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Charles APR, Gu Z, Archer R, Auwarter C, Hatterman-Valenti H, Rao J, Chen B. Effect of High-Tunnel and Open-Field Production on the Yield, Cannabinoids, and Volatile Profiles in Industrial Hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.) Inflorescence. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:12975-12987. [PMID: 38807047 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
This study discovered the impact of high-tunnel (i.e., unheated greenhouse) and open-field production on two industrial hemp cultivars (SB1 and CJ2) over their yield parameters, cannabinoid development, and volatile profiles. Development of neutral cannabinoids (CBD, THC, and CBC), acidic cannabinoids (CBDA, THCA, and CBCA), and total cannabinoids during floral maturation were investigated. The volatile profiles of hemp flowers were holistically compared via HS-SPME-GC/MS. Findings indicated a high tunnel as an efficient practice for achieving greater total weight, stem number, and caliper, especially in the SB1 cultivar. Harvesting high-tunnel-grown SB1 cultivars during early flower maturation could obtain a high CBD yield while complying with THC regulations. Considering the volatile profiles, hemp flowers mainly consisted of mono- and sesquiterpenoids, as well as oxygenated mono- and sesquiterpenoids. Volatile analysis revealed the substantial impact of cultivars on the volatile profile compared to the production systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anto Pradeep Raja Charles
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Zixuan Gu
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Ryan Archer
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Collin Auwarter
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Harlene Hatterman-Valenti
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Jiajia Rao
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Bingcan Chen
- Department of Plant Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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Motiejauskaitė D, Ullah S, Kundrotaitė A, Žvirdauskienė R, Bakšinskaitė A, Barčauskaitė K. Isolation of Biologically Active Compounds from Cannabis sativa L. Inflorescences by Using Different Extraction Solvents and Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activity. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12050998. [PMID: 37237864 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12050998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Hemp inflorescences are a source of vital compounds, including phytocannabinoids and other biologically active compounds. Various methods are adapted for the extraction of these vital compounds such as the use of different organic solvents. This study aimed to assess the comparative extraction potential of three different solvents: deionized water, 70% methanol (MeOH), and 2% Triton X-100, for phytochemicals in hemp inflorescences. Spectrophotometric techniques were applied to investigate the total amount of polyphenolic compounds (TPC), total flavonoids contents (TF), phenolic acids (TPA), and radical scavenging activity (RSA) in hemp extracts obtained using different polarity solvents. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was used for cannabinoids and organic acids quantitative analysis. In the results, MeOH showed a better affinity for the recovery of TFC, TPA, and RSA in comparison to Triton X-100 and water. However, Triton X-100 performed better for TPC with 4-folds and 33% turnover compared to water and MeOH, respectively. Six cannabinoids (CBDVA, CBL, CBD, CBC, CBN, and CBG) were identified in hemp inflorescence extracts. The maximum determined concentration was as follows: CBD > CBC > CBG > CBDVA > CBL > CBN. Overall, fourteen organic acids were identified. Hemp inflorescence extracts obtained using 2% Triton X-100 showed an effect on all tested strains of microorganisms. Methanolic and aqueous extracts had antimicrobial activity against seven tested strains. On the other hand, the inhibition zones were wider for methanolic extracts compared to aqueous ones. Hemp aqua extract with antimicrobial activity might be used in various markets where toxic solvents are unwanted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovilė Motiejauskaitė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Agriculture Instituto al. 1, Akademija, LT-58344 Kėdainiai District, Lithuania
| | - Sana Ullah
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Agriculture Instituto al. 1, Akademija, LT-58344 Kėdainiai District, Lithuania
| | - Algimanta Kundrotaitė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Agriculture Instituto al. 1, Akademija, LT-58344 Kėdainiai District, Lithuania
| | - Renata Žvirdauskienė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Agriculture Instituto al. 1, Akademija, LT-58344 Kėdainiai District, Lithuania
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kaunas University of Technology, LT-50254 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aušra Bakšinskaitė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Agriculture Instituto al. 1, Akademija, LT-58344 Kėdainiai District, Lithuania
| | - Karolina Barčauskaitė
- Lithuanian Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry, Institute of Agriculture Instituto al. 1, Akademija, LT-58344 Kėdainiai District, Lithuania
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Hemp microgreens as an innovative functional food: Variation in the organic acids, amino acids, polyphenols, and cannabinoids composition of six hemp cultivars. Food Res Int 2022; 161:111863. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Wagner B, Gerletti P, Fürst P, Keuth O, Bernsmann T, Martin A, Schäfer B, Numata J, Lorenzen MC, Pieper R. Transfer of cannabinoids into the milk of dairy cows fed with industrial hemp could lead to Δ 9-THC exposure that exceeds acute reference dose. NATURE FOOD 2022; 3:921-932. [PMID: 37118216 DOI: 10.1038/s43016-022-00623-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
The industrial hemp sector is growing and, in recent years, has launched many novel hemp-derived products, including animal feed. It is, however, unclear to what extent individual cannabinoids from industrial hemp transfer from the feed into products of animal origin and whether they pose a risk for the consumer. Here we present the results of a feeding experiment with industrial hemp silage in dairy cows. Hemp feeding included changes in feed intake, milk yield, respiratory and heart rates, and behaviour. We combined liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry-based analyses and toxicokinetic computer modelling to estimate the transfer of several cannabinoids (Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC), Δ8-THC, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid, Δ9-tetrahydrocannabivarin, 11-OH-Δ9-THC, 11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ9-THC, cannabidiol, cannabinol and cannabidivarin) from animal feed to milk. For Δ9-THC, which has a feed-to-milk transfer rate of 0.20% ± 0.03%, the acute reference dose for humans was exceeded in several consumer groups in exposure scenarios for milk and dairy product consumption when using industrial hemp to feed dairy cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Wagner
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
| | - Pietro Gerletti
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Peter Fürst
- Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe (CVUA-MEL), Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Keuth
- Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe (CVUA-MEL), Münster, Germany
| | - Thorsten Bernsmann
- Chemical and Veterinary Analytical Institute Münsterland-Emscher-Lippe (CVUA-MEL), Münster, Germany
| | - Annett Martin
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Schäfer
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Jorge Numata
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Marc C Lorenzen
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Pieper
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany.
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Sirangelo TM, Ludlow RA, Spadafora ND. Multi-Omics Approaches to Study Molecular Mechanisms in Cannabis sativa. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:2182. [PMID: 36015485 PMCID: PMC9416457 DOI: 10.3390/plants11162182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.), also known as hemp, is one of the oldest cultivated crops, grown for both its use in textile and cordage production, and its unique chemical properties. However, due to the legislation regulating cannabis cultivation, it is not a well characterized crop, especially regarding molecular and genetic pathways. Only recently have regulations begun to ease enough to allow more widespread cannabis research, which, coupled with the availability of cannabis genome sequences, is fuelling the interest of the scientific community. In this review, we provide a summary of cannabis molecular resources focusing on the most recent and relevant genomics, transcriptomics and metabolomics approaches and investigations. Multi-omics methods are discussed, with this combined approach being a powerful tool to identify correlations between biological processes and metabolic pathways across diverse omics layers, and to better elucidate the relationships between cannabis sub-species. The correlations between genotypes and phenotypes, as well as novel metabolites with therapeutic potential are also explored in the context of cannabis breeding programs. However, further studies are needed to fully elucidate the complex metabolomic matrix of this crop. For this reason, some key points for future research activities are discussed, relying on multi-omics approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana M. Sirangelo
- CREA—Council for Agricultural Research and Agricultural Economy Analysis, Genomics and Bioinformatics Department, 26836 Montanaso Lombardo, Italy
| | - Richard A. Ludlow
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Sir Martin Evans Building, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK
| | - Natasha D. Spadafora
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Noppawan P, Bainier C, Lanot A, McQueen-Mason S, Supanchaiyamat N, Attard TM, Hunt AJ. Effect of harvest time on the compositional changes in essential oils, cannabinoids, and waxes of hemp ( Cannabis sativa L.). ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211699. [PMID: 35719880 PMCID: PMC9198500 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Demand for cannabinoid is growing, with the global market expected to reach $9.69 billion by 2025. Understanding how chemical composition changes in hemp at different harvest times is crucial to maximizing this industrial crop value. Important compositional changes in three different compound classes (essential oils, cannabinoids, and lipids) from inflorescences (tops), leaves, and stems of hemp (Cannabis sativa L., Finola variety) at different harvesting stages have been investigated. Over 85% of the total extracts from the tops were cannabinoids, while leaves demonstrated the greatest quantities of wax ester and sterols. Essential oil and cannabinoid increased in tops until full flowering (third harvest), reaching 2030 µg g-1 and 39 475 µg g-1, respectively. Cannabinoids decreased at seed maturity (final harvest) to 26 969 µg g-1. This demonstrates the importance of early harvesting to maximize cannabidiol (CBD), which is highly sought after for its therapeutic and pharmacological properties. A total of 21 161 µg g-1 of CBD was extracted from the tops at full flowering (third harvest); however, a significant increase (63%) in the banned psychoactive tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) was observed from budding (157 µg g-1 of biomass) to the full flowering (9873 µg g-1 of biomass). Harvesting the tops after budding is preferable due to the high CBD content and low amounts of THC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pakin Noppawan
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Camille Bainier
- Department of Chemistry, Green Chemistry Centre of Excellence, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Alexandra Lanot
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Simon McQueen-Mason
- Department of Biology, Centre for Novel Agricultural Products, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5DD, UK
| | - Nontipa Supanchaiyamat
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thomas M. Attard
- RX Extraction Ltd., Unit 10, Rowen Trade Estate, Neville Road, Bradford BD4 8TQ, UK
| | - Andrew J. Hunt
- Materials Chemistry Research Center, Department of Chemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
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Dang M, Arachchige NM, Campbell LG. Optimizing Photoperiod Switch to Maximize Floral Biomass and Cannabinoid Yield in Cannabis sativa L.: A Meta-Analytic Quantile Regression Approach. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 12:797425. [PMID: 35082815 PMCID: PMC8786113 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.797425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis sativa L. is an annual, short-day plant, such that long-day lighting promotes vegetative growth while short-day lighting induces flowering. To date, there has been no substantial investigation on how the switch between these photoperiods influences yield of C. sativa despite the tight correlation that plant size and floral biomass have with the timing of photoperiod switches in indoor growing facilities worldwide. Moreover, there are only casual predictions around how the timing of the photoperiodic switch may affect the production of secondary metabolites, like cannabinoids. Here we use a meta-analytic approach to determine when growers should switch photoperiods to optimize C. sativa floral biomass and cannabinoid content. To this end, we searched through ISI Web of Science for peer-reviewed publications of C. sativa that reported experimental photoperiod durations and results containing cannabinoid concentrations and/or floral biomass, then from 26 studies, we estimated the relationship between photoperiod and yield using quantile regression. Floral biomass was maximized when the long daylength photoperiod was minimized (i.e., 14 days), while THC and CBD potency was maximized under long day length photoperiod for ~42 and 49-50 days, respectively. Our work reveals a yield trade-off in C. sativa between cannabinoid concentration and floral biomass where more time spent under long-day lighting maximizes cannabinoid content and less time spent under long-day lighting maximizes floral biomass. Growers should carefully consider the length of long-day lighting exposure as it can be used as a tool to maximize desired yield outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Nishara Muthu Arachchige
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Lesley G. Campbell
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Crispim Massuela D, Hartung J, Munz S, Erpenbach F, Graeff-Hönninger S. Impact of Harvest Time and Pruning Technique on Total CBD Concentration and Yield of Medicinal Cannabis. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11010140. [PMID: 35009146 PMCID: PMC8747189 DOI: 10.3390/plants11010140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The definition of optimum harvest and pruning interventions are important factors varying inflorescence yield and cannabinoid composition. This study investigated the impact of (i) harvest time (HT) and (ii) pruning techniques (PT) on plant biomass accumulation, CBD and CBDA-concentrations and total CBD yield of a chemotype III medical cannabis genotype under indoor cultivation. The experiment consisted of four HTs between 5 and 11 weeks of flowering and three PTs-apical cut (T); removal of side shoots (L) and control (C), not pruned plants. Results showed that inflorescence dry weight increased continuously, while the total CBD concentration did not differ significantly over time. For the studied genotype, optimum harvest time defined by highest total CBD yield was found at 9 weeks of flowering. Total CBD-concentration of inflorescences in different fractions of the plant's height was significantly higher in the top (9.9%) in comparison with mid (8.2%) and low (7.7%) fractions. The T plants produced significantly higher dry weight of inflorescences and leaves than L and C. Total CBD yield of inflorescences for PTs were significantly different among pruned groups, but do not differ from the control group. However, a trend for higher yields was observed (T > C > L).
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Crispim Massuela
- Cropping Systems and Modelling, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.M.); (F.E.); (S.G.-H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-711-459-23066
| | - Jens Hartung
- Biostatistics, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Sebastian Munz
- Cropping Systems and Modelling, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.M.); (F.E.); (S.G.-H.)
| | - Federico Erpenbach
- Cropping Systems and Modelling, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.M.); (F.E.); (S.G.-H.)
| | - Simone Graeff-Hönninger
- Cropping Systems and Modelling, Institute of Crop Science, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany; (S.M.); (F.E.); (S.G.-H.)
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Tanney CAS, Backer R, Geitmann A, Smith DL. Cannabis Glandular Trichomes: A Cellular Metabolite Factory. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:721986. [PMID: 34616415 PMCID: PMC8488169 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.721986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis has been legalized for recreational use in several countries and medical use is authorized in an expanding list of countries; markets are growing internationally, causing an increase in demand for high quality products with well-defined properties. The key compounds of Cannabis plants are cannabinoids, which are produced by stalked glandular trichomes located on female flowers. These trichomes produce resin that contains cannabinoids, such as tetrahydrocannabinolic acid and cannabidiolic acid, and an array of other secondary metabolites of varying degrees of commercial interest. While growers tend to focus on improving whole flower yields, our understanding of the "goldmines" of the plant - the trichomes - is limited despite their being the true source of revenue for a multi-billion-dollar industry. This review aims to provide an overview of our current understanding of cannabis glandular trichomes and their metabolite products in order to identify current gaps in knowledge and to outline future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Donald L. Smith
- Department of Plant Science, Macdonald Campus, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Impact of Different Growing Substrates on Growth, Yield and Cannabinoid Content of Two Cannabis sativa L. Genotypes in a Pot Culture. HORTICULTURAE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae6040062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of different growing substrate compositions, consisting of peat (PM), peat substituted with 30% green fibre (G30) and coco coir fibre (CC) growth media, were investigated in regard to the plant height, biomass and floral yield, biomass nitrogen (N) content, root growth, and cannabidiol content (CBD/A) of two phytocannabinoid-rich cannabis genotypes in an indoor pot cultivation system. Genotypes and substrate treatment combinations were randomly allocated to 36 plants according to a Latin square design. The results showed a higher total plant height for PM (39.96 cm), followed by G30 (35.28 cm), and the lowest in CC (31.54 cm). The N content of leaves indicated the highest values for plants grown in G30 (52.24 g kg DW−1), followed by PM (46.75 g kg DW−1) and a significantly lower content for CC (37.00 g kg DW−1). Root length density (RLD) increased by 40% (PM) and 50% (G30), compared to CC treatments, with no significant differences in root dry weight. Both genotypes, Kanada (KAN) and 0.2x, reacted in a genotype-specific manner. KAN indicated a reduced floral yield of plants grown in G30 (4.94 g plant−1) and CC (3.84 g plant−1) compared to PM (8.56 g plant−1). 0.2x indicated stable high floral yields of 9.19 g plant−1 (G30) to 7.90 g plant−1 (CC). Leaf DW increased in PM (5.78 g plant−1) and G30 (5.66 g plant−1) compared to CC (3.30 g plant−1), while CBD/A content remained constant. Due to a higher biomass yield, the CBD/A yield of flowers (549.66 mg plant−1) and leaves (224.16 mg plant−1) revealed 0.2x as an interesting genotype for indoor pot cultivation in a peat-based substrate substituted with 30% green fibres. Overall, the demand for organic green fibres to partly replace fractionated peat showed a genotype-specific option for a homogeneous plant development, with comparable high biomass yields and stable cannabinoid contents compared to a peat containing standard substrate.
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Piccolella S, Crescente G, Formato M, Pacifico S. A Cup of Hemp Coffee by Moka Pot from Southern Italy: An UHPLC-HRMS Investigation. Foods 2020; 9:foods9081123. [PMID: 32824076 PMCID: PMC7466224 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
After a long period defined by prohibition of hemp production, this crop has been recently re-evaluated in various industrial sectors. Until now, inflorescences have been considered a processing by-product, not useful for the food industry, and their disposal also represents an economic problem for farmers. The objects of the present work are coffee blends enriched with shredded inflorescences of different cultivars of industrial hemp that underwent solid/liquid extraction into the Italian “moka” coffee maker. The obtained coffee drinks were analyzed by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) tools for their quali-quantitative phytocannabinoid profiles. The results showed that they are minor constituents compared to chlorogenic acids and caffeine in all samples. In particular, cannabidiolic acid was the most abundant among phytocannabinoids, followed by tetrahydrocannabinolic acid. Neither Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) nor cannabinol, its main oxidation product, were detected. The percentage of total THC never exceeded 0.04%, corresponding to 0.4 mg/kg, far below the current maximum limits imposed by the Italian Ministry of Health. This study opens up a new concrete possibility to exploit hemp processing by-products in order to obtain drinks with high added value and paves the way for further in vitro and in vivo investigations aimed at promoting their benefits for human health.
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Burgel L, Hartung J, Schibano D, Graeff-Hönninger S. Impact of Different Phytohormones on Morphology, Yield and Cannabinoid Content of Cannabis sativa L. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 9:E725. [PMID: 32521804 PMCID: PMC7355821 DOI: 10.3390/plants9060725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The impact of exogenously applied plant growth regulators (PGR), 1-naphthalenaecetic acid (NAA), 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP), and a mixture of both (NAA/BAP-mix), was investigated in regard to plant height, length of axillary branches, number of internodes, biomass yield and cannabinoid content of three different phytocannabinoid-rich (PCR) Cannabis genotypes. The results showed that total plant height was significantly reduced under the application of NAA (28%), BAP (18%), and NAA/BAP-mix treated plants (15%). Axillary branch length was also significantly reduced by 58% (NAA) and 30% (NAA/BAP-mix). BAP did not significantly reduce the length of axillary branches. The number of internodes was reduced by NAA (19%), BAP (10%), and the NAA/BAP-mix (14%) compared to the untreated control. NAA application influenced the plant architecture of the tested cv. KANADA beneficially, resulting in a more compact growth habitus, while inflorescence yield (23.51 g plant-1) remained similar compared to the control (24.31 g plant-1). Inflorescence yield of v. 0.2x and cv. FED was reduced due to PGR application while cannabinoid content remained stable. Overall, the application of PGR could be used on a genotype-specific level to beneficially influence plant architecture and optimize inflorescence yield per unit area and thus cannabinoid yield, especially in the presence of space limitations under indoor cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Burgel
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, Cropping Systems and Modelling, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Jens Hartung
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, Biostatistics, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | | | - Simone Graeff-Hönninger
- Department of Agronomy, Institute of Crop Science, Cropping Systems and Modelling, University of Hohenheim, 70599 Stuttgart, Germany;
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