagy facilitates PEDV replication, and which functional domains of PEDV proteins are primarily responsible for inducing autophagy. Here, we found that PEDV infection induces autophagy in host cells via distinct and uncoupled molecular pathways. RNA-seq technology was used to analyze the expression patterns of intracellular genes in PEDV-infected IPEC-J2 cells using transcriptomics. The results demonstrate that PEDV triggers autophagy via the cellular pathogen receptor TLR4 and the AKT-mTOR pathway. As evidenced by autophagosome detection, PEDV infection increases autophagosomes and light chain 3 (LC3)-II as well as downregulated AKT-mTOR phosphorylation. Our study revealed that the binding of the viral protein NSP61-2C (56-151aa) to TLR4 triggers autophagy and inactivates the AKT-mTOR pathway, both of which are critical for facilitating PEDV infection. Through screening and analysis, TLR4 was found to be a key gene involved in PEDV-induced autophagy. The screening of the key functional domains of NSP6 (56-151aa) for their ability to induce autophagy in IPEC-J2 cells provided a basis for the in-depth analysis of the pathogenic mechanism of PEDV infection-induced autophagy and promotion of self-replication and also provided an important target for the study of PEDV antiviral drugs. In conclusion, we elucidated that the PEDV infection of IPEC-J2 cells could induce autophagy and found that PEDV could use autophagy to promote its own replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyuan Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.Z.); (Q.C.); (Y.S.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.J.)
| | - Dianzhong Zheng
- Institute of Animal Husbandry, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China;
| | - Qinyuan Chang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.Z.); (Q.C.); (Y.S.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.J.)
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing 402460, China;
| | - Yilan Shao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.Z.); (Q.C.); (Y.S.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.J.)
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiaxuan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.Z.); (Q.C.); (Y.S.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.J.)
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Wen Cui
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.Z.); (Q.C.); (Y.S.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.J.)
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yanping Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.Z.); (Q.C.); (Y.S.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.J.)
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lijie Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.Z.); (Q.C.); (Y.S.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.J.)
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Yijing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.Z.); (Q.C.); (Y.S.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.J.)
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xiaona Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (H.Z.); (Q.C.); (Y.S.); (J.L.); (W.C.); (Y.J.)
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory for Animal Disease Control and Pharmaceutical Development, Harbin 150030, China
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3
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Lu Y, Huang W, Lu Z, Zeng D, Yu K, Bai J, Qin Q, Long M, Qin Y, Chen Y, Wei Z, Ouyang K. Genetic characteristics associated with the virulence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) with a naturally occurring truncated ORF3 gene. Vet Res 2024; 55:123. [PMID: 39334484 PMCID: PMC11437794 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has emerged in American countries, and it has reemerged in Asia and Europe, causing significant economic losses to the pig industry worldwide. In the present study, the 17GXCZ-1ORF3d strain, which has a naturally large deletion at the 172-554 bp position of the ORF3 gene, together with the 17GXCZ-1ORF3c strain, was serially propagated in Vero cells for up to 120 passages. The adaptability of the two strains gradually increased through serial passages in vitro. Genetic variation analysis of the variants of the two strains from different generations revealed that the naturally truncated ORF3 gene in the 17GXCZ-1ORF3d variants was stably inherited. Furthermore, the survival, viral shedding and histopathological lesions following inoculation of piglets demonstrated that the virulence of 17GXCZ-1ORF3d-P120 was significantly attenuated. These results indicate that the naturally truncated ORF3 gene may accelerate the attenuation of virulence and is involved in PEDV virulence together with mutations in other structural genes. Importantly, immunization of sows with G2b 17GXCZ-1ORF3d-P120 increased PEDV-specific IgG and IgA antibody levels in piglets and conferred partial passive protection against heterologous G2a PEDV strains. Our findings suggest that an attenuated strain with a truncated ORF3 gene may be a promising candidate for protection against PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Weijian Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
| | - Zhengpu Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Deping Zeng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Kechen Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiaguo Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Qiuying Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Meijin Long
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
| | - Yifeng Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
| | - Ying Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
| | - Zuzhang Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China
| | - Kang Ouyang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region Engineering Research Center of Veterinary Biologics, Nanning, China.
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Breeding and Disease Control, Nanning, China.
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Jermsutjarit P, Mebumroong S, Watcharavongtip P, Lin H, Tantituvanont A, Kaeoket K, Piñeyro P, Nilubol D. Evolution and virulence of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus following in vitro and in vivo propagation. Sci Rep 2024; 14:12279. [PMID: 38811677 PMCID: PMC11137156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62875-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Practice of inoculating porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in piglets generating feedback material might influence the genetic evolution and attenuation of PEDV. The study was conducted to evaluate evolutionary rate and attenuation following serial in vitro and in vivo propagation. In the study, PED-JPFP0-PJ, Passage 0 (P0), was isolated from infected pigs and serially passaged in Vero cells for 5 consecutive times, P1-P5. P0, P2 and P5 were then subjected to orally inoculate 3-day-old piglets. At 24 h post inoculation, intestines of each passage (F1), were collected, and subsequently sub-passaged in piglets for 2 additional passages (F2-F3). Virus titration, PEDV genomic copies number, VH:CD ratios, and immunohistochemistry were evaluated. S and ORF3 genes were characterized. The results of the study demonstrated that virus titer and virulence were negatively correlated with increased passages, both in vitro and in vivo. Increased substitution rate was observed in higher passages. The evolutionary rate of S gene was higher than that of ORF3. Seven aa changes at positions 223, 291, 317, 607, 694, 1114 and 1199, with reduced N-linked glycan were observed in P5F3. In conclusion, serial passage of PEDV, both in vitro and in vivo, influence the genetic development and the attenuation of PEDV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patumporn Jermsutjarit
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Sunit Mebumroong
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Parin Watcharavongtip
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Hongyao Lin
- MSD Animal Health Innovation Pte Ltd, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Angkana Tantituvanont
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kampon Kaeoket
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University, Nakhonpathom, Thailand
| | - Pablo Piñeyro
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Dachrit Nilubol
- Swine Viral Evolution and Vaccine Development Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Henry Dunant Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
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5
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Nguyen TL, Le TPT, Dinh TT, Nguyen-Ho HV, Mai QG, Vo-Nguyen HV, Tran TL, Tran HX, Tran-Van H. Investigation of variants in genetics and virulence of Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus after serial passage on Vero cells. J Virol Methods 2023:114755. [PMID: 37244432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2023.114755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a highly contagious intestinal virus. However, the current PEDV vaccine, which is produced from classical strain G1, offers low protection against recently emerged strain G2. This study aims to develop a better vaccine strain by propagating the PS6 strain, a G2b subgroup originating from Vietnam, on Vero cells until the 100th passage. As the virus was propagated, its titer increased, and its harvest time decreased. Analysis of the nucleotide and amino acid variation of the PS6 strain showed that the P100PS6 had 11, 4, and 2 amino acid variations in the 0 domain, B domain, and ORF3 protein, respectively, compared to the P7PS6 strain. Notably, the ORF3 gene was truncated due to a 16-nucleotide deletion mutation, resulting in a stop codon. The PS6 strain's virulence was evaluated in 5-day-old piglets, with P7PS6 and P100PS6 chosen for comparison. The results showed that P100PS6-inoculated piglets exhibited mild clinical symptoms and histopathological lesions, with a 100% survival rate. In contrast, P7PS6-inoculated piglets showed rapid and typical clinical symptoms of PEDV infection, and the survival rate was 0%. Additionally, the antibodies (IgG and IgA) produced from inoculated piglets with P100PS6 bound to both the P7PS6 and P100PS6 antigens. This finding suggested that the P100PS6 strain was attenuated and could be used to develop a live-attenuated vaccine against highly pathogenic and prevalent G2b-PEDV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan-Liem Nguyen
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; National Veterinary Joint Stock Company, 28 VSIP, Street no. 06, Vietnam-Singapore Industrial Park, Thuan An City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Thu-Phuong Thi Le
- National Veterinary Joint Stock Company, 28 VSIP, Street no. 06, Vietnam-Singapore Industrial Park, Thuan An City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Thuan-Thien Dinh
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Hochiminh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hai-Vy Nguyen-Ho
- National Veterinary Joint Stock Company, 28 VSIP, Street no. 06, Vietnam-Singapore Industrial Park, Thuan An City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Quoc-Gia Mai
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Hochiminh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hai-Vy Vo-Nguyen
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Hochiminh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Thuoc Linh Tran
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Hochiminh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Hanh Xuan Tran
- National Veterinary Joint Stock Company, 28 VSIP, Street no. 06, Vietnam-Singapore Industrial Park, Thuan An City, Binh Duong Province, Vietnam
| | - Hieu Tran-Van
- Laboratory of Biosensors, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Department of Molecular and Environmental Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Science Hochiminh City, Vietnam; Vietnam National University Hochiminh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
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Si F, Song S, Yu R, Li Z, Wei W, Wu C. Coronavirus accessory protein ORF3 biology and its contribution to viral behavior and pathogenesis. iScience 2023; 26:106280. [PMID: 36945252 PMCID: PMC9972675 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is classified in the genus Alphacoronavirus, family Coronaviridae that encodes the only accessory protein, ORF3 protein. However, how ORF3 contributes to viral pathogenicity, adaptability, and replication is obscure. In this review, we summarize current knowledge and identify gaps in many aspects of ORF3 protein in PEDV, with emphasis on its unique biological features, including membrane topology, Golgi retention mechanism, potential intrinsic disordered property, functional motifs, protein glycosylation, and codon usage phenotypes related to genetic evolution and gene expression. In addition, we propose intriguing questions related to ORF3 protein that we hope to stimulate further studies and encourage collaboration among virologists worldwide to provide constructive knowledge about the unique characteristics and biological functions of ORF3 protein, by which their potential role in clarifying viral behavior and pathogenesis can be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Si
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Shuai Song
- Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Scientific Observation and Experiment Station of Veterinary Drugs and Diagnostic Techniques of Guangdong Province, Ministry of Agriculture of Rural Affairs, and Key Laboratory of Animal Disease Prevention of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou 510640, P.R. China
| | - Ruisong Yu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Agricultural Genetics and Breeding, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Breeding Pig, Shanghai 201106, P.R. China
| | - Wenqiang Wei
- Department of Microbiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan 475004, P.R. China
| | - Chao Wu
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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7
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Zhang Y, Chen Y, Zhou J, Wang X, Ma L, Li J, Yang L, Yuan H, Pang D, Ouyang H. Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus: An Updated Overview of Virus Epidemiology, Virulence Variation Patterns and Virus-Host Interactions. Viruses 2022; 14:2434. [PMID: 36366532 PMCID: PMC9695474 DOI: 10.3390/v14112434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) is a member of the coronavirus family, causing deadly watery diarrhea in newborn piglets. The global pandemic of PEDV, with significant morbidity and mortality, poses a huge threat to the swine industry. The currently developed vaccines and drugs are only effective against the classic GI strains that were prevalent before 2010, while there is no effective control against the GII variant strains that are currently a global pandemic. In this review, we summarize the latest progress in the biology of PEDV, including its transmission and origin, structure and function, evolution, and virus-host interaction, in an attempt to find the potential virulence factors influencing PEDV pathogenesis. We conclude with the mechanism by which PEDV components antagonize the immune responses of the virus, and the role of host factors in virus infection. Essentially, this review serves as a valuable reference for the development of attenuated virus vaccines and the potential of host factors as antiviral targets for the prevention and control of PEDV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanzhu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Yiwu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lerong Ma
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Jianing Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - Hongming Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
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8
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Development of a Next-Generation Vaccine Platform for Porcine Epidemic Diarrhea Virus Using a Reverse Genetics System. Viruses 2022; 14:v14112319. [PMID: 36366417 PMCID: PMC9692715 DOI: 10.3390/v14112319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
For the past three decades, the porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) has remained an enormous threat to the South Korean swine industry. The scarcity of an effective method for manipulating viral genomes has impeded research progress in PEDV biology and vaccinology. Here, we report the development of reverse genetics systems using two novel infectious full-length cDNA clones of a Korean highly pathogenic-G2b strain, KNU-141112, and its live attenuated vaccine strain, S DEL5/ORF3, in a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) under the control of a eukaryotic promoter. Direct transfection of cells with each recombinant BAC clone induced cytopathic effects and produced infectious progeny. The reconstituted viruses, icKNU-141112 and icS DEL5/ORF3, harboring genetic markers, displayed phenotypic and genotypic properties identical to their respective parental viruses. Using the DNA-launched KNU-141112 infectious cDNA clone as a backbone, two types of recombinant viruses were generated. First, we edited the open reading frame 3 (ORF3) gene, as cell-adapted strains lose full-length ORF3, and replaced this region with an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) gene to generate icPEDV-EGFP. This mutant virus presented parental virus-like growth kinetics and stably retained robust EGFP expression, indicating that ORF3 is dispensable for PEDV replication in cell culture and is a tolerant location for exogeneous gene acceptance. However, the plaque size and syncytia phenotypes of ORF3-null icPEDV-EGFP were larger than those of icKNU-141112 but similar to ORF3-null icS DEL5/ORF3, suggesting a potential role of ORF3 in PEDV cytopathology. Second, we substituted the spike (S) gene with a heterologous S protein, designated S51, from a variant of interest (VOI), which was the most genetically and phylogenetically distant from KNU-141112. The infectious recombinant VOI, named icPEDV-S51, could be recovered, and the rescued virus showed indistinguishable growth characteristics compared to icKNU-141112. Virus cross-neutralization and structural analyses revealed antigenic differences in S between icKNU-141112 and icPEDV-S51, suggesting that genetic and conformational changes mapped within the neutralizing epitopes of S51 could impair the neutralization capacity and cause considerable immune evasion. Collectively, while the established molecular clones afford convenient, versatile platforms for PEDV genome manipulation, allowing for corroborating the molecular basis of viral replication and pathogenesis, they also provide key infrastructural frameworks for developing new vaccines and coronaviral vectors.
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Armero A, Li R, Bienes KM, Chen X, Li J, Xu S, Chen Y, Hughes AC, Berthet N, Wong G. Myotis fimbriatus Virome, a Window to Virus Diversity and Evolution in the Genus Myotis. Viruses 2022; 14:1899. [PMID: 36146706 PMCID: PMC9505981 DOI: 10.3390/v14091899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant efforts have been made to characterize viral diversity in bats from China. Many of these studies were prospective and focused mainly on Rhinolophus bats that could be related to zoonotic events. However, other species of bats that are part of ecosystems identified as virus diversity hotspots have not been studied in-depth. We analyzed the virome of a group of Myotis fimbriatus bats collected from the Yunnan Province during 2020. The virome of M. fimbriatus revealed the presence of families of pathogenic viruses such as Coronavirus, Astrovirus, Mastadenovirus, and Picornavirus, among others. The viral sequences identified in M. fimbriatus were characterized by significant divergence from other known viral sequences of bat origin. Complex phylogenetic landscapes implying a tendency of co-specificity and relationships with viruses from other mammals characterize these groups. The most prevalent and abundant virus in M. fimbriatus individuals was an alphacoronavirus. The genome of this virus shows evidence of recombination and is likely the product of ancestral host-switch. The close phylogenetic and ecological relationship of some species of the Myotis genus in China may have played an important role in the emergence of this alphacoronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alix Armero
- Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Centre for Microbes, Development, and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ruiya Li
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kathrina Mae Bienes
- Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Centre for Microbes, Development, and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xing Chen
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinghong 666303, China
| | - Jihao Li
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinghong 666303, China
| | - Shiman Xu
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanhua Chen
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Alice C. Hughes
- Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Jinghong 666303, China
| | - Nicolas Berthet
- Unit of Discovery and Molecular Characterization of Pathogens, Centre for Microbes, Development, and Health, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Cellule d’Intervention Biologique d’Urgence, Unité Environnement et Risque Infectieux, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gary Wong
- Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers Research Unit, CAS Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Mechanisms of host type I interferon response modulation by the nucleocapsid proteins of alpha- and betacoronaviruses. Arch Virol 2022; 167:1925-1930. [PMID: 35763067 PMCID: PMC9244355 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-022-05513-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronaviruses can have a devastating impact on the health of humans and animals. Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) causes extremely high fatality rates in neonatal piglets, whereas severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is responsible for the current COVID-19 pandemic in humans. As a critical component of the host antiviral innate immune response, type I interferon production and signaling play a very important role, especially in the initial phase of the antiviral responses. Coronaviruses have evolved multiple ways to counteract type I interferon responses. Although the primary functions of the nucleocapsid protein are to facilitate viral RNA replication and package viral genomic RNA into virions, recent studies have shown that the nucleocapsid protein is also involved in virus-host interactions. The aim of this review is to summarize our current understanding of how the nucleocapsid proteins of PEDV and SARS-CoV-2 modulate type I interferon responses. This knowledge will be useful for developing strategies to combat coronavirus infections.
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