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Kasiri A, Fani Saberi F. Nonlinear adaptive pose motion control of a servicer spacecraft in approximation with an accelerated tumbling target. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14968. [PMID: 38942822 PMCID: PMC11213959 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-65807-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Removing a limited number of large debris can significantly reduce space debris risks. These bodies are generally exposed to extreme environmental disturbance torques or consecutive accidents due to their large wet area, which causes them to experience accelerated high-rate tumbling motion. The existing literature has adequately explored the approximation operations with non-cooperative targets exhibiting 3-axis tumbling motion. However, the research gap lies in the lack of attention given to addressing this approximation for targets undergoing accelerated motion. Agile, accurate, and large-angle maneuvers are three common necessities for safely capturing such targets. Changes in the moment of inertia brought on by fuel slushing cannot be disregarded during such a maneuver. To deal with nonlinearities, adverse coupling effects, actuator saturation constraints, time-varying moment of inertia, and external disturbances that worsen during accelerated agile large-angle maneuvers, a novel adaptive control approach is developed in this paper. The controller's main advantage is its adjustable desired acceleration, which maintains its performance even when dealing with accelerated motion. The control law is directly synthesized from the nonlinear relative equations of motion, without any linearization or simplification of the system dynamics, making it robust to a variety of orbital elements and target behaviors. Adaptation laws are extracted from the Lyapunov stability theorem in a way that guarantees asymptotic stability. Moreover, control actuator roles (delay, saturation, and allocation) are accounted for in modeling and simulation. Finally, a comprehensive numerical simulation based on three different realistic and strict scenarios is carried out to demonstrate the effectiveness and performance of the proposed control approach. The controller's robustness against time-varying dynamic parameters (sharp and sudden change, smooth and slow change, and periodic change) is extensively demonstrated through simulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kasiri
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, AMIRKABIR University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farhad Fani Saberi
- Aerospace Sciences and Technology Institute, AMIRKABIR University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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Terasaka K, Yoshimura S, Minagawa H, Aramaki M. Three-dimensional flow velocity determination using laser-induced fluorescence method with asymmetric optical vortex beams. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2005. [PMID: 38263236 PMCID: PMC11229526 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52179-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) Doppler spectroscopy using an optical vortex beam with an asymmetric intensity distribution, referred to as aOVLIF, is proposed as a new method to measure plasma flow velocity. LIF spectra were calculated numerically using typical laboratory low-temperature plasma parameters, and it was revealed that an ion flow across the beam produces a frequency shift of the spectra. This method also has the capability of temperature measurements. The propagation effects of asymmetric optical vortex beams are discussed assuming an actual experiment, and it is found that the sensitivity to the transverse flow velocity is approximately unchanged. The aOVLIF method, which exploits the inhomogeneous phase structure of optical vortices, can be applied to the determination of three-dimensional velocity vectors and promises to enhance the usefulness of conventional LIF spectroscopy using plane waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenichiro Terasaka
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Sciences, Kushu University, Kasuga, Fukuoka, 816-8580, Japan.
- Department of Computer and Information Sciences, Sojo University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, 860-0082, Japan.
| | - Shinji Yoshimura
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki, Gifu, 509-5292, Japan
- Center for Low-temperature Plasma Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, 464-8601, Japan
| | - Hiroki Minagawa
- College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino, Chiba, 275-8575, Japan
| | - Mitsutoshi Aramaki
- College of Industrial Technology, Nihon University, Narashino, Chiba, 275-8575, Japan
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Pavlov A, Shchepanyuk T, Skriabin A, Telekh V. Gas Dynamics Processes above the Polymers Surface under Irradiation with Broadband High-Brightness Radiation in the Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectrum Region. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14193940. [PMID: 36235889 PMCID: PMC9572289 DOI: 10.3390/polym14193940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Obtaining new data on the gas-dynamic responses from the polymer samples (polytetrafluoroethylene, PTFE) irradiated by powerful VUV radiation from compressed plasma flows is in the focus of the present study. An erosion type magnetoplasma compressor (MPC), a type of plasma focus discharge, was used as a radiation source. The operating voltages of the MPC were between 15 and 25 kV, the maximum measured discharge current was 200 kA, and the radiation energy in the VUV range was ≈1–2 kJ. The VUV fluxes on the sample surface were high and equal to ≈1022–1024 photons cm−2·s−1. Double-exposure laser holographic interferometry and schlieren photography were used to diagnose and visualize the gas-dynamic structures. The spatial distribution of the parameters (temperature, pressure and concentrations of electrons and ions) was defined based on the assumption of local thermodynamic equilibrium. It has been demonstrated that the maximum temperature ranged from ≈ 10 to 15 kK in the plasma layer. The electron concentration was ≈ (0.7–1.6) × 1018 cm−3 in this region. The used techniques of optical diagnostics and procedures of result processing make it possible to obtain data on the dynamics of polymer ablation, which occurs when their surface is exposed to powerful energy fluxes (thermal, shock-wave, radiation, and other extreme loads).
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Storck JL, Ehrmann G, Güth U, Uthoff J, Homburg SV, Blachowicz T, Ehrmann A. Investigation of Low-Cost FDM-Printed Polymers for Elevated-Temperature Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142826. [PMID: 35890602 PMCID: PMC9323610 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
While fused deposition modeling (FDM) and other relatively inexpensive 3D printing methods are nowadays used in many applications, the possible areas of using FDM-printed objects are still limited due to mechanical and thermal constraints. Applications for space, e.g., for microsatellites, are restricted by the usually insufficient heat resistance of the typical FDM printing materials. Printing high-temperature polymers, on the other hand, necessitates special FDM printers, which are not always available. Here, we show investigations of common polymers, processible on low-cost FDM printers, under elevated temperatures of up to 160 °C for single treatments. The polymers with the highest dimensional stability and mechanical properties after different temperature treatments were periodically heat-treated between -40 °C and +80 °C in cycles of 90 min, similar to the temperature cycles a microsatellite in the low Earth orbit (LEO) experiences. While none of the materials under investigation fully maintains its dimensions and mechanical properties, filled poly(lactic acid) (PLA) filaments were found most suitable for applications under these thermal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Lukas Storck
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.L.S.); (J.U.); (S.V.H.)
| | - Guido Ehrmann
- Virtual Institute of Applied Research on Advanced Materials (VIARAM);
| | - Uwe Güth
- Department of Physical and Biophysical Chemistry (PC III), Faculty of Chemistry, Bielefeld University, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany;
| | - Jana Uthoff
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.L.S.); (J.U.); (S.V.H.)
| | - Sarah Vanessa Homburg
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.L.S.); (J.U.); (S.V.H.)
| | - Tomasz Blachowicz
- Institute of Physics—Center for Science and Education, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Andrea Ehrmann
- Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics, Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, 33619 Bielefeld, Germany; (J.L.S.); (J.U.); (S.V.H.)
- Correspondence:
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Orbit Determination for All-Electric GEO Satellites Based on Space-Borne GNSS Measurements. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14112627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Orbit accuracy of the transfer orbit and the mission orbit is the basis for the orbit control of all-electric-propulsion Geostationary Orbit (GEO) satellites. Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) simulation data are used to analyze the main factors affecting GEO satellite orbit prediction accuracy under the no-thrust condition, and an electric propulsion calibration algorithm is designed to analyze the orbit determination and prediction accuracy under the thrust condition. The calculation results show that the orbit determination accuracy of mission orbit and transfer orbit without thrust is better than 10 m using onboard GNSS technology. The calibration accuracy of electric thrust is about 10−9 m/s2 and 10−7 m/s2 with 40 h and 16 h arc length, respectively, using the satellite self-positioning data of 100 m accuracy to calibrate the electric thrust. If satellite self-positioning data accuracy is at the 10 m level, the electric thrust calibration accuracy can be improved by about one order of magnitude, and the 14-day prediction accuracy of the transfer orbit with thrust is better than 1 km.
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Campbell MF, Brewer J, Jariwala D, Raman AP, Bargatin I. Relativistic Light Sails Need to Billow. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:90-96. [PMID: 34939817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c03272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We argue that light sails with nanometer-scale thicknesses that are rapidly accelerated to relativistic velocities by lasers must be significantly curved in order to reduce their intrafilm mechanical stresses and avoid tears. Using an integrated opto-thermo-mechanical model, we show that the diameter and radius of curvature of a circular light sail should be comparable in magnitude, both on the order of a few meters, in optimal designs for gram-scale payloads. Moreover, we demonstrate that, when sufficient laser power is available, a sail's acceleration length decreases as its curvature increases. Our findings provide critical guidance for emerging light sail design programs, which herald a new era of interstellar space exploration to destinations such as the Oort cloud, the Alpha Centauri system, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew F Campbell
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - John Brewer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Deep Jariwala
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Aaswath P Raman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States
| | - Igor Bargatin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
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Zheng J, Liu H, Song Y, Zhou C, Li Y, Li M, Tang H, Wang G, Cong Y, Wang B, Wang Y, Wu P, Qu T, Zhu X, Zhu L, Liu F, Cheng Y, Zhao B. Integrated study on the comprehensive magnetic-field configuration performance in the 150 kW superconducting magnetoplasmadynamic thruster. Sci Rep 2021; 11:20706. [PMID: 34667219 PMCID: PMC8526827 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00308-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Higher magnetic fields are always favoured in the magnetoplasmadynamic thruster (MPDT) due to its superior control of the plasma profile and acceleration process. This paper introduces the world's first integrated study on the 150 kW level AF-MPDT equipped with a superconductive coil. A completely new way of using superconducting magnet technology to confine plasma with high energy and extremely high temperatures is proposed. Using the PIC method of microscopic particle simulation, the plasma magnetic nozzle effect and performance of the MPDT under different magnetic-field conditions were studied. The integrated experiment used demonstrated that, in conjunction with the superconducting coil, greater homogeneity and a stronger magnetic field not only caused more even cathode ablation and improved its lifespan but also improved the performance of the MPDT (maximum thrust was 4 N at 150 kW, 0.56 T). Maximum thrust efficiency reached 76.6% and the specific impulse reached 5714 s.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxing Zheng
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.
| | - Haiyang Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Yuntao Song
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Cheng Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Yong Li
- Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Ming Li
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | | | - Ge Wang
- Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Yuntian Cong
- Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Baojun Wang
- Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing, 100080, China
| | - Yibai Wang
- Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Peng Wu
- Beihang University, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Timing Qu
- Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xiaoliang Zhu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China
| | - Yuan Cheng
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, 230031, China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Boqiang Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Control Engineering, Beijing, 100080, China
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Abstract
Abstract
3D printing belongs to the emerging technologies of our time. Describing diverse specific techniques, 3D printing enables rapid production of individual objects and creating shapes that would not be produced with other techniques. One of the drawbacks of typical 3D printing processes, however, is the layered structure of the created parts. This is especially problematic in the production of optical elements, which in most cases necessitate highly even surfaces. To meet this challenge, advanced 3D printing techniques as well as other sophisticated solutions can be applied. Here, we give an overview of 3D printed optical elements, such as lenses, mirrors, and waveguides, with a focus on freeform optics and other elements for which 3D printing is especially well suited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Blachowicz
- Silesian University of Technology, Institute of Physics – Center for Science and Education , 44-100 Gliwice , Poland
| | - Guido Ehrmann
- Virtual Institute of Applied Research on Advanced Materials (VIARAM) , 33619 Bielefeld , Germany
| | - Andrea Ehrmann
- Bielefeld University of Applied Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Mathematics , 33619 Bielefeld , Germany
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Yao P, Sands T. Micro Satellite Orbital Boost by Electrodynamic Tethers. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:mi12080916. [PMID: 34442538 PMCID: PMC8400572 DOI: 10.3390/mi12080916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this manuscript, a method for maneuvering a spacecraft using electrically charged tethers is explored. The spacecraft’s velocity vector can be modified by interacting with Earth’s magnetic field. Through this method, a spacecraft can maintain an orbit indefinitely by reboosting without the constraint of limited propellant. The spacecraft-tether system dynamics in low Earth orbit are simulated to evaluate the effects of Lorentz force and torques on translational motion. With 500-meter tethers charged with a 1-amp current, a 100-kg spacecraft can gain 250 m of altitude in one orbit. By evaluating the combined effects of Lorenz force and the coupled effects of Lorentz torque propagation through Euler’s moment equation and Newton’s translational motion equations, the simulated spacecraft-tether system can orbit indefinitely at altitudes as low as 275 km. Through a rare evaluation of the nonlinear coupling of the six differential equations of motion, the one finding is that an electrodynamic tether can be used to maintain a spacecraft’s orbit height indefinitely for very low Earth orbits. However, the reboost maneuver is inefficient for high inclination orbits and has high electrical power requirement. To overcome greater aerodynamic drag at lower altitudes, longer tethers with higher power draw are required.
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