1
|
Fu H, Yang T, Ni H, Li J, Liu F, Liu J, Yin Y. A low-protein soybean-free diet improves carcass traits and meat quality and modulates the colonic microbiota in Daweizi pigs. Front Vet Sci 2025; 11:1516198. [PMID: 39981135 PMCID: PMC11841500 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1516198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2024] [Accepted: 12/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2025] Open
Abstract
Introduction Soybean meal is an excellent protein source and is widely used in pig feed. However, the Americas account for more than 80% of global soybean production, so European and Asia swine production largely depends on soybean imports. The use of safe and functional unconventional feed sources can effectively alleviate worldwide protein shortage problems. Methods Here, we formulated a low-protein soybean-free diet (LPNS) for growing and fattening pigs using rice, potatoes, tea, and other unconventional feed sources. Thirty-six healthy Daweizi pigs (average body weight 23.60 ± 1.34 kg) were raised under the same conditions and randomly assigned to two dietary treatments: (1) Con group, corn-soybean base meal; (2) LPNS group. When the average weight of pigs in the group reached 85 kg, two pigs per pen were randomly selected and euthanized for collection of the colonic digesta and carcass traits and for meat quality determination. Results Compared with the corn-soybean based diet, the LPNS diet decreased the average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of Daweizi pigs but had a lower cost per kilogram of gain. In addition, the LPNS diet significantly increased leanness and decreased the fat-skin rate and bone rate of Daweizi pigs. The cooking loss of meat decreased, and unsaturated fatty acids such as C22:6 and n-3 PUFA significantly increased in the LPNS group. Moreover, the purine content in the meat substantially decreased with the LPNS diet. The 16S rDNA analysis revealed that the LPNS diet greatly modified the composition of the colonic microbiota community, with a decrease in the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and an increase in the abundance of Lactobacillus spp. Discussion The use of functional herbs along with a low-protein diet helped to regulate fat and purine metabolism in fatty-type pigs. The LPNS diet formulated with unconventional-feed sources not only helps reduce the feed cost in swine production but also improves the carcass traits and meat quality of pigs, which is more suitable for small-scale pig farming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haohua Fu
- Department of Animal Science, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
| | - Taoming Yang
- Department of Animal Science, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
| | - Hengjia Ni
- Department of Animal Science, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Animal Science, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
| | - Fenfen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Jingbo Liu
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Department of Animal Science, Hunan Agriculture University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, Hunan Research Center of Livestock and Poultry Sciences, South Central Experimental Station of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in the Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sun Z, Liu D, An S, Zhang J, Lei L, Miao Z. Effects of Acorns on Subcutaneous Fat Deposition in Yuxi Black Pigs by Transcriptomic Analysis. Metabolites 2025; 15:71. [PMID: 39997696 PMCID: PMC11857660 DOI: 10.3390/metabo15020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2024] [Revised: 01/16/2025] [Accepted: 01/20/2025] [Indexed: 02/26/2025] Open
Abstract
Background/Objectives: The backfat thickness of pigs is closely related to dorsal subcutaneous fat deposition and meat quality, and appropriate reduction in backfat thickness is important for improving pork quality. The present study investigated the effect of acorn diet on the backfat thickness and lipase activity of Yuxi black pigs and to gain further insight into the molecular mechanism of the acorn diet on the dorsal subcutaneous fat deposition of Yuxi black pigs by transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq). Methods: Thirty-six Yuxi black pigs with an initial body weight of 99.60 ± 2.32 kg (three replicates per group and six pigs per replicate) were randomly divided into two groups (CON group was fed a basic diet and AEG group was fed 30% acorn diets). Pigs were individually fed twice daily and had access to water ad libitum throughout the experiment. The test period was 4 months. Results: Results showed that backfat thickness and ACC, MDH, and LPL lipase activities were significantly reduced in the AEG group than in the CON group (p < 0.05). In addition, RNA-seq identified 826 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), with 505 up-regulated and 321 down-regulated. The DEGs were significantly enriched in the lipid metabolism process and lipid catabolic process, fatty acid (FA) catabolic process, and FA β-oxidation according to GO enrichment analysis. LEP, CHPT1, UCP3, ACOX1, SCD5, and ACAA1 were screened as key differential genes regulating dorsal subcutaneous fat deposition. Conclusions: The above results indicated that feeding the 30% acorn diet could regulate the expression of genes involved in fat deposition and reduce lipase activity, thereby decreasing the backfat thickness, inhibiting the deposition of dorsal subcutaneous fat, and improving the pork quality. The findings of this experiment established a basis for subsequent research into the molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of acorn diets on fat deposition in Yuxi black pigs and provided the scientific evidence to promote the exploitation and industrialization of acorns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Z.S.); (D.L.); (S.A.); (J.Z.)
| | - Dongyang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Z.S.); (D.L.); (S.A.); (J.Z.)
| | - Siyuan An
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Z.S.); (D.L.); (S.A.); (J.Z.)
| | - Jinzhou Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Z.S.); (D.L.); (S.A.); (J.Z.)
| | - Lei Lei
- Zhengzhou Agricultural Comprehensive Administrative Law Enforcement Detachment, Zhengzhou 450044, China
| | - Zhiguo Miao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Z.S.); (D.L.); (S.A.); (J.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Škrlep M, Poklukar K, Vrecl M, Brankovič J, Čandek-Potokar M. Growth Performance, Carcass Quality, and Lipid Metabolism in Krškopolje Pigs and Modern Hybrid Pigs: Comparison of Genotypes and Evaluation of Dietary Protein Reduction. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:3331. [PMID: 39595384 PMCID: PMC11591021 DOI: 10.3390/ani14223331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2024] [Revised: 11/12/2024] [Accepted: 11/18/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study compared the performance, meat quality and adipose tissue characteristics of Krškopolje pigs and modern hybrid pigs under identical rearing conditions, besides examining the effects of dietary protein reduction in both genotypes. A total of 29 pigs (14 Krškopolje and 15 hybrids) were assigned to litter into two dietary groups (high and low protein). The low-protein diet for hybrid pigs corresponded to the high-protein diet for Krškopolje pigs. All diets were iso-energetic. Dietary protein reduction decreased growth rate and muscle development in modern hybrids but had no significant impact on performance, quality or metabolic traits in Krškopolje pigs. Genotype differences revealed that Krškopolje pigs had lower growth rates, less lean and more fat deposition, as reflected in thicker subcutaneous and higher intramuscular fat compared to modern hybrids. Krškopolje pigs also exhibited higher myoglobin concentration and fatty acid saturation. Lipogenic enzyme activity and histo-morphological traits behaved in a tissue-specific manner but still indicated a greater lipogenic potential in Krškopolje pigs. This study provides valuable insights into breed-specific responses to dietary changes and highlights the unique characteristics of Krškopolje pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Škrlep
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Š.); (K.P.)
| | - Klavdija Poklukar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Š.); (K.P.)
| | - Milka Vrecl
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.V.); (J.B.)
| | - Jana Brankovič
- Veterinary Faculty, Institute of Preclinical Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.V.); (J.B.)
| | - Marjeta Čandek-Potokar
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Hacquetova ulica 17, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (M.Š.); (K.P.)
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Maribor, Pivola 10, SI-2311 Hoče, Slovenia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Sun Z, Liu D, An S, Wu X, Zhang J, Miao Z. Effects of Acorns on Fatty Acid Composition and Lipid Metabolism in Adipose Tissue of Yuxi Black Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:3271. [PMID: 39595322 PMCID: PMC11590921 DOI: 10.3390/ani14223271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2024] [Revised: 11/11/2024] [Accepted: 11/12/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present research was the examination of how varying proportions of an acorn diet affects the deposition of subcutaneous fat and the composition of fatty acids (FAs) in Yuxi black pigs. Ninety pigs (with a balanced sex ratio and a similar weight 99.60 ± 2.32 kg) were stochastically assigned to the control group (CON) and the dietary acorn experimental groups (AEG). The CON was fed basal diets and the AEG1, AEG2, AEG3, and AEG4 groups were provided with dietary regimens comprising twenty, thirty, forty, and fifty per cent acorns, respectively. Each group consisted of six pigs, with three replicates. The breeding cycle was four months. The results demonstrated that, in comparison with the CON group, the lean meat rate was significantly increased in all test groups (p < 0.05), while in backfat thickness, loin eye area, carcass weight and slaughter rate was no significant difference (p > 0.05). The serum TC/HDL (total cholesterol divided by high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) and TG/HDL (Triglyceride divided by high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol) levels in the AEG1 and AEG2 groups were significantly lower than the CON group (p < 0.05). There was no significant effect on the composition of FAs (p > 0.05). The number of fat cells in subcutaneous back fat and subcutaneous abdominal fat was significantly increased, and the area of fat cells was decreased (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the levels of ATGL and HSL expression in the subcutaneous back fat, as well as ACC, FAS, ATGL, PPARγ, and HSL expression in the subcutaneous abdominal fat, were significantly increased in the AEG2 group compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). Additionally, the expression of ACC, FAS, FABP4, PPARγ, C/EBPα, and FAS/HSL in the subcutaneous back fat, as well as FABP4, C/EBPα, and FAS/HSL in the subcutaneous abdominal fat, were significantly lower in the AEG2 group compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). In conclusion, it has been found that a 30% acorn diet can inhibit subcutaneous fat deposition and enhance the nutritional value of pork and the health of Yuxi black pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Zhiguo Miao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Z.S.); (D.L.); (S.A.); (X.W.); (J.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Sun Z, Chang Y, Huang L, An S, Liu D, Zhang J, Miao Z. Effects of Acorns on Meat Quality and Lipid Metabolism-Related Gene Expression in Muscle Tissues of Yuxi Black Pigs. Metabolites 2024; 14:578. [PMID: 39590814 PMCID: PMC11596760 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14110578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2024] [Revised: 10/22/2024] [Accepted: 10/23/2024] [Indexed: 11/28/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of acorn diets on the composition of fatty acid (FA) and the intramuscular fat (IMF) content in Yuxi black pigs. METHODS Ninety Yuxi black pigs with similar body weight (99.60 ± 2.32 kg) were randomly divided into five groups. The control group was fed a basal diet, and the AD20, AD30, AD40, and AD50 groups were fed experimental diets which contained 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50% acorns, respectively. The feeding experiment lasted for 120 days. RESULTS The results showed that compared with the control group, the content of SFA in longissimus dorsi and biceps femoris tissues in the AD30 group decreased by 8.57% and 20.10%, and the content of MUFA increased by 5.40% and 15.83%, respectively, while the PUFA content of biceps femoris increased by 5.40% (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the IMF content of the AD30 group was significantly higher than that of the control group in the longissimus dorsi and biceps femoris. In addition, the mRNA expression levels of the ATGL, PPARγ, and FABP4 genes in longissimus dorsi (p < 0.05) were up-regulated, and HSL were down-regulated (p < 0.05) in the AD30 group. In the biceps femoris of the AD30 group, it was observed that the expression levels of the ACC and FAS genes were up-regulated (p < 0.05), while HSL and ATGL genes were down-regulated (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrated that the addition of appropriate amounts of acorn to the diet (a 30% acorn diet) could improve the nutritional value of pork.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Zhiguo Miao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Institute of Science and Technology, Xinxiang 453003, China; (Z.S.); (Y.C.); (L.H.); (S.A.); (D.L.); (J.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Xie M, Fei D, Guang Y, Xue F, Xu J, Zhou Y. Role of Metabolomics and Metagenomics in the Replacement of the High-Concentrate Diet with a High-Fiber Diet for Growing Yushan Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2893. [PMID: 39409842 PMCID: PMC11475692 DOI: 10.3390/ani14192893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2024] [Revised: 10/01/2024] [Accepted: 10/01/2024] [Indexed: 10/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the regulatory effects of a high-fiber content feed on the productive performance, meat quality, and fat acid composition. A total of 18 120-day-old Yushan pigs with similar initial body weight were randomly allotted into high-concentrate diet (high energy, HE) and high-fiber diet (low energy, LE) treatments for the determination of regulatory effects on productive performance, meat quality, and fatty acid content. Further, blood metabolomic, gut microbiota, and liver energy-related gene expression measurements were used to investigate the underlying mechanisms. Results showed that the LE treatment significantly increased ADFI while decreasing carcass weight, fat percentage, and IMF. Metabolomic results showed that the high-fiber treatment significantly down-regulated metabolites that participated in lipid metabolism such as cyclic ADP-ribose and hippuric acid, while up-regulated metabolites were mainly enriched in nitrogen metabolism such as DL-arginine and propionylcarnitine (p < 0.05). Microbial results showed relative abundances of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium are significantly proliferated in the high-fiber feeding treatments (p < 0.05). Transcriptomic results showed that genes mainly enriched into the lipid metabolism are significantly up-regulated under the high-fiber dietary treatment (p < 0.05). Conclusion: higher dietary fiber significantly reduced dietary energy provision, effectively decreased the backfat and abdominal fat content of Yushan pigs through proliferating intestinal fiber-degradable bacteria, and up-regulating the hepatic lipolysis-related gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Xie
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Jiangxi Province, Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China; (M.X.); (D.F.); (Y.G.)
| | - Dan Fei
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Jiangxi Province, Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China; (M.X.); (D.F.); (Y.G.)
| | - Yelan Guang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Jiangxi Province, Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China; (M.X.); (D.F.); (Y.G.)
| | - Fuguang Xue
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition/Engineering Research Center of Feed Development, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China;
| | - Jun Xu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Jiangxi Province, Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China; (M.X.); (D.F.); (Y.G.)
- Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Science, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Yaomin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Product Quality and Safety of Jiangxi Province, Institute for Quality & Safety and Standards of Agricultural Products Research, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China; (M.X.); (D.F.); (Y.G.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Sarmiento-García A, Rubio B, Martinez B, García JJ, Vieira C. Effect of dietary fat on proximal composition, sensorial analysis and shelf life of a traditional Spanish cooked pork product "Lomo de Sajonia" from Iberian pork. Anim Sci J 2024; 95:e13934. [PMID: 38581380 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to evaluate the effect of different dietary fat sources on the quality of a Spanish-cooked meat product Lomo de Sajonia (LSA) and its shelf-life. Forty loins were selected from Iberian pigs fed four dietary treatments containing pork fat (G-1), Greedy-Grass Olive® (GGO) (enriched oleic-acid oil) (G-2), G-2 and high oleic sunflower (G-3), and G-3 plus a mixture of commercial organic acids (Bioll®) (G-4). Loins were manufactured to obtain LSA, and the quality and sensorial attributes were assessed. The shelf life was established according to microbial count and sensorial analysis, which was packed in a modified atmosphere and stored under retail conditions. All meat quality parameters of LSA remained stable in all groups, except fat content and overall liking, which showed the highest values for G-2 LSA. Regarding the shelf life, sensorial attributes remained acceptable in all groups during storage time, while a delay in microbial growth was recorded for the LSA of G-3. According to the results, including GGO in Iberian pig diets could enhance LSA traits, possibly linked to increased assimilation compared with conventional fat sources. However, adding organic acids to the diet did not have the expected effect on improving the shelf life of the LSA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Sarmiento-García
- Área de Producción Animal, Departamento de Construcción y Agronomía, Facultad de Agricultura y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain
- Estación Tecnológica de la Carne, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Begoña Rubio
- Estación Tecnológica de la Carne, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Beatriz Martinez
- Estación Tecnológica de la Carne, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Juan-José García
- Estación Tecnológica de la Carne, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ceferina Vieira
- Estación Tecnológica de la Carne, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Salamanca, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Wang C, Huang L, Jin S, Hou R, Chen M, Liu Y, Tang W, Li T, Yin Y, He L. d-Aspartate in Low-Protein Diets Improves the Pork Quality by Regulating Energy and Lipid Metabolism via the Gut Microbes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:12417-12430. [PMID: 37578298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
d-Aspartate is critical in maintaining hormone secretion and reproductive development in mammals. This study investigated the mechanism of different d-aspartate levels (0, 0.005, 0.05, and 0.5% d-aspartate) in low-protein diets on growth performance and meat quality by mediating the gut microbiota alteration in pigs. We found that adding 0.005% d-aspartate to a low-protein diet could dramatically improve the growth performance during the weaned and growing periods. Dietary d-aspartate with different levels markedly increased the back fat, and 0.5% d-aspartate significantly increased the redness in 24 h and reduced the shear force of the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle. Moreover, d-aspartate treatments decreased the mRNA expression of MyHC II a and MyHC IIx in the LD muscle. The protein expression of MyH1, MyH7, TFAM, FOXO1, CAR, UCP2, and p-AMPK was upregulated by 0.005% d-aspartate. Additionally, the abundance of Alistipes, Akkermansia, and the [Eubacterium]_coprostanoligenes_group in the intestinal chyme of pigs was significantly decreased by d-aspartate treatments at the genus level, which was also accompanied by a significant decrease in acetate content. These differential microorganisms were significantly correlated with meat quality characteristics. These results indicated that d-aspartate in low-protein diets could improve the growth performance and meat quality in pigs by regulating energy and lipid metabolism via the alteration of gut microbiota.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Wang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Le Huang
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Shunshun Jin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Ruoxin Hou
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Mingzhe Chen
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
| | - Yonghui Liu
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Wenjie Tang
- Animal Breeding and Genetics Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Animal Science Academy, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Yulong Yin
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| | - Liuqin He
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Intestinal Function and Regulation, Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Human Health, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410081, China
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Physiology and Metabolic Process, CAS Key Laboratory of Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, National Engineering Laboratory for Pollution Control and Waste Utilization in Livestock and Poultry Production, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha 410125, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sarmiento-García A, Vieira-Aller C. Improving Fatty Acid Profile in Native Breed Pigs Using Dietary Strategies: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101696. [PMID: 37238126 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Meat from native-bred animals is growing in popularity worldwide due to consumers' perception of its higher quality than meat from industrial farms. The improvement in indigenous pork has been related to increased intramuscular and unsaturated fat and a reduced saturated fat content resulting in a healthy product with enhanced sensorial attributes. This manuscript aims to provide an overview offering useful information about the fat content and the fatty acid profile of different autochthonous pork. Fat content and fatty acid profile are greater in native than in industrial pig breeds, even though certain factors, such as genetics, nutrition, farming system, age, or slaughter weight, may influence these variations. Among that, studies on dietary strategies to improve these parameters have been evaluated. According to the results obtained, many natural ingredients could have a positive effect on the lipid profile when added to indigenous pigs' diets. This fact may promote autochthonous pork intake. Nevertheless, there is a wide range of potential natural ingredients to be added to the indigenous pig diet that needs to be evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ainhoa Sarmiento-García
- Área de Producción Animal, Departamento de Construcción y Agronomía, Facultad de Agricultura y Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad de Salamanca, Av. de Filiberto Villalobos 119, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Estación Tecnológica de la Carne, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Calle Filiberto Villalobos 5, 37770 Guijuelo, Spain
| | - Ceferina Vieira-Aller
- Estación Tecnológica de la Carne, Instituto Tecnológico Agrario de Castilla y León (ITACyL), Calle Filiberto Villalobos 5, 37770 Guijuelo, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Garrido N, Izquierdo M, Hernández-García FI, Núñez Y, García-Torres S, Benítez R, Padilla JÁ, Óvilo C. Differences in Muscle Lipogenic Gene Expression, Carcass Traits and Fat Deposition among Three Iberian Pig Strains Finished in Two Different Feeding Systems. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13071138. [PMID: 37048394 PMCID: PMC10092979 DOI: 10.3390/ani13071138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
The Iberian pig breed includes several well-differentiated strains. The present study evaluated carcass traits, fat deposition and muscle expression of important lipogenic genes (SCD, ME1, ACACA, FASN, EGR1, ACOX and ACLY) using 65 male pigs of 3 Iberian strains (20 Lampiño, 23 Torbiscal, and 22 Retinto) finished either in a conventional, concentrate-based system (CF) or in montanera (MF), a traditional free-range system with acorn feeding. Torbiscal had the highest ham, Longissimus thoracis and prime cuts yields, and the thinnest subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT). Retinto had the highest monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and percentage of intramuscular fat (IMF), while Lampiño had the greatest content of saturated fatty acids (SFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), atherogenic (AI) and thrombogenic (TI) indexes in SAT. Conventionally finished pigs had the highest ham, L. thoracis and prime cuts yields, and SFA. Montanera-finished animals had the highest PUFA and MUFA contents, and the lowest AI, TI and n6/n3 ratio in SAT. In relation to gene expression, Retinto had the greatest SCD, FASN and ACLY levels. Most studied genes were overexpressed in CF pigs. In conclusion, MF pigs had healthier fat than CF pigs, and Retinto had the healthiest fat and the greatest lipogenic trend in muscle, supported by IMF and lipogenic gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Yolanda Núñez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rita Benítez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José Á Padilla
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Extremadura, 10003 Cáceres, Spain
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- Departamento de Mejora Genética Animal, INIA-CSIC, Ctra. La Coruña km 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gomes MDS, Duarte ME, Saraiva A, de Oliveira LL, Teixeira LM, Rocha GC. Effect of antibiotics and low-crude protein diets on growth performance, health, immune response, and fecal microbiota of growing pigs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad357. [PMID: 37843846 PMCID: PMC10630186 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of diets with and without antibiotics supplementation and diets with 18.5% and 13.0% crude protein (CP) on growth performance, carcass characteristics, disease incidence, fecal microbiota, immune response, and antioxidant capacity of growing pigs. One hundred and eighty pigs (59-day-old; 18.5 ± 2.5 kg) were distributed in a randomized complete block design in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement, nine replicates, and five pigs per pen. The factors were CP (18.5% or 13.0%) and antibiotics (none or 100 mg/kg tiamulin + 506 mg/kg oxytetracycline). Medicated diets were fed from days 59 to 73. After that, all pigs were fed their respective CP diets from 73 to 87 days. Data were analyzed using the Mixed procedure in SAS version 9.4. From days 59 to 73, pigs fed antibiotics diets had higher (P < 0.05) average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily weight gain (ADG), gain to feed ratio (G:F), compared to the diets without antibiotics. From days 73 to 87 (postmedicated period), any previous supplementation of antibiotics did not affect pig growth performance. Overall (days 59 to 87), pigs-fed antibiotics diets had higher (P < 0.05) G:F compared to pigs-fed diets without antibiotics. In all periods evaluated, pigs fed 18.5% CP diets had higher (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F compared to pigs fed 13.0% CP. Pigs fed the 13.0% CP diets had lower (P < 0.05) fecal score and diarrhea incidence than those fed 18.5% CP. Pigs fed 18.5% CP diets had improved (P < 0.05) loin area compared to pigs-fed diets with 13.0% CP. At 66 days of age, pigs-fed antibiotics diets had lower (P < 0.05) alpha diversity estimated with Shannon and Simpson compared to the pig-fed diets without antibiotics. At family level, pigs fed 18.5% CP diets had higher (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Streptococcaceae, and lower (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Clostridiaceae at days 66 and 87 compared with pigs fed 13.0% CP. Pigs-fed antibiotics diets had lower (P < 0.05) immunoglobulin G and protein carbonyl concentrations at day 66 compared to the pigs-fed diets without antibiotics. The reduction of dietary CP from 18.5% to 13.0% reduced the growth performance and loin muscle area of growing pigs, although it was effective to reduce diarrhea incidence. Antibiotics improved growth performance, lowered diarrhea incidence, improved components of the humoral immune response, and reduced microbiota diversity. However, in the postmedicated period, we found no residual effect on the general health of the animals, and considering the overall period, only G:F was improved by the use of antibiotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maykelly da S Gomes
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcos E Duarte
- Departament of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, USA
| | - Alysson Saraiva
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Lucas M Teixeira
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Gabriel C Rocha
- Muscle Biology and Nutrigenomics Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tejeda JF, Hernández-Matamoros A, González E. Characteristics, lipogenic enzyme activity, and fatty acid composition of muscles in the Iberian pig: Effects of protein restriction and free-range feeding. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
13
|
Jiao Y, Hao L, Xia P, Cheng Y, Song J, Chen X, Wang Z, Ma Z, Zheng S, Chen T, Zhang Y, Yu H. Identification of Potential miRNA-mRNA Regulatory Network Associated with Pig Growth Performance in the Pituitaries of Bama Minipigs and Landrace Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:3058. [PMID: 36359184 PMCID: PMC9657654 DOI: 10.3390/ani12213058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Pig growth performance is one of the criteria for judging pork production and is influenced by genotype and external environmental factors such as feeding conditions. The growth performance of miniature pigs, such as Bama minipigs, differs considerably from that of the larger body size pigs, such as Landrace pigs, and can be regarded as good models in pig growth studies. In this research, we identified differentially expressed genes in the pituitary gland of Bama minipigs and Landrace pigs. Through the pathway enrichment analysis, we screened the growth-related pathways and the genes enriched in the pathways and established the protein-protein interaction network. The RNAHybrid algorithm was used to predict the interaction between differentially expressed microRNAs and differentially expressed mRNAs. Four regulatory pathways (Y-82-ULK1/CDKN1A, miR-4334-5p-STAT3/PIK3R1/RPS6KA3/CAB39L, miR-4331-SCR/BCL2L1, and miR-133a-3p-BCL2L1) were identified via quantitative real-time PCR to detect the expression and correlation of candidate miRNAs and mRNAs. In conclusion, we revealed potential miRNA-mRNA regulatory networks associated with pig growth performance in the pituitary glands of Bama minipigs and Landrace pigs, which may help to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms of growth differences in pigs of different body sizes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Jiao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Linlin Hao
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Peijun Xia
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Yunyun Cheng
- Ministry of Health Key Laboratory of Radiobiology, College of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Jie Song
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Zhaoguo Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Ze Ma
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Shuo Zheng
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Ting Chen
- Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, SCAU-Alltech Research Joint Alliance, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-Animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| | - Hao Yu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, Changchun 130061, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhu C, Yang J, Wu Q, Chen J, Yang X, Wang L, Jiang Z. Low Protein Diet Improves Meat Quality and Modulates the Composition of Gut Microbiota in Finishing Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:843957. [PMID: 35656169 PMCID: PMC9152361 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.843957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effect of a low protein (LP) diet on growth performance, nitrogen emission, carcass traits, meat quality, and gut microbiota in finishing pigs. Fifty-four barrows (Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly assigned to three treatments with six replicates (pens) of three pigs each. The pigs were fed with either high protein (HP, 16% CP), medium protein (MP, 12% CP), and LP diets (10% CP), respectively. The LP diets did not influence the growth performance, but significantly decreased the plasma urea nitrogen contents and fecal nitrogen emission (P < 0.05). The LP diet significantly decreased the plasma contents of malondialdehyde (MDA) and increased the plasma glutathione (GSH) contents (P < 0.05). The LP diets significantly increased the backfat thickness at the first and last ribs, L* (lightness) value of meat color, and muscle fiber density in the longissimus dorsi (P < 0.05). The messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of fatty acid synthetase (FAS), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), leptin, and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) was significantly downregulated, while that of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 (CPT1) and myosin heavy chain (MYHC) IIx in the longissimus Dorsi muscle was significantly upregulated by LP diets (P < 0.05). The 16S sequencing analysis showed that the abundance of unidentified Bacteria at the phylum level, and Halanaerobium and Butyricicoccusat at the genus level in the colonic digesta were significantly decreased by LP diet (P < 0.05). The LP diet significantly decreased the observed species of α-diversity in both ileal and colonic microbiota (P < 0.05). Spearman correlation analysis identified a significant positive correlation between the abundance of the ileal genera Streptococcus and L* value at 24 and 48 h, and a significant negative correlation between unidentified_Ruminococcasceae in both ileum and colon with L* value at 24 h (P < 0.05). Collectively, the LP diet supplemented with lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan could reduce the fecal nitrogen emission without affecting growth performance and improve meat quality by regulating the antioxidant capacity and gene expression involved in fat metabolism as well as modulating the gut microbiota composition in finishing pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cui Zhu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Jingsen Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan, China
| | - Qiwen Wu
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingping Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuefen Yang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li Wang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Li Wang
| | - Zongyong Jiang
- Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science in South China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Maoming Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
- Zongyong Jiang
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Pérez-Ciria L, Miana-Mena FJ, Álvarez-Rodríguez J, Latorre MA. Effect of Castration Type and Diet on Growth Performance, Serum Sex Hormones and Metabolites, and Carcass Quality of Heavy Male Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1004. [PMID: 35454250 PMCID: PMC9024496 DOI: 10.3390/ani12081004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A trial was carried out to study the effect of type of castration and diet on pigs destined for Teruel ham production, which is a Spanish protected designation of origin for dry-cured ham. A total of 144 Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) male pigs were used. Half of them were surgically castrated and the other half were immunocastrated with three doses at approximately 25, 58 and 79 kg of body weight. Furthermore, three diets (control vs. high energy vs. low crude protein-CP- and amino acids-AA) were tested from 80 to 137 kg of body weight. Growth performance, serum sex hormones and metabolites, and carcass quality were evaluated. Immunocastrated males grew faster and had better feed conversion ratio than surgically castrated males, but presented lower carcass fatness. Pigs fed the high-energy diet and the low-CP and -AA diet were more efficient at transforming feed into gain than those fed the control diet, but no effect was detected on carcass quality. In conclusion, surgically castrated males are preferable than immunocastrated males for Teruel dry-cured ham elaboration. Besides, a high-energy diet or a low-CP and -AA diet might improve productive performances, but does not provide any benefit in terms of carcass quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Pérez-Ciria
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Miana-Mena
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Javier Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Maria Angeles Latorre
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Bressan MC, Belo AT, Amaral A, Cordeiro D, Boari CA, Bettencourt C, van Harten S, Moreira O, da Gama LT, Almeida JM. The impact of genetic groups (Alentejano and F1 Landrace x Large White pigs) and body weight (90, 120 and 160kg) on blood metabolites. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
17
|
Pérez-Ciria L, Miana-Mena FJ, López-Mendoza MC, Álvarez-Rodríguez J, Latorre MA. Influence of Immunocastration and Diet on Meat and Fat Quality of Heavy Female and Male Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:3355. [PMID: 34944132 PMCID: PMC8697961 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were carried out; one with female pigs and the other with male pigs destined for Teruel dry-cured ham production, to evaluate the effect of immunocastration (entire gilts-EG vs. immunocastrated gilts-IG and surgically castrated males vs. immunocastrated males-IM) and diet (control vs. high energy vs. low crude protein and amino acids) on meat quality and fat composition. Fifteen meat samples and eight fat samples of each treatment were analyzed in both experiments. In the case of males, six fat samples per treatment were analyzed to determine boar taint. Immunocastration is a good strategy in gilts intended for dry-cured ham production because improves meat composition; however, in males, immunocastration impairs the results of pork chemical composition compared with surgical castration. The IG presented a lower polyunsaturated/saturated fatty acids ratio than EG, improving fat technological quality. Diets had little effect on pork or fat quality in gilts, but a high-energy level using oilseeds and a low-crude-protein and -amino-acids diet from 80 to 137 kg of body weight could be interesting in IM to maintain or increase fat consistency, respectively. Moreover, in general, immunocastration is effective in avoiding boar taint in males.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Pérez-Ciria
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Miana-Mena
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - María Carmen López-Mendoza
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, C/Tirant lo Blanc 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Javier Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ciencia Animal, Universidad de Lleida, Av. Alcalde Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Maria Angeles Latorre
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, C/Miguel Servet 177, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pérez-Ciria L, Miana-Mena FJ, Falceto MV, Mitjana O, Latorre MA. Effect of Immunocastration and Diet on Growth Performance, Serum Metabolites and Sex Hormones, Reproductive Organ Development and Carcass Quality of Heavy Gilts. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071900. [PMID: 34202346 PMCID: PMC8300150 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
It is desirable to increase fatness in gilts destined for Teruel dry-cured ham production. A total of 192 Duroc × (Landrace × Large White) gilts of 40.3 ± 4.80 kg body weight (BW) were used to assess the impact of immunocastration and feeding on growth performance, serum metabolites and sex hormones, reproductive organ development, and carcass quality. Six treatments were arranged factorially (2 × 3) with two types of gilt (entire gilts (EG) vs. immunocastrated gilts (IG)) and three experimental diets (control vs. high energy vs. low crude protein and amino acids) provided from 76 to 134 kg BW (n = 4 per treatment, being the replicate the pen with eight pigs). Immunocastration was carried out at 58 and 77 kg BW. The IG grew faster and showed lighter reproductive tracts and greater fatness than EG. The experimental feeds had limited effect on carcass quality, but the high-energy diet improved gain-to-feed ratio and the low-protein and -amino-acids diet did not impair growth performance. In conclusion, immunocastration was a better strategy than the tested diets to increase the fatness of gilts intended for Teruel dry-cured ham, although increasing energy or decreasing crude protein and amino acid levels in the diet could be beneficial strategies for pig farmers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Pérez-Ciria
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - Francisco Javier Miana-Mena
- Departamento de Farmacología y Fisiología, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - María Victoria Falceto
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.V.F.); (O.M.)
| | - Olga Mitjana
- Departamento de Patología Animal, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain; (M.V.F.); (O.M.)
| | - Maria Angeles Latorre
- Departamento de Producción Animal y Ciencia de los Alimentos, Instituto Agroalimentario de Aragón-IA2, Universidad de Zaragoza-CITA, 50013 Zaragoza, Spain;
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Zhou J, Zhang Y, Wu J, Qiao M, Xu Z, Peng X, Mei S. Proteomic and lipidomic analyses reveal saturated fatty acids, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylserine, and associated proteins contributing to intramuscular fat deposition. J Proteomics 2021; 241:104235. [PMID: 33894376 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intramuscular fat (IMF) content is an important factor in porcine meat quality. Previous studies have screened multiple candidate genes related to IMF deposition, but the lipids that affect IMF deposition and their lipid-protein network remain unknown. In this study, we performed proteomic and lipidomic analyses of the longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle from high-IMF (IMFH) and low-IMF (IMF-L) groups of Xidu black pigs. Eighty-eight proteins and 143 lipids were differentially abundant between the groups. The differentially abundant proteins were found to be involved in cholesterol metabolism, the PPAR signaling pathway, and ferroptosis. The triacylglycerols (TAGs) upregulated in the IMF-H group were mainly shown to be synthesized by saturated fatty acids (SFAs), while the downregulated TAGs were mainly synthesized by polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). All differentially abundant phosphatidylinositols (PIs) and phosphatidylserines (PSs) were found to be upregulated in the IMF-H group. A correlation analysis of the proteomic and lipidomic revealed candidate proteins (APOA4, VDAC3, PRNP, CTSB, GSPT1) related to TAG, PI, and PS lipids. These results revealed differences in proteins and lipids between the IMF-H and IMF-L groups, which represent new candidate proteins and lipids that should be investigated to determine the molecular mechanisms controlling IMF deposition in pigs. SIGNIFICANCE: Intramuscular fat (IMF) is a key factor affecting meat quality, and meat with a higher IMF content can have a better flavor. In this study, proteomic results show that the ferroptosis pathway, including the PRNP, VDAC3 and CP proteins, affects IMF deposition. Lipid composition is the key factor affecting IMF deposition, but there are few reports on this. In this study, through lipidomic analysis, we suggest that saturated fatty acid (SFA), phosphatidylinositol (PI), and phosphatidylserine (PS) may contribute to IMF deposition. A correlation analysis reveals the potential regulatory network between lipids and proteins. This study clarifies the difference in protein and lipid compositions in longissimus dorsi (LD) muscle with high and low IMF contents. This information suggests that it would be beneficial to increase the intramuscular fat content of pork not only from a genetic perspective but also from a nutritional perspective.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Zhou
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; Hubei Key Lab for Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; Hubei Key Lab for Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Junjing Wu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; Hubei Key Lab for Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Mu Qiao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; Hubei Key Lab for Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Zhong Xu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; Hubei Key Lab for Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Xianwen Peng
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; Hubei Key Lab for Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Wuhan 430064, China
| | - Shuqi Mei
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hubei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wuhan 430064, China; Hubei Key Lab for Animal Embryo Engineering and Molecular Breeding, Wuhan 430064, China.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Szyndler-Nędza M, Świątkiewicz M, Migdał Ł, Migdał W. The Quality and Health-Promoting Value of Meat from Pigs of the Native Breed as the Effect of Extensive Feeding with Acorns. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030789. [PMID: 33809152 PMCID: PMC7998885 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Modern society is paying more attention to the quality of meat and its production system. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the possibility of using a native pig breed—Złotnicka Spotted. This breed’s popularity has increased in Poland as it may be a good source of valuable meat. Compared to the meat frompigs of the same breed following intensive fattening, the meat from free-range pigs extensively fed on silage and small amounts of acorns is characterized by a higher content of fat, which acts as a carrier for flavor and, indirectly, juiciness. Moreover, rearing systems with traditional feeding, e.g., with the use of acorns, may have a positive effect on meat quality, dietetic value, and, therefore, consumer acceptance of the product. Abstract The popularity of meat from animals of native breeds is growing all over the world, due to consumer belief regarding its higher quality compared to meat from industrial farm animals. In addition, the living conditions (welfare) are of great importance for consumers. We observed the effect of different ways of keeping and feeding pigs of the same conservative breed on the quality of meat and its health benefits. The aim of the study was to compare the meat quality from pigs of the native Złotnicka Spotted breed, fattened intensively or extensively (with conventional farm-produced compound feed and acorns). The meat from free-range pigs extensively fed on silage and small amounts of acorns was characterized by a higher content of fat, which acts as a carrier for flavor and juiciness, as well as higher monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) content (p ≤ 0.05) and lower atherogenic, thrombogenic, and peroxidability indices (p ≤ 0.05). It may be stated that the meat quality of the native pig breed is significantly dependent on the housing and feeding method. A more beneficial effect on the quality of meat and its dietetic value, as well as its susceptibility to rancidity, can be obtained throughextensive pig feeding with roughage and the addition of acorns.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Szyndler-Nędza
- Department of Pig Breeding, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland;
| | - Małgorzata Świątkiewicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, National Research Institute of Animal Production, Krakowska 1, 32-083 Balice, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Migdał
- Department of Genetics, Animal Breeding and Ethology, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. 29 Listopada 46, 31-425 Kraków, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-(12)-662-53-08
| | - Władysław Migdał
- Department of Animal Product Technology, Faculty of Food Technology, University of Agriculture in Kraków, ul. Balicka 122, 31-149 Kraków, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Martins JM, Silva D, Albuquerque A, Neves J, Charneca R, Freitas A. Physical Activity Effects on Blood Parameters, Growth, Carcass, and Meat and Fat Composition of Portuguese Alentejano Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11010156. [PMID: 33445439 PMCID: PMC7827948 DOI: 10.3390/ani11010156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Outdoor farming systems are associated with health, animal welfare, sustainability, and food security, making them highly desirable for consumers. In this trial, it was possible to confirm that pig physical activity, a major factor in the traditional and extensive production systems of the Alentejano pig, influences animal welfare and the results of biochemical and zootechnical parameters. In this perspective, breeding pig breeds that perform spontaneous physical activity has greater advantages for producers, as pigs can reach the same slaughter weight in less time and with lower feed costs than animals reared in individual pens. Based on these results, the negative impacts that system intensification (with the consequent reduction in the vital space of each animal and the physical activity performed) may have on animal welfare, animal performance and on the quality of the meat obtained, should be considered. Abstract This study evaluated the effects of physical activity on blood, growth, carcass, and meat quality of finishing Alentejano (AL) pigs. Pigs, reared from ~87 to 160 kg in individual pens (no exercise area, NE group, n = 9) or in an outdoor park (with exercise area, WE group, n = 9), were fed commercial diets (85% ad libitum). WE pigs were in a park (~400 m2) with a feeding area separated from the drinking area with an automatic waterer, forcing pigs to walk at least 800 m daily. Blood samples were obtained during the trial (weeks 2, 11, and 18) and at slaughter. The left-side carcass was submitted to commercial cuts, and samples from loin, tenderloin, and dorsal subcutaneous fat (DSF) were analyzed. Plasma urea in WE pigs was higher in weeks 2 and 11, while cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol and LDL- to HDL-cholesterol ratios, and cortisol were lower in weeks 11 and 18. Final weight and average daily gain were higher and feed conversion ratio lower in WE pigs. DSF thickness and carcass weight were higher in WE pigs, leading to higher carcass yield. Finally, loin and tenderloin from WE pigs presented higher total protein content. These data show that allowing physical activity affects metabolism, growth, and carcass and meat quality of AL pigs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Manuel Martins
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (J.N.); (A.F.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-266-760-817
| | - David Silva
- Rua José Elias Garcia, 37, 7000-609 Évora, Portugal;
| | - André Albuquerque
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Universidade de Évora, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
| | - José Neves
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (J.N.); (A.F.)
| | - Rui Charneca
- MED & Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal;
| | - Amadeu Freitas
- MED—Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development & Departamento de Zootecnia, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal; (J.N.); (A.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Tejeda JF, Hernández-Matamoros A, González E. Free-Range and Low-Protein Concentrated Diets in Iberian Pigs: Effect on Plasma Insulin and Leptin Concentration, Lipogenic Enzyme Activity, and Fatty Acid Composition of Adipose Tissue. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1917. [PMID: 33086592 PMCID: PMC7603104 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of diets with different protein contents on carcass traits, plasma hormone concentration, lipogenic enzyme activities, and fatty acid (FA) composition in the adipose tissue of Iberian pigs. Twenty-four castrated male Iberian pigs (eight per feeding diet) were fed under free-range conditions with acorns and grass (FR), and in confinement with concentrated diets with standard (SP) and low-protein contents (LP) from 116.0 to 174.2 kg live weight. Backfat thickness was not affected by diet. The plasma leptin concentration was higher (p < 0.001) in the FR group than in the LP and SP groups, while insulin concentration was higher in the SP group than in the LP and FR groups. The lipogenic enzyme activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, malic enzyme, and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase were lower in the FR group compared to the LP and SP pigs. The activities of these enzymes were adipose-tissue-specific. No differences were found in FA composition of adipose tissue between the SP and LP groups, while the FR pigs had lower proportions of saturated FA and higher proportions of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated FA than the SP and LP pigs. In conclusion, feeding low-protein diets in Iberian pigs does not seem to affect adipose carcass traits, strengthening previous findings that indicate that this is a good strategy to improve meat and dry-cured product quality.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan F. Tejeda
- Food Science and Technology, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
- Research University Institute of Agricultural Resources (INURA), Avda. de Elvas s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Alejandro Hernández-Matamoros
- Food Science and Technology, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Elena González
- Research University Institute of Agricultural Resources (INURA), Avda. de Elvas s/n, Campus Universitario, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
- Animal Production, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suárez, 06007 Badajoz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|