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Li M, Yan Q, Chen C, Hu T, Yin H, Zhao L, Shi F, Ye G, Yin L, Liang X, Li Y, Tang H. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate mitigates cadmium-induced intestinal damage through modulation of the microbiota-tryptophan-aryl hydrocarbon receptor pathway. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 280:116520. [PMID: 38833985 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024]
Abstract
Early studies have shown that the gut microbiota is a critical target during cadmium exposure. The prebiotic activity of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) plays an essential role in treating intestinal inflammation and damage. However, the exact intestinal barrier protection mechanism of EGCG against cadmium exposure remains unclear. In this experiment, four-week-old mice were exposed to cadmium (5 mg kg-1) for four weeks. Through 16 S rDNA analysis, we found that cadmium disrupted the gut microbiota and inhibited the indole metabolism pathway of tryptophan (TRP), which serves as the principal microbial production route for endogenous ligands to activate the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Additionally, cadmium downregulated the intestinal AhR signaling pathway and harmed the intestinal barrier function. Treatment with EGCG (20 mg kg-1) and the AhR agonist 6-Formylindolo[3,2-b] carbazole (FICZ) (1 μg/d) significantly activated the AhR pathway and alleviated intestinal barrier injury. Notably, EGCG partially restored the gut microbiota and upregulated the TRP-indole metabolism pathway to increase the level of indole-related AhR agonists. Our findings demonstrate that cadmium dysregulates common gut microbiota to disrupt TRP metabolism, impairing the AhR signaling pathway and intestinal barrier. EGCG reduces cadmium-induced intestinal functional impairment by intervening in the intestinal microbiota to metabolize AhR agonists. This study offers insights into the toxic mechanisms of environmental cadmium and a potential mechanism to protect the intestinal barrier with EGCG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiqing Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qiaohua Yan
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Changquan Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Tingting Hu
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hongmei Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; School of Animal Science, Xichang University, Xichang, Sichuan Province 615000, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang Ye
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lizi Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiaoxia Liang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yinglun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huaqiao Tang
- Department of Pharmacy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Bioinformatics, Ministry of Education, Chengdu 611130, China.
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Heidari H, Lawrence DA. An integrative exploration of environmental stressors on the microbiome-gut-brain axis and immune mechanisms promoting neurological disorders. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2024:1-31. [PMID: 38994870 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2024.2378406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The microbiome-gut-brain axis is altered by environmental stressors such as heat, diet, and pollutants as well as microbes in the air, water, and soil. These stressors might alter the host's microbiome and symbiotic relationship by modifying the microbial composition or location. Compartmentalized mutualistic microbes promote the beneficial interactions in the host leading to circulating metabolites and hormones such as insulin and leptin that affect inter-organ functions. Inflammation and oxidative stress induced by environmental stressors may alter the composition, distribution, and activities of the microbes in the microbiomes such that the resultant metabolite and hormone changes are no longer beneficial. The microbiome-gut-brain axis and immune adverse changes that may accompany environmental stressors are reviewed for effects on innate and adaptive immune cells, which may make host immunity less responsive to pathogens and more reactive to self-antigens. Cardiovascular and fluid exchanges to organs might adversely alter organ functionality. Organs, especially the brain, need a consistent supply of nutrients and clearance of debris; disruption of these exchanges by stressors, and involvement of gut microbiome are discussed regarding neural dysfunctions with Alzheimer's disease, autistic spectrum disorders, viral infections, and autoimmune diseases. The focus of this review includes the manner in which environmental stressors may disrupt gut microbiota leading to adverse immune and hormonal influences on development of neuropathology related to hyperhomocysteinemia, inflammation, and oxidative stress, and how certain therapeutics may be beneficial. Strategies are explored to lessen detrimental effects of environmental stressors on central and peripheral health navigated toward (1) understanding neurological disorders and (2) promoting environmental and public health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajar Heidari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY, USA
| | - David A Lawrence
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, NY, USA
- New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, Albany, NY, USA
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3
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Alverdy JC, Polcari A, Benjamin A. Social determinants of health, the microbiome, and surgical injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2024; 97:158-163. [PMID: 38441071 PMCID: PMC11199116 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000004298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Postinjury infection continues to plague trauma and emergency surgery patients fortunate enough to survive the initial injury. Rapid response systems, massive transfusion protocols, and the development of level 1 trauma centers, among others, have improved the outcome for millions of patients worldwide. Nonetheless, despite this excellent initial care, patients still remain vulnerable to postinjury infections that can result in organ failure, prolonged critical illness, and even death. While risk factors have been identified (degree of injury, blood loss, time to definitive care, immunocompromise, etc.), they remain probabilistic, not deterministic, and do not explain outcome variability at the individual case level. Here, we assert that analysis of the social determinants of health, as reflected in the patient's microbiome composition (i.e., community structure, membership) and function (metabolomic output), may offer a "window" with which to define individual variability following traumatic injury. Given emerging knowledge in the field, a more comprehensive evaluation of biomarkers within the patient's microbiome, from stool-based microbial metabolites to those in plasma and those present in exhaled breath, when coupled with clinical metadata and machine learning, could lead to a more deterministic assessment of an individual's risk for a poor outcome and those factors that are modifiable. The aim of this piece is to examine how measurable elements of the social determinants of health and the life history of the patient may be buried within the ecologic memory of the gut microbiome. Here we posit that interrogation of the gut microbiome in this manner may be used to inform novel approaches to drive recovery following a surgical injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Alverdy
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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Tao M, Cao K, Pu X, Hou Y, He L, Liu W, Ren Y, Yang X. Cadmium exposure induces changes in gut microbial composition and metabolic function in long-tailed dwarf hamsters, Cricetulus longicaudatus. Ecol Evol 2024; 14:e11682. [PMID: 38966245 PMCID: PMC11222731 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.11682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated that exposure to cadmium disrupts the diversity and composition of the gut microbiota, resulting in damage to organ tissue. However, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding regarding the broader ecological reality associated with this phenomenon. In this study, we conducted a thorough evaluation of the effects of different concentrations of Cd (6, 12, 24, and 48 mg/L) over a period of 35 consecutive days on the organ viscera and the gut microbiota of long-tailed dwarf hamsters, Cricetulus longicaudatus (Rodentia: Cricetidae), using histopathological analysis, 16S rDNA, and metagenome sequencing. Our findings revealed that the results suggest that Cd exposure induced liver, spleen, and kidney damage, potentially leading to increased intestinal permeability and inflammation. These alterations were accompanied by significant perturbations in the gut microbiota composition, particularly affecting potentially pathogenic bacteria such as Prevotella and Treponema within the gut ecosystem. Consequently, host susceptibility to underlying diseases was heightened due to these changes. Notably though, Cd exposure did not significantly impact the overall structure of the gut microbiota itself. Additionally, Cd exposure induced significant changes in the metabolic functions, with the pathways related to disease and environmental information processing notably enhanced, possibly indicating stronger innate defense mechanisms against external injuries among wild mammals exposed to Cd. This study offers a novel approach to comprehensively evaluate the significant impact of Cd pollution on ecosystems by investigating both structural and functional alterations in the digestive system, as well as disruptions in intestinal flora among wild mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengfan Tao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant ProtectionShanxi Agricultural UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Kanglin Cao
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant ProtectionShanxi Agricultural UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Xinsheng Pu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant ProtectionShanxi Agricultural UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Yu Hou
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant ProtectionShanxi Agricultural UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Lei He
- Shanxi Forestry and Grassland General Engineering StationTaiyuanChina
| | - Wei Liu
- Shanxi Forestry and Grassland General Engineering StationTaiyuanChina
| | - Yue Ren
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant ProtectionShanxi Agricultural UniversityTaiyuanChina
| | - Xin'gen Yang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management in Agriculture, College of Plant ProtectionShanxi Agricultural UniversityTaiyuanChina
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Ruggles A, Benakis C. Exposure to Environmental Toxins: Potential Implications for Stroke Risk via the Gut- and Lung-Brain Axis. Cells 2024; 13:803. [PMID: 38786027 PMCID: PMC11119296 DOI: 10.3390/cells13100803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that exposure to environmental toxins, both short-term and long-term, can increase the risk of developing neurological disorders, including neurodegenerative diseases (i.e., Alzheimer's disease and other dementias) and acute brain injury (i.e., stroke). For stroke, the latest systematic analysis revealed that exposure to ambient particulate matter is the second most frequent stroke risk after high blood pressure. However, preclinical and clinical stroke investigations on the deleterious consequences of environmental pollutants are scarce. This review examines recent evidence of how environmental toxins, absorbed along the digestive tract or inhaled through the lungs, affect the host cellular response. We particularly address the consequences of environmental toxins on the immune response and the microbiome at the gut and lung barrier sites. Additionally, this review highlights findings showing the potential contribution of environmental toxins to an increased risk of stroke. A better understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying exposure to environmental toxins has the potential to mitigate stroke risk and other neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Corinne Benakis
- Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research, University Hospital, LMU Munich, 81337 Munich, Germany;
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Chen K, Hu B, Ren J, Deng X, Li Q, Zhang R, Zhang Y, Shen G, Liu S, Zhang J, Lu P. Enhanced protein-metabolite correlation analysis: To investigate the association between Staphylococcus aureus mastitis and metabolic immune pathways. FASEB J 2024; 38:e23587. [PMID: 38568835 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202302242rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Mastitis is a disease characterized by congestion, swelling, and inflammation of the mammary gland and usually caused by infection with pathogenic microorganisms. Furthermore, the development of mastitis is closely linked to the exogenous pathway of the gastrointestinal tract. However, the regulatory mechanisms governing the gut-metabolism-mammary axis remain incompletely understood. The present study revealed alterations in the gut microbiota of mastitis rats characterized by an increased abundance of the Proteobacteria phylum. Plasma analysis revealed significantly higher levels of L-isoleucine and cholic acid along with 7-ketodeoxycholic acid. Mammary tissue showed elevated levels of arachidonic acid metabolites and norlithocholic acid. Proteomic analysis showed increased levels of IFIH1, Tnfaip8l2, IRGM, and IRF5 in mastitis rats, which suggests that mastitis triggers an inflammatory response and immune stress. Follistatin (Fst) and progesterone receptor (Pgr) were significantly downregulated, raising the risk of breast cancer. Extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors and focal adhesion signaling pathways were downregulated, while blood-milk barrier integrity was disrupted. Analysis of protein-metabolic network regulation revealed that necroptosis, protein digestion and absorption, and arachidonic acid metabolism were the principal regulatory pathways involved in the development of mastitis. In short, the onset of mastitis leads to changes in the microbiota and alterations in the metabolic profiles of various biological samples, including colonic contents, plasma, and mammary tissue. Key manifestations include disturbances in bile acid metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism. At the same time, the integrity of the blood-milk barrier is compromised while inflammation is promoted, thereby reducing cell adhesion in the mammary glands. These findings contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the metabolic status of mastitis and provide new insights into its impact on the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo Chen
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Binhong Hu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jingyuan Ren
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Deng
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai Tech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gengyu Shen
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Songqing Liu
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiacheng Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary, Pancreatic and Liver Transplantation Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Pengwei Lu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Hu B, Zhou W, Deng X, Sun M, Sun R, Li Q, Ren J, Jiang W, Wang Y, Liu S, Zhan J. Structural analysis of polysaccharide from Inonotus obliquus and investigate combined impact on the sex hormones, intestinal microbiota and metabolism in SPF male mice. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129686. [PMID: 38331071 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The dysregulation of sex hormone levels is associated with metabolic disorders such as obesity. Inonotus obliquus polysaccharide (IOP) exhibits a promising therapeutic effect on conditions like obesity and diabetes, potentially linked to its influence on intestinal microbiota and metabolism. The exact cause and mechanisms that link sex hormones, gut microbiota and metabolism are still unknown. In this research, we examined the molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, and glycosidic bond type of IOP. We found that IOP mostly consists of alpha-structured 6‑carbon glucopyranose, with a predominant (1 → 4) linkage to monosaccharides and a uniform distribution. Following this, we administered two different concentrations of IOP to mice through gavage. The results of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) demonstrated a significant increase in testosterone (T) levels in the IOP group as compared to the control group. Additionally, the results of tissue immunofluorescence indicated that increased IOP led to a decrease in adiponectin content and an increase in SET protein expression. The study also revealed changes in the intestinal microbiota and metabolic changes in mice through 16S rRNA data and non-targeted LC-MS data, respectively. The study also found that IOP mainly affects pathways linked to glycerophospholipid metabolism. In addition, it has been observed that there is an increase in the number of beneficial bacteria, such as the Eubacterium coprostanoligenes group and g.Lachnospiraceae NK4A136 group, while the levels of metabolites that are linked to obesity or diabetes, such as 1,5-anhydrosorbitol, are reduced. Furthermore, biomarker screening has revealed that the main microorganism responsible for the differences between the three groups is g.Erysipelatoclostridiaceae. In summary, these findings suggest that IOP exerts its therapeutic effects through a synergistic interplay between sex hormones, gut microbiome composition, and metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binhong Hu
- College of Chemistry and life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, China; Department of Forest Mycology and Plant pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Sichuan Provincial key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Wenjing Zhou
- College of Chemistry and life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University (Institute of Comparative Medicine), Yangzhou, China
| | - Xin Deng
- College of Chemistry and life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, China; College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Science), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Mengxue Sun
- College of Chemistry and life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, China
| | - Rong Sun
- College of Chemistry and life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Chemistry and life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, China
| | - Jingyuan Ren
- College of Chemistry and life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- College of Chemistry and life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, China; Sichuan Provincial key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- College of Chemistry and life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, China; Sichuan Provincial key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Songqing Liu
- College of Chemistry and life Sciences, Chengdu Normal University, China; Sichuan Provincial key Laboratory for Development and Utilization of Characteristic Horticultural Biological Resources, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
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Santiago MSA, Avellar MCW, Perobelli JE. Could the gut microbiota be capable of making individuals more or less susceptible to environmental toxicants? Toxicology 2024; 503:153751. [PMID: 38354972 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2024.153751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Environmental toxicants are chemical substances capable to impair environmental quality and exert adverse effects on humans and other animals. The main routes of exposure to these pollutants are through the respiratory tract, skin, and oral ingestion. When ingested orally, they will encounter trillions of microorganisms that live in a community - the gut microbiota (GM). While pollutants can disrupt the GM balance, GM plays an essential role in the metabolism and bioavailability of these chemical compounds. Under physiological conditions, strategies used by the GM for metabolism and/or excretion of xenobiotics include reductive and hydrolytic transformations, lyase and functional group transfer reactions, and enzyme-mediated functional transformations. Simultaneously, the host performs metabolic processes based mainly on conjugation, oxidation, and hydrolysis reactions. Thus, due to the broad variety of bacterial enzymes present in GM, the repertoire of microbial transformations of chemicals is considered a key component of the machinery involved in the metabolism of pollutants in humans and other mammals. Among pollutants, metals deserve special attention once contamination by metals is a worldwide problem, and their adverse effects can be observed even at very low concentrations due to their toxic properties. In this review, bidirectional interaction between lead, arsenic, cadmium, and mercury and the host organism and its GM will be discussed given the most recent literature, presenting an analysis of the ability of GM to alter the host organism's susceptibility to the toxic effects of heavy metals, as well as evaluating the extent to which interventions targeting the microbiota could be potential initiatives to mitigate the adverse effects resulting from poisoning by heavy metals. This study is the first to highlight the overlap between some of the bacteria found to be altered by metal exposure and the bacteria that also aid the host organism in the metabolism of these metals. This could be a key factor to determine the beneficial species able to minimize the toxicity of metals in future therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella S A Santiago
- Laboratory of Experimental Toxicology - LATOEX, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto do Mar, Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, Santos, SP 11070-100, Brazil
| | - Maria Christina W Avellar
- Department of Pharmacology, Universidade Federal de São Paulo - Escola Paulista de Medicina, Três de Maio, 100, São Paulo, SP 04044-020, Brazil
| | - Juliana E Perobelli
- Laboratory of Experimental Toxicology - LATOEX, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Instituto do Mar, Carvalho de Mendonça, 144, Santos, SP 11070-100, Brazil.
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