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Colombo R, Moretto G, Pellicorio V, Papetti A. Globe Artichoke ( Cynara scolymus L.) By-Products in Food Applications: Functional and Biological Properties. Foods 2024; 13:1427. [PMID: 38790727 PMCID: PMC11119529 DOI: 10.3390/foods13101427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/02/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Globe artichoke (Cynara cardunculus var. scolymus L.) is widely cultivated in the Mediterranean area and Italy is one of the largest producers. A great issue is represented by its high amount of by-product, mainly consisting of external bracts and stems, but also of residual leaves, stalks, roots, and seeds. Artichoke by-products are rich in nutrients (carbohydrates and proteins) and bioactive compounds (polyphenols and terpenes) and represent potential ingredients for foodstuffs, functional foods, and food supplements, due to their functional and biological properties. In fact, artichoke by-products' components exhibit many beneficial effects, such as dyspeptic, prebiotic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiglycative, antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, and hypolipidemic properties. Therefore, they can be considered potential food ingredients useful in reducing the risk of developing metabolic and age-related disorders. This work summarizes the economic and environmental impact of the recovery and valorization of artichoke by-products, focusing on rheological, physical, and biological properties of the different components present in each by-product and their different food applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Colombo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.C.); (G.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Giulia Moretto
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.C.); (G.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Vanessa Pellicorio
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.C.); (G.M.); (V.P.)
| | - Adele Papetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (R.C.); (G.M.); (V.P.)
- C.S.G.I., University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli 12, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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Monllor P, Zemzmi J, Muelas R, Roca A, Sendra E, Romero G, Díaz JR. Long-Term Feeding of Dairy Goats with 40% Artichoke by-Product Silage Preserves Milk Yield, Nutritional Composition and Animal Health Status. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3585. [PMID: 38003201 PMCID: PMC10668740 DOI: 10.3390/ani13223585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work is to study the effect of 40% inclusion of artichoke by-product silage (AB) in dairy goat diets on milk yield, composition and animal health status during a full lactation period compared to an isoenergetic and isoproteic mixed ration based on alfalfa hay and a cereal and legume mixture. Milk yield was not affected by the dietary treatments, and neither was body weight. AB treatment reduced whey protein (0.38 vs. 0.42%, p < 0.05) and milk urea concentrations (687 vs. 773 mg/L, respectively, p < 0.001), and did not affect total true protein (3.22 vs. 3.24% p > 0.05) or other macro-composition variables. AB treatment showed higher milk concentrations of Ca (p < 0.05), Mn (p < 0.01), Cu (p < 0.01) and Zn (p < 0.001) compared to the control group (C). Slight differences were observed in milk fatty acid profile without any negative effects (p > 0.05) on the blood cholesterol and glucose of goats. The AB group reduced blood urea due to its high dietary total phenol content. However, it had a positive effect on β-hydroxybutyrate (p < 0.05) and nonesterified fatty acids (p > 0.05). It was concluded that 40% artichoke by-product inclusion in dairy goat feed for the whole lactation period (23 weeks) is a sustainable solution, reducing feeding cost by 12.5% per kg of dry matter, contributing to a better circular economy without any negative repercussions on the productivity and health of Murciano-Granadina dairy goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Monllor
- Department of Agro-Food Technology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Ctra. de Beniel, Km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Jihed Zemzmi
- Servicio de Nutrición y Bienestar Animal, Department of Ciencia Animal y de los Alimentos, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain;
| | - Raquel Muelas
- Department of Agro-Food Technology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Ctra. de Beniel, Km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Amparo Roca
- Department of Agro-Food Technology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Ctra. de Beniel, Km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Esther Sendra
- Department of Agro-Food Technology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Ctra. de Beniel, Km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Gema Romero
- Department of Agro-Food Technology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Ctra. de Beniel, Km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (E.S.)
| | - José Ramón Díaz
- Department of Agro-Food Technology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Instituto de Investigación e Innovación Agroalimentaria y Agroambiental (CIAGRO-UMH), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Ctra. de Beniel, Km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (E.S.)
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Muelas R, Romero G, Díaz JR, Monllor P, Fernández-López J, Viuda-Martos M, Cano-Lamadrid M, Sendra E. Quality and Functional Parameters of Fermented Milk Obtained from Goat Milk Fed with Broccoli and Artichoke Plant By-Products. Foods 2022; 11:foods11172601. [PMID: 36076787 PMCID: PMC9455734 DOI: 10.3390/foods11172601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Large amount of vegetal by-products are generated during production and processing steps. Introducing silage from vegetable by-products into dairy goat feed would be of great interest from the point of view of reducing costs and supporting the circular economy. The aim of this research was to study the effect of 40% inclusion of silage broccoli by-products and artichoke plant by-products in the diet of Murciano-Granadina goats throughout the lactation to establish milk suitability for fermented milks production. The novelty of this study is the use of milk from goats fed for a long term with a high inclusion of silages from artichoke plant and broccoli by-products, being the first one on broccoli inclusion. Two starter cultures thermophilic (YO-MIXTM300), and, mesophilic (MA400) were used and fermented milks were analyzed at two storage times after fermentation. Fermentation enhances antioxidant properties of fermented milks from all diets (p < 0.05), especially when mesophilic starter cultures are used. The main findings are that long term inclusion of 40% silage from broccoli and artichoke plant by-products in balanced diets of dairy goats yields milk suitable for fermentation by yogurt and cheese cultures, the inclusion of broccoli silage enhances antioxidant properties (p < 0.05), and, the inclusion of plant artichoke enhances fatty acids health indexes (p < 0.05).
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Dai T, Wang J, Dong D, Yin X, Zong C, Jia Y, Shao T. Effects of brewers’ spent grains on fermentation quality, chemical composition and in vitro digestibility of mixed silage prepared with corn stalk, dried apple pomace and sweet potato vine. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2021.2022994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tongtong Dai
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hainan University, Haikou, China
| | - Dong Dong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuejing Yin
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Cheng Zong
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yushan Jia
- Key Laboratory of Forage Cultivation, Processing and High Efficient Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Tao Shao
- Institute of Ensiling and Processing of Grass, College of Agro-grassland Science, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Krepkova LV, Babenko AN, Saybel' OL, Lupanova IA, Kuzina OS, Job KM, Sherwin CM, Enioutina EY. Valuable Hepatoprotective Plants - How Can We Optimize Waste Free Uses of Such Highly Versatile Resources? Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:738504. [PMID: 34867345 PMCID: PMC8637540 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.738504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans used plants for thousand of years as food, drugs, or fuel to keep homes warm. People commonly used fruits and roots, and other parts of the plant were often wasted. This review aims to discuss the potential of rational stem-to-stern use of three highly versatile and valuable plants with hepatoprotective properties. Milk thistle (Silybum marianum L. Gaertn.), artichoke (Cynara cardunculus), and chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) have well-characterized hepatoprotective properties. These plants have been chosen since liver diseases are significant diseases of concern worldwide, and all parts of plants can be potentially utilized. Artichoke and chicory are commonly used as food or dietary supplements and less often as phytodrugs. Various dietary supplements and phytodrugs prepared from milk thistle (MT) fruits/seeds are well-known to consumers as remedies supporting liver functions. However, using these plants as functional food, farm animal feed, is not well-described in the literature. We also discuss bioactive constituents present in various parts of these plants, their pharmacological properties. Distinct parts of MT, artichoke, and chicory can be used to prepare remedies and food for humans and animals. Unused plant parts are potentially wasted. To achieve waste-free use of these and many other plants, the scientific community needs to analyze the complex use of plants and propose strategies for waste-free technologies. The government must stimulate companies to utilize by-products. Another problem associated with plant use as a food or source of phytodrug is the overharvesting of wild plants. Consequently, there is a need to use more active cultivation techniques for plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubov V Krepkova
- Center of Medicine, All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR), Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandra N Babenko
- Center of Medicine, All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR), Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga L Saybel'
- Center of Medicine, All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR), Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina A Lupanova
- Center of Medicine, All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR), Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga S Kuzina
- Center of Medicine, All-Russian Research Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (VILAR), Moscow, Russia
| | - Kathleen M Job
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Catherine M Sherwin
- Department of Pediatrics, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Dayton Children's Hospital, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, United States
| | - Elena Y Enioutina
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, UT, United States.,Department of Pharmaceutics & Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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6
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Preference study of four alternative silage fodders from the Mediterranean region in Murciano-Granadina goats. Small Rumin Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2020.106204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Monllor P, Muelas R, Roca A, Atzori AS, Díaz JR, Sendra E, Romero G. Long-Term Feeding of Dairy Goats with Broccoli By-Product and Artichoke Plant Silages: Milk Yield, Quality and Composition. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091670. [PMID: 32948051 PMCID: PMC7552285 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this experiment was to study the effects of a 40% inclusion of broccoli by-product (BB) and artichoke plant (AP) silages in dairy goat diets on the milk yield, composition and animal health status during a full lactation. Feed consumption was lower in AP and BB animals due to their composition and higher moisture content, and BB animals showed a significant reduction in body weight. Milk from the BB treatment had the highest fat content, total solids and useful dry matter content (5.02, 13.9 and 8.39%, respectively). The Se level was slightly lower in AP and BB animals; however, the milk of these treatments was the lowest in Na and, in the case of BB animals, the richest in Ca (1267 mg/kg). Control and AP milk showed a similar fatty acid profile, although AP had a more beneficial aptitude for human health (lower ratio of n6/n3, 12.5). Plasma components, as metabolic parameters, were adequate for goats. It was concluded that a 40% inclusion of AP is an adequate solution to reduce the cost of feeding without harming the animals' health or performance and to improve the nutritional milk quality. It is necessary to lower the BB level of inclusion to increase feed consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Monllor
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Raquel Muelas
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Amparo Roca
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Alberto S. Atzori
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - José Ramón Díaz
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Esther Sendra
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
| | - Gema Romero
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.M.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (J.R.D.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-966-749-704
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Monllor P, Romero G, Atzori AS, Sandoval-Castro CA, Ayala-Burgos AJ, Roca A, Sendra E, Díaz JR. Composition, Mineral and Fatty Acid Profiles of Milk from Goats Fed with Different Proportions of Broccoli and Artichoke Plant By-Products. Foods 2020; 9:E700. [PMID: 32492779 PMCID: PMC7353654 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Mediterranean region, artichoke and broccoli are major crops with a high amount of by-products that can be used as alternative feedstuffs for ruminants, lowering feed costs and enhancing milk sustainability while reducing the environmental impact of dairy production. However, nutritional quality of milk needs to be assured under these production conditions and an optimal inclusion ratio of silages should be determined. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of three inclusion levels (25%, 40%, and 60%) of these silages (artichoke plant, AP, and broccoli by-product, BB) in goat diets on milk yield, composition, and mineral and fatty profiles. Treatments with 60% inclusion of AP and BB presented the lowest milk yield. No differences were found on the milk mineral profile. Inclusion of AP in the animals' diet improved the milk lipid profile from the point of view of human health (AI, TI) compared to BB due to a lower saturated fatty acid content (C12:0, C14:0, and C16:0) and a higher concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), especially vaccenic acid (C18:1 trans11) and rumenic acid (CLA cis9, trans11), without any differences with the control treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Monllor
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (P.M.); (G.R.); (A.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Gema Romero
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (P.M.); (G.R.); (A.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Alberto S. Atzori
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Carlos A. Sandoval-Castro
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida 97100, Mexico; (C.A.S.-C.); (A.J.A.-B.)
| | - Armín J. Ayala-Burgos
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida 97100, Mexico; (C.A.S.-C.); (A.J.A.-B.)
| | - Amparo Roca
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (P.M.); (G.R.); (A.R.); (E.S.)
| | - Esther Sendra
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (P.M.); (G.R.); (A.R.); (E.S.)
| | - José Ramón Díaz
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (P.M.); (G.R.); (A.R.); (E.S.)
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Monllor P, Romero G, Muelas R, Sandoval-Castro CA, Sendra E, Díaz JR. Ensiling Process in Commercial Bales of Horticultural By-products from Artichoke and Broccoli. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050831. [PMID: 32403309 PMCID: PMC7278401 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Artichoke and broccoli crops are widespread throughout the world, mainly in the Mediterranean region. After artichoke harvests and industrial processing of artichoke and broccoli, large amounts of by-products are generated. The use of these alternative and cheaper feedstuffs in ruminants’ diets would reduce waste caused by the agri-food industry, disposal costs, and the land and natural resources used in animal feed production, contributing to the circular economy. Because of the high water content and the seasonality of these feedstuffs, ensiling might be a technology to preserve its nutritional quality for a long time, and this must be considered and studied at commercial scale. This paper looks into the viability of ensiling broccoli and artichoke by-products as commercial round bale silos (300 kg), their shelf life, and their suitability for ruminant feeding. The three silage by-products are stabilised on day 30. The high microbial quality and the appropriate nutritional composition at final stage (day 200) make them suitable for inclusion in ruminant diet, in combination with other energy and protein sources over a long period after the crop season. Abstract Wastes from artichoke and broccoli crops and cannery industries represent an environmental problem. A viable option to this problem is ensiling them for use as ruminants feed. The aim of this study was to characterise the ensiling process of broccoli and artichoke by-products and assess their suitability to be part of the ruminant diet, as well their minimum shelf life. Twenty-one commercial round bale silos (300 kg and 0.64 m3) of each by-product were made. Samples were analysed at days 0, 7, 15, 30, 60, and 200 to determine microbial populations, fermentation metabolites, nutritional components, and phytosanitary residues. Feedstuffs showed good suitability for ensiling, and stabilisation was achieved on day 30. The variables with the greatest significant differences among sampling times were microbial populations and fermentative components. There were no important dry matter losses, and some significant differences were observed in the nutritional composition, especially in crude protein and fibrous fractions, but they were not relevant for the loss of nutritional quality of silages. The phytosanitary residues determined on day 200 were below the maximum residue limits set by European legislation. So, ensiling these by-products in commercial round bale silos is a suitable and profitable technique that allows their preservation for a long time (200 days).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Monllor
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (P.M.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Gema Romero
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (P.M.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Raquel Muelas
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (P.M.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (E.S.)
| | - Carlos A. Sandoval-Castro
- Facultad de Veterinaria, Medicina y Ciencia Animal, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida 97100, Mexico;
| | - Esther Sendra
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (P.M.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (E.S.)
| | - José Ramón Díaz
- Departamento de Tecnología Agroalimentaria, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, 03312 Alicante, Spain; (P.M.); (G.R.); (R.M.); (E.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-966-749-707
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