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Khan D, Sheikh IS, Ullah A, Kasi KK, Mustafa MZ, Din ZU, Anwar I, Kakar N, Waheed A. Circulation of foot-and-mouth disease serotypes, risk factors, and their effect on hematological and biochemical profiles among cattle and buffalo in Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan. Vet World 2024; 17:329-336. [PMID: 38595657 PMCID: PMC11000472 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2024.329-336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is an infectious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, including buffalo, cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs, causing major economic losses to the local farmers and, overall, to the national economy of the country. This study aimed to detect FMDV serotypes in year-round FMD outbreaks, hematological and biochemical changes, and oxidative stress in FMDV-infected cattle and buffaloes in the district of Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan, and the socioeconomic impact of FMD outbreaks on farmers. Materials and Methods We conducted a cross-sectional study in the district of Quetta, Balochistan, Pakistan, where FMD virus (FMDV) serotypes were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hematological, biochemical, and oxidative analyses were performed by analyzing the blood of FMDV-infected and non-infected animals. Information on the associated risk factors was obtained through a structured questionnaire by interviewing farmers in each FMD-affected farm. Results Thirty-four out of 38 farms (89%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 75%-97%) were positive for FMD by ELISA. Higher FMD infection was detected in farms with a herd size of <50 animals (50%, 17/34), followed by >100 animals (32%, 11/34) and 51-100 animals (18%, 6/34). Fifty-seven percent (114/200, 95% CI: 50%-64%) of animals were positive for FMD. Of these, 61% (69/114) were cattle and 39% (45/114) were buffalo. FMD positivity was higher in females (86%, 98/114) than in males (14%, 16/114) and higher in animals older than 2 years of age (52%, 59/114). On average, farmers lose U.S. dollars 3000 annually due to FMD outbreaks. Animals infected with FMDV had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) white blood cell counts and significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower hemoglobin and total protein concentrations in buffalo and cattle, whereas infected cattle showed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) lower albumin levels. Globulin levels were lower in buffaloes infected. Alanine aminotransferase levels were lower in infected cattle (p ≤ 0.05). Creatinine levels were higher in infected buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Urea and phosphorus concentrations were higher in FMDV-infected cattle and buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Calcium levels were lower in infected cattle and buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Catalase enzyme activity in infected cattle and buffaloes was significantly lower (p < 0.05). Lipid peroxidation was significantly higher in FMDV-infected cattle and buffalo (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion This study confirmed serotype O circulation among cattle and buffalo in year-long FMD outbreaks in the Quetta District of Balochistan. Blood analysis identified a parameter deviated from the normal level due to FMDV infection. In addition, the outbreak of FMD has a significant negative economic impact on livestock farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daud Khan
- Department of Livestock and Dairy Development, Balochistan, Pakistan
- Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Shahzad Sheikh
- Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Asad Ullah
- Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Khushal Khan Kasi
- Department of Livestock and Dairy Development, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Zahid Mustafa
- Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ud Din
- Center for Advanced Studies in Vaccinology and Biotechnology, University of Balochistan, Quetta, Pakistan
| | - Ismail Anwar
- Department of Livestock and Dairy Development, Balochistan, Pakistan
| | - Niamatullah Kakar
- Department of Natural and Basic Sciences, University of Turbat, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Waheed
- Department of Livestock and Poultry Production, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan, Pakistan
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Das S, Pal S, Rautaray SS, Mohapatra JK, Subramaniam S, Rout M, Rai SN, Singh RP. Estimation of foot-and-mouth disease virus sero-prevalence rates using novel computational approach for the susceptible bovine population in India during the period 2008-2021. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22583. [PMID: 38114542 PMCID: PMC10730831 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48459-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a severe contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. In India, a vaccination-based official FMD control programme was started, which got expanded progressively to cover entire country in 2019. The serological tests are used to determine non-structural protein based sero-prevalence rates for properly implementing and assessing the control programme. Since 2008, reporting of the FMD sero-surveillance was limited to the serum sample-based serological test results without going for population-level estimation due to lack of proper statistical methodology. Thus, we present a computational approach for estimating the sero-prevalence rates at the state and national levels. Based on the reported approach, a web-application ( https://nifmd-bbf.icar.gov.in/FMDSeroSurv ) and an R software package ( https://github.com/sam-dfmd/FMDSeroSurv ) have been developed. The presented computational techniques are applied to the FMD sero-surveillance data during 2008-2021 to get the status of virus circulation in India under a strict vaccination policy. Furthermore, through various structural equation models, we attempt to establish a link between India's estimated sero-prevalence rate and field FMD outbreaks. Our results indicate that the current sero-prevalence rates are significantly associated with previous field outbreaks up to 2 years. Besides, we observe downward trends in sero-prevalence and outbreaks over the years, specifically after 2013, which indicate the effectiveness of various measures implemented under the FMD control programme. The findings of the study may help researchers and policymakers to track virus infection and identification of potential disease-free zones through vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarendra Das
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India.
| | - Soumen Pal
- Division of Computer Application, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sagar Sangam Rautaray
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Jajati K Mohapatra
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Saravanan Subramaniam
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Manoranjan Rout
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India
| | - Shesh N Rai
- College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, 45267, USA.
| | - Rabindra Prasad Singh
- ICAR-National Institute on Foot and Mouth Disease, International Centre for Foot and Mouth Disease, Arugul, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, 752050, India.
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Zewdie G, Akalu M, Tolossa W, Belay H, Deresse G, Zekarias M, Tesfaye Y. A review of foot-and-mouth disease in Ethiopia: epidemiological aspects, economic implications, and control strategies. Virol J 2023; 20:299. [PMID: 38102688 PMCID: PMC10724896 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-02263-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a contagious viral disease that affects the livelihoods and productivity of livestock farmers in endemic regions. It can infect various domestic and wild animals with cloven hooves and is caused by a virus belonging to the genus Aphthovirus and family Picornaviridae, which has seven different serotypes: A, O, C, SAT1, SAT2, SAT3, and Asia-1. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the molecular epidemiology, economic impact, diagnosis, and control measures of FMD in Ethiopia in comparison with the global situation. The genetic and antigenic diversity of FMD viruses requires a thorough understanding for developing and applying effective control strategies in endemic areas. FMD has direct and indirect economic consequences on animal production. In Ethiopia, FMD outbreaks have led to millions of USD losses due to the restriction or rejection of livestock products in the international market. Therefore, in endemic areas, disease control depends on vaccinations to prevent animals from developing clinical disease. However, in Ethiopia, due to the presence of diverse antigenic serotypes of FMD viruses, regular and extensive molecular investigation of new field isolates is necessary to perform vaccine-matching studies to evaluate the protective potential of the vaccine strain in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Girma Zewdie
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Mirtneh Akalu
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
- Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Department of Biotechnology, Vaddeswaram, Guntur, Ap, 522502, India
| | | | - Hassen Belay
- Africa Union Pan African Veterinary Vaccine Center (AU-PANVAC), P. O. Box: 1746, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | - Getaw Deresse
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
| | | | - Yeneneh Tesfaye
- National Veterinary Institute (NVI), P. O. Box: 19, Bishoftu, Ethiopia
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Tesfaye AB, Assefa GA, Shishaye LB, Abera BM, Gebreanenya NT, Gebregiorgis GL, Dürr S. Outbreak investigation of foot-and-mouth disease in cattle in Tigray region, Northern Ethiopia. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1157395. [PMID: 37645676 PMCID: PMC10462391 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1157395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
An investigation of a foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) outbreak was conducted between late October and mid-December 2019 in Tigray region. The outbreak investigation team collected epidemiological data from the six villages of Kafta Humera and Seharti Samre districts, including morbidity proportions, mortality proportions, and clinical signs, and cattle management and vaccination history were collected via participatory methods, including interviews and group discussions with local experts and farmers in Kafta Humera and reports from the district veterinarians in Seharti Samre. Twenty-two tissue samples were collected for laboratory confirmation. Overall, 4,299/9,811 (43.8%) and 13,654/16,921 (80.6%) cattle showed clinical signs for FMD in Kafta Humera and Seharti Samre, respectively. In Kafta Humera, the highest morbidity proportion was found in adult cows and heifers (48.1%), followed by 27.8% in oxen and 15.9% in calves. In Seharti Samre, the morbidity proportion was similar in all age groups at ~81%. No death of FMD-suspected cattle was reported throughout the outbreak. The serotype of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) identified by laboratory analysis differed between the two districts (serotype O in Kafta Humera and serotype A in Seharti Samre). We, therefore, suggest that the outbreaks in the two districts occurred independently from each other. Experts and farmers were interviewed and believed that the outbreak in Kafta Humera was most likely caused by interaction between cattle and wildlife from the surrounding Kafta Sheraro National Park, which share common grazing land. This outbreak investigation showed that FMD can cause devastating cattle morbidity. A regular vaccination program against the identified circulating FMDV serotypes with sufficient coverage is required to avoid future outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adehanom Baraki Tesfaye
- Mekelle Agricultural Research Center, Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | - Guash Abay Assefa
- Abergelle Agricultural Research Center, Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Abi Adi, Ethiopia
| | - Leul Berhe Shishaye
- Humera Begait Research Center, Tigray Agricultural Research Institute, Humera, Ethiopia
| | - Bisrat Mesfin Abera
- Tigray Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development, Animal Health Core-process, Mekelle, Ethiopia
| | | | | | - Salome Dürr
- Veterinary Public Health Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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