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Beller S, Grundmann SM, Pies K, Most E, Schuchardt S, Seel W, Simon MC, Eder K, Ringseis R. Effect of replacing soybean meal with Hermetia illucens meal on cecal microbiota, liver transcriptome, and plasma metabolome of broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103635. [PMID: 38520936 PMCID: PMC10973670 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite the existence of a number of studies investigating the effect of insect meal on the growth performance of broilers, knowledge about the metabolic effects of insect meal in broilers is still scarce. Thus, the present study investigated the effect of partial replacement of soybean meal with Hermetia illucens (HI) larvae meal on the liver transcriptome, the plasma metabolome, and the cecal microbiota in broilers. For the study, 72 male one-day-old Cobb 500 broilers were divided into three groups and fed 3 different diets with either 0% (HI0), 7.5% (HI7.5), or 15% (HI15) defatted HI meal for 35 d. Each group consisted of 6 cages (replicates) with 4 broilers/cage. While body weight (BW) gain, feed intake, and feed:gain ratio did not differ between groups, breast muscle weight, carcass yield, and apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of 5 amino acids were higher in group HI15 than in group HI0 (P < 0.05). Indicators of α-diversity (Chao1 and Observed) in the cecal digesta were higher in groups HI15 and HI7.5 than in group HI0 (P < 0.05). The abundance of 5 families and 18 genera, all of which belonged to the Firmicutes phylum, in the cecal digesta differed among groups (P < 0.05). Concentrations of butyric acid, valeric acid, and isobutyric acid in the cecal digesta were lower in group HI15 than in the other 2 groups (P < 0.05), whereas those of total and other short-chain fatty acids were not different between groups. Liver transcriptomics revealed a total of 70 and 61 differentially expressed transcripts between groups HI15 vs. HI0 and between groups HI7.5 vs. HI0, respectively, (P < 0.05). Targeted metabolomics identified 138 metabolites, most of which were triglyceride species, being different between the 3 groups (FDR < 0.05). According to this study, dietary inclusion of HI larvae meal has no detrimental impact but increases breast muscle weight and carcass weight in broilers suggesting that HI larvae meal can be recommended as a sustainable alternative protein source for broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Beller
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sarah M Grundmann
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Klara Pies
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Erika Most
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Sven Schuchardt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, 30625 Germany
| | - Waldemar Seel
- Nutrition and Microbiota, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Marie-Christine Simon
- Nutrition and Microbiota, Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Klaus Eder
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, 35390 Germany
| | - Robert Ringseis
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Nutrition Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, 35392 Giessen, Germany; Center for Sustainable Food Systems, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, 35390 Germany.
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Dalmoro YK, Franceschi CH, Stefanello C. A Systematic Review and Metanalysis on the Use of Hermetia illucens and Tenebrio molitor in Diets for Poultry. Vet Sci 2023; 10:702. [PMID: 38133252 PMCID: PMC10747995 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10120702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect meal as a protein source has been considered a sustainable way to feed animals. H. illucens and T. molitor larvae meal are considered high-protein sources for poultry, also presenting considerable amounts of fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. However, other potential components in insect meal and insect oil have been more extensively studied in recent years. Chitin, lauric acid, and antimicrobial peptides can present antimicrobial and prebiotic functions, indicating that low levels of their inclusion in insect meal can beneficially affect broilers' health and immune responses. This systematic review was developed to study the impact of insect products on the health parameters of broilers, and a metanalysis was conducted to evaluate the effects on performance. A database was obtained based on a selection of manuscripts from January 2016 to January 2023, following the mentioned parameters. Both H. illucens and T. molitor meal or oil products had positive effects on poultry health status, especially on the ileal and cecal microbiota population, immune responses, and antimicrobial properties. The average daily gain was greater in broilers fed T. molitor meal compared to H. illucens meal (p = 0.002). The results suggest that low levels of insect meal are suitable for broilers, without resulting in negative effects on body weight gain and the feed conversion ratio, while the insect oil can totally replace soybean oil without negative impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Katagiri Dalmoro
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - Carolina H. Franceschi
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 91540-000, RS, Brazil;
| | - Catarina Stefanello
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, RS, Brazil;
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de Souza Vilela J, Kheravii SK, Sharma Bajagai Y, Kolakshyapati M, Zimazile Sibanda T, Wu SB, Andrew NR, Ruhnke I. Inclusion of up to 20% Black Soldier Fly larvae meal in broiler chicken diet has a minor effect on caecal microbiota. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15857. [PMID: 37744229 PMCID: PMC10516104 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The Black Soldier Fly larvae (BSFL) are a source of nutrients and bioactive compounds in broiler diets. Some components of the BSFL may serve as a prebiotic or may impact the intestinal microbiota of the broilers by other modes of action, which in turn can affect the health and performance of broilers. Here, we investigate the impact of up to 20% BSFL in broiler diets on the diversity and composition of the broiler's microbiota. Methods Four hundred broilers were fed five iso-nutritious experimental diets with increasing levels of BSFL meal reaching 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% in the finisher diets. Eight caecal content samples coming from each of the eight replicates per treatment were collected at two time points (day 21 and day 42) for DNA extraction and sequencing of the V3-V4 regions using Illumina MiSeq 2 × 300 bp pair-end sequencing with 341f and 805r primers. Analysis of variance and Spearman's correlation were performed, while QIIME2, DADA2, and Calypso were used for data analysis. Results When broilers were 21 days of age, the abundance of two groups of sequence variants representing Enterococcus and unclassified Christensenellaceae was significantly lower (p-value = 0.048 and p-value = 0.025, respectively) in the 20% BSFL group compared to the 0% BSFL group. There was no relevant alteration in the microbiota diversity at that stage. On day 42, the Spearman correlation analysis demonstrated that the sequence variants representing the genus Coprococcus showed a negative relationship with the BSFL inclusion levels (p-value = 0.043). The sequence variants representing the genus Roseburia and Dehalobacterium demonstrated a positive relationship with the BSFL dietary inclusion (p-value = 0.0069 and p-value = 0.0034, respectively). There was a reduction in the dissimilarity index (ANOSIM) caused by the 20% BSFL dietary inclusion. Conclusion The addition of up to 20% BSFL in broiler diets did not affect the overall caeca microbiota diversity or composition at day 21. On day 42, there was a reduction in the beta diversity caused by the 20% BSFL dietary inclusion. The abundance of the bacterial group Roseburia was increased by the BSFL dietary inclusion, and it may be beneficial to broiler immunity and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica de Souza Vilela
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Sarbast K. Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Yadav Sharma Bajagai
- Institute for Future Farming Systems, Central Queensland University, Rockhampton, Queensland, Australia
| | - Manisha Kolakshyapati
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
| | - Nigel R. Andrew
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Southern Cross University, Lismore, NSW, Australia
| | - Isabelle Ruhnke
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Józefiak A, Rawski M, Kierończyk B, Józefiak D, Mazurkiewicz J. Effect of two insect meals on the gut commensal microbiome of healthy sea trout (Salmo trutta vr. trutta). BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:124. [PMID: 37580683 PMCID: PMC10424358 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03671-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The balance of the intestinal commensal microbiome of fish and other animals plays an important role in the physiological processes of healthy animals, contributes to the defense against pathogens, stimulates the immune system and facilitates nutrient metabolism. In the last decade, the interest in the application of the insects in fish nutrition increased, although little is known regarding the effects of insect meals on the gastrointenstinal tract microbiome of the sea trout fingerlings. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of two diets containing mealworm (MW) and superworm (SW) on the microbiome of the digesta of sea trout fingerlings and the relative abundances of different taxa among communities under controlled conditions. RESULTS The insect meals produced a similar weight gain and survival rate to sea trout fed fishmeal. The most abundant bacterial phylum in all the treatment groups was Firmicutes followed by Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria, and significant differences in the amount of Cyanobacteria were observed in the SW group. CONCLUSIONS The insect meals did not produce differences in the three most abundant phyla in the sea trout digesta. However, the effect of each type of meal on the lower taxonomic levels was evident, particularly in the case of the superworm meal. These microbiome differences indicated that mealworm meal was more related to fishmeal than superworm meal. Our results highlight the potential effects of insect meals, such as mealworm and superworm meals, on the microbiota of sea trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Józefiak
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Mateusz Rawski
- Division of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
| | - Bartosz Kierończyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Damian Józefiak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 33, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Mazurkiewicz
- Division of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Institute of Zoology, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 71C, 60-625, Poznań, Poland
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Beldowska A, Barszcz M, Dunislawska A. State of the art in research on the gut-liver and gut-brain axis in poultry. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2023; 14:37. [PMID: 37038205 PMCID: PMC10088153 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-023-00853-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between the intestines and their microbiota, the liver, and the neuronal system is called the gut-liver-brain axis. This relationship has been studied and observed for a relatively short time but is considered in the development of research focused on, e.g., liver diseases and intestinal dysbiosis. The role of the gut microbiota in this relationship is crucial, as it acts on poultry's performance and feed utilization, affecting meat and egg quality. The correct composition of the intestinal microbiota makes it possible to determine the essential metabolic pathways and biological processes of the individual components of the microbiota, allowing further speculation of the role of microbial populations on internal organs such as the liver and brain in the organism. The gut microbiota forms a complex, dense axis with the autonomic and enteric nervous systems. The symbiotic relationship between the liver and gut microbiota is based on immune, metabolic and neuroendocrine regulation, and stabilization. On the other hand, the gut-brain axis is a bidirectional interaction and information transfer system between the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system. The following paper will discuss the current state of knowledge of the gut-liver-brain axis of poultry, including factors that may affect this complex relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Beldowska
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, Bydgoszcz, 85-084, Poland
| | - Marcin Barszcz
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, Jabłonna, 05-110, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Dunislawska
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics, Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology, Mazowiecka 28, Bydgoszcz, 85-084, Poland.
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Andrade J, Pereira R, de Paula V, Junior HM, Menten J. Tenebrio meal as a functional ingredient modulates immune response and improves growth performance of broiler chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2023.100346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
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Kierończyk B, Rawski M, Mikołajczak Z, Homska N, Jankowski J, Ognik K, Józefiak A, Mazurkiewicz J, Józefiak D. Available for millions of years but discovered through the last decade: Insects as a source of nutrients and energy in animal diets. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 11:60-79. [PMID: 36101841 PMCID: PMC9442335 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to present and discuss the most recent literature about the processing of insect biomass and its impact on nutritive value, further implementation of meals and fats derived from invertebrates to livestock (poultry and swine), aquaculture (salmonids), and companion animal diets and their impact on growth performance, metabolic response, and gastrointestinal microbiota shifts. Additionally, the most important barriers to obtaining unified products in terms of their nutritive value are considered, i.e., to define insects' nutrient requirements, including various technological groups and further biomass processing (slaughtering, drying, and storage). Due to the current limitation in the insect production process consisting of the lack of infrastructure, there is stress on the relatively small amount of insect products added to the animal diets as a functional feed additive. Currently, only in the case of pet nutrition may insects be considered a full replacement for commonly used environmentally harmful and allergenic products. Simultaneously, the least information has been published on this topic. Thus, more scientific data are needed, particularly when the pet food branch and insect-based diets are rapidly growing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Kierończyk
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Mateusz Rawski
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Mikołajczak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Natalia Homska
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Jankowski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ognik
- Department of Biochemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Animal Sciences and Bioeconomy, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Agata Józefiak
- Department of Preclinical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Jan Mazurkiewicz
- Laboratory of Inland Fisheries and Aquaculture, Department of Zoology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Damian Józefiak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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Vasilopoulos S, Giannenas I, Savvidou S, Bonos E, Rumbos CI, Papadopoulos E, Fortomaris P, Athanassiou CG. Growth performance, welfare traits and meat characteristics of broilers fed diets partly replaced with whole Tenebrio molitor larvae. ANIMAL NUTRITION 2022; 13:90-100. [PMID: 37091745 PMCID: PMC10114165 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of insects in animal nutrition has been reconsidered during recent years, paving the way for an increasing market for edible insects. Their protein and amino acid balance make them a promising source of protein for replacing high value proteins. Yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor L. (TM; Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) larvae, have shown positive effects on broiler performance in several research studies and have a strong potential as a sustainable alternative protein source for monogastric animals. This study aimed to assess the effect of replacing various ratios of basal diets with T. molitor larvae on broiler performance as well as on several meat and welfare characteristics. For the study, 120 one-day-old male chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated in 3 treatments and 4 replications (10 birds per pen). Birds of the control group (basal diet) were fed with typical commercial maize and soymeal-based rations in mash form. The other 2 groups were treated with the same diet, after replacing 5% and 10% with dried TM larvae, respectively. On d 35 (end of trial), meat samples were collected and analysed. Body weight, feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio during the periods of 1 to 10 d (starter period), 11 to 24 d (grower period), 25 to 35 d (finisher period) and 1 to 35 d (total period) were assessed. Pododermatitis, diarrhoea, feather score and litter conditions were also assessed during the trial. The results indicated that TM larvae inclusion in the broilers' diet positively affected body weight gain values, as well as the carcass yield, the meat composition and various welfare traits. Additionally, the dietary treatments with TM larvae favourably affected meat composition and colour parameters, whereas there were also some positive effects on lipid and protein oxidation. Saturated fatty acids were decreased by the dietary supplementation whereas the polyunsaturated fatty acids to SFA ratio increased. In general, the study showed that whole TM larvae addition can provide a promising alternative to soybean meal in the diet of broilers, demonstrating a positive impact on growth, welfare and meat characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stylianos Vasilopoulos
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ilias Giannenas
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Soumela Savvidou
- Institute of Animal Science, Hellenic Agricultural Organisation-DEMETER, Paralimni Giannitsa, 58100, Greece
| | - Eleftherios Bonos
- Laboratory of Animal Science, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Department of Agriculture, School of Agriculture, University of Ioannina, Kostakioi Artas, 47100, Arta, Greece
| | - Christos I. Rumbos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou str., 38446, N. Ionia, Volos, Greece
| | - Elias Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Paschalis Fortomaris
- Laboratory of Animal Husbandry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christos G. Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Phytokou str., 38446, N. Ionia, Volos, Greece
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Dunislawska A, Pietrzak E, Bełdowska A, Siwek M. Health in poultry- immunity and microbiome with regard to a concept of one health. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2021-0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The overall concept of OneHealth focuses on health and infectious disease in the context of the relationship between humans, animals, and the environment. In poultry production, there are many opportunities to implement OneHealth by organizing work and introducing appropriate engineering solutions. It is recommended that future research directions include designing and testing solutions to improve air quality and the elimination of antibiotics in the poultry industry. For this to be possible, it is essential to understand the indigenous microbiota of poultry, which plays a crucial role in nutrients, but also restricts the growth of pathogenic organisms. In poultry production, the most important thing is disease control in the herd, high product quality, and product efficiency. Food safety is key for consumers, as some zoonoses are transmitted through the food chain. Moreover, antibiotic resistance of bacteria is becoming a growing threat. For this reason, it is essential to maintain the proper immune status in the herd. Virus disease control in poultry is based on vaccination programs and the maintenance of biosecurity. This chapter aims to present the current state of knowledge in the field of immunity and microbiome of poultry in the context of the OneHealth concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Dunislawska
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics , Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology , Mazowiecka 28, 85-796 Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pietrzak
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics , Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology , Mazowiecka 28, 85-796 Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Aleksandra Bełdowska
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics , Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology , Mazowiecka 28, 85-796 Bydgoszcz , Poland
| | - Maria Siwek
- Department of Animal Biotechnology and Genetics , Bydgoszcz University of Science and Technology , Mazowiecka 28, 85-796 Bydgoszcz , Poland
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Song H, Yi S, Kim WH, Guk JH, Ha M, Kwak I, Han J, Yeon SC, Cho S. Environmental Perturbations during the Rehabilitation of Wild Migratory Birds Induce Gut Microbiome Alteration and Antibiotic Resistance Acquisition. Microbiol Spectr 2022; 10:e0116322. [PMID: 35730950 PMCID: PMC9430529 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01163-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild migratory birds are essential for sustaining healthy ecosystems, but the effects of a rehabilitation period on their gut microbiomes are still unclear. Here, we performed longitudinal sampling, 16S rRNA sequencing, and antibiotic resistance monitoring of the gut microbiome of six species of wild migratory birds protected as natural monuments in South Korea that are subject to short- or long-term rehabilitation periods. Overall, gut microbiome diversity was significantly decreased in the early stages of rehabilitation, and it did not recover to a level comparable to that of wild birds. Moreover, while the abundance of short-chain fatty acid-producing bacteria decreased, that of zoonotic pathogens increased, indicating rehabilitation-induced dysbiosis. The metabolic pathways involved in the degradation of aromatic pollutants were significantly downregulated, suggesting the depletion of pollutant-degrading microorganisms. Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli significantly increased during rehabilitation, particularly ciprofloxacin and tetracycline resistance, and seven of the rehabilitated wild birds acquired multidrug resistance. The diet and habitat changes experienced by wild migratory birds during rehabilitation may have induced the observed gut microbiome dysbiosis and acquisition of antibiotic resistance. These rehabilitation-induced alterations might affect the adaptability of wild birds to their natural environments and contribute to the spread of antibiotic resistance after their release. IMPORTANCE Wild migratory birds are key for ecosystem health but highly sensitive to anthropogenic activities. Therefore, wild migratory birds often undergo rehabilitation to prevent species extinction or biodiversity monitoring. However, the impact of rehabilitation on the gut microbiome of wild migratory birds, which is closely associated with host fitness, remains unclear. For the migratory bird species considered natural monuments in South Korea evaluated here, such impacts could include rehabilitation-induced gut microbiome dysbiosis and acquisition of antibiotic resistance, with possible repercussions on the adaptability of wild birds and spread of antibiotic resistance in the environment after their release. Therefore, the dynamics of the gut microbiome and antibiotic resistance should be considered for implementing sustainable rehabilitation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyokeun Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Saehah Yi
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Woo-Hyun Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Guk
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minjong Ha
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Seoul Wildlife Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Insik Kwak
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Seoul Wildlife Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Janghee Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Seoul Wildlife Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seong-Chan Yeon
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Seoul Wildlife Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Seongbeom Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Research Institute for Veterinary Science, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Veterinary Integrated Medicine Research, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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Damaziak K, Stelmasiak A, Konieczka P, Adamek-Urbańska D, Gozdowski D, Pogorzelski G, Zdanowska-Sąsiadek Ż. Water extract of yarrow (Achillea millefolium L.) leaf improves production parameters, tissue antioxidant status and intestinal microbiota activity in turkeys. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lee JH, Kim TK, Cha JY, Jang HW, Yong HI, Choi YS. How to Develop Strategies to Use Insects as Animal Feed: Digestibility, Functionality, Safety, and Regulation. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2022; 64:409-431. [PMID: 35709133 PMCID: PMC9184698 DOI: 10.5187/jast.2022.e27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Various insects have emerged as novel feed resources due to their economical,
eco-friendly, and nutritive characteristics. Fish, poultry, and pigs are
livestock that can feed on insects. The digestibility of insect-containing meals
were presented by the species, life stage, nutritional component, and processing
methods. Several studies have shown a reduced apparent digestibility coefficient
(ADC) when insects were supplied as a replacement for commercial meals related
to chitin. Although the expression of chitinase mRNA was present in several
livestock, indigestible components in insects, such as chitin or fiber, could be
a reason for the reduced ADC. However, various components can positively affect
livestock health. Although the bio-functional properties of these components
have been verified in vitro, they show positive health-promoting effects owing
to their functional expression when directly applied to animal diets. Changes in
the intestinal microbiota of animals, enhancement of immunity, and enhancement
of antibacterial activity were confirmed as positive effects that can be
obtained through insect diets. However, there are some issues with the safety of
insects as feed. To increase the utility of insects as feed, microbial hazards,
chemical hazards, and allergens should be regulated. The European Union, North
America, East Asia, Australia, and Nigeria have established regulations
regarding insect feed, which could enhance the utility of insects as novel feed
resources for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Lee
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Tae-Kyung Kim
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Cha
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
| | - Hae Won Jang
- Department of Food Science and
Biotechnology, Sungshin Women’s University, Seoul
01133, Korea
| | - Hae In Yong
- Division of Animal and Dairy Science,
Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
- Corresponding author: Hae In Yong, Division of
Animal and Dairy Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea.
Tel: +82-42-821-5775, E-mail:
| | - Yun-Sang Choi
- Research Group of Food Processing, Korean
Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea
- Corresponding author: Yun-Sang Choi, Research Group
of Food Processing, Korean Food Research Institute, Wanju 55365, Korea. Tel:
+82-63-219-9387, E-mail:
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Kongsup P, Lertjirakul S, Chotimanothum B, Chundang P, Kovitvadhi A. Effects of eri silkworm (Samia ricini) pupae inclusion in broiler diets on growth performances, health, carcass characteristics and meat quality. Anim Biosci 2022; 35:711-720. [PMID: 34991221 PMCID: PMC9065787 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to determine the appropriate amount of eri silkworm pupae meal (Samia ricini) to add to the broiler diet. METHODS Two hundred 1-day-old male chicks with initial weight at 50.03±0.56 g/chick were divided into four groups (five replicates per group and ten chicks per replicate): a control group fed a corn-soybean diet and experimental groups supplemented with 5%, 10%, or 15% eri silkworm pupae meal. All experimental diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous and formulated respecting nutrient requirements. Growth performances were collected during the experimental period and other parameters were collected at the end of experiment when broilers reached thirty-eight days old. RESULTS A higher cold carcass weight and skin yellowness in the broilers fed 10% eri silkworm pupae meal compared with the other groups (p<0.05). Therefore, supplementation with 10% eri silkworm pupae meal is suggested for the broiler diet formulation because it did not cause any serious negative consequences on growth performance, health status, carcass characteristics and meat quality. However, the usage of eri silkworm pupae meal at 15% is not recommend because it led to negative outcomes. CONCLUSION The addition of eri silkworm pupae at 10% can be used as an alternative protein sources for broiler chickens which provided benefits on cold carcass weight and skin yellowness without adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penpicha Kongsup
- Animal Health and Biomedical Science Program, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Somporn Lertjirakul
- The Queen Sirikit Department of Sericulture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Banthari Chotimanothum
- The Queen Sirikit Department of Sericulture, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperatives, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Pipatpong Chundang
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Attawit Kovitvadhi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
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14
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Delgadillo E, Glidden C, Pollak M, Rysenga H, Jolles A, Beechler B. The Benefit of Hedgerow Access on the Health and Growth Rate of Pasture Raised Broiler Chickens. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.649924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Pasture rearing is an increasingly common option for small farms to produce humanely raised poultry products for an expanding market, however profit margins tend to be much lower for pastured poultry producers than for those that opt for conventional indoor rearing. Research into simple methods to optimize the growth and health of pasture-raised poultry can help small farmers maximize meat yields and decrease the morbidity and mortality of their flock, ultimately leading to higher profit margins and improved animal welfare. The objective of this study was to measure how the inclusion of mature, native foliage into pastures can impact the production performance and overall health status of two different popular breeds of commercial broiler chickens; fast-growing Cornish cross and slower growing Red rangers. During the finisher phase (30–78 days old), pastured chickens were separated by breed into either a treatment population with access to a mature bordering hedgerow, or a control population without access to a hedgerow. Weekly weight gain, daily feed intake and basic hematologic values were used to evaluate differences in the production performance and health status between each population. We found that hedge access led to a significant improvement in the rate of gain of the Cornish cross without an associated increase in feed intake, suggesting that the addition of hedges can increase meat yields in fast-growing broilers without increasing feed costs. Red rangers with hedge access demonstrated an improved ability to neutralize bacterial pathogens in whole blood and a lesser degree of hemodilution compared to control populations, suggesting improved immune function and a lower degree of heat stress in these populations. We conclude that the addition of natural environmental enrichment such as mature foliage to grass pastures can lead to improved production performance in fast-growing broilers and improvements in the health and immune function of slower growing broiler chickens.
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Abstract
Alternative poultry production systems continue to expand as markets for organic and naturally produced poultry meat and egg products increase. However, these production systems represent challenges associated with variable environmental conditions and exposure to foodborne pathogens. Consequently, there is a need to introduce feed additives that can support bird health and performance. There are several candidate feed additives with potential applications in alternative poultry production systems. Prebiotic compounds selectively stimulate the growth of beneficial gastrointestinal microorganisms leading to improved health of the host and limiting the establishment of foodborne pathogens. The shift in the gastrointestinal microbiota and modulation of fermentation can inhibit the establishment of foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter and Salmonella. Both current and potential applications of prebiotics in alternative poultry production systems will be discussed in this review. Different sources and types of prebiotics that could be developed for alternative poultry production will also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven C Ricke
- Department of Animal and Dairy Sciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI.
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Rumbos CI, Athanassiou CG. The Superworm, Zophobas morio (Coleoptera:Tenebrionidae): A 'Sleeping Giant' in Nutrient Sources. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2021; 21:6218202. [PMID: 33834209 PMCID: PMC8033247 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/ieab014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to compile up-to-date information on the superworm, Zophobas morio (F.), regarding its biology and ecology, but also its further potential for use as a nutrient source for food and feed. We illustrate certain basic characteristics of the morphology and bio-ecology of this species, which is marginally considered as a 'pest' in durable amylaceous commodities. More recent data show that Z. morio can be a valuable nutrient and antimicrobial source that could be utilized further in insect-based feed and food production. The inclusion of this species in aquafeed has provided promising results in a wide range of feeding trials, both in terms of fish development and health. Additional data illustrate its potential for use in poultry, indicating that this species provides comparable results with those of other insect species that are used in feed. Moreover, Z. morio can be a viable waste management agent. This review aims to summarize the available data and underline data gaps for future research, toward the potential of the utilization of Z. morio for human food and animal feed. Based on the data presented, Z. morio appears to be a well-promising insect-based protein source, which potential still remains to be unfold.
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Affiliation(s)
- C I Rumbos
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
- Corresponding author, e-mail:
| | - C G Athanassiou
- Laboratory of Entomology and Agricultural Zoology, Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Volos, Greece
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Biasato I, Ferrocino I, Grego E, Dabbou S, Gai F, Gasco L, Cocolin L, Capucchio MT, Schiavone A. Yellow Mealworm Inclusion in Diets for Heavy-Size Broiler Chickens: Implications for Intestinal Microbiota and Mucin Dynamics. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101909. [PMID: 33081043 PMCID: PMC7603283 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nowadays, the maximization of chicken productivity cannot be achieved without considering their gut health, which is a complex, multifactorial concept that takes into account several intestinal features (such as the microbiota and the mucin dynamics). The gut health of broilers may be influenced by both intrinsic (i.e., age, sex, breed) and extrinsic (i.e., diet, environment) factors, thus, in turn, influencing the growth performance of the birds. Dietary insect meal inclusion has already been reported to exert positive effects on cecal microbiota and small intestinal mucin composition in female and male light-size broiler chickens (35–40 days of age), in particular when used at low inclusion levels (i.e., 5%). However, since male heavy-size broilers (50–60 days of age) represents a relevant market class in Italy, we herein evaluated the effects of yellow mealworm (Tenebrio molitor, TM) utilization on their gut health. The findings herein obtained interestingly suggested that the administration of insect meal for a longer period could potentially lead to a negative modulation of the cecal microbiota of the birds, thus suggesting a preferable utilization of yellow mealworm in the light-size production cycles. Abstract In the present trial, 160 heavy-size male broiler chickens were allocated to 4 dietary treatments (control feed [C] and 5, 10 and 15% TM meal inclusion, respectively, with 5 replicate pens/treatment and 8 birds/pen) to evaluate the influence of TM meal on intestinal microbiota and mucin composition. The broiler chickens fed TM-based diets showed higher beta diversity of their cecal microbiota in comparison with the C birds (p < 0.001). A significant decrease of the relative abundance of Firmicutes phylum and lower Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratios (False Discovery Rate [FDR] < 0.05) were also identified in TM15 broiler chickens when compared to the C group. Furthermore, the TM birds showed decreased relative abundance of Clostridium, Coprococcus, L-Ruminococcus and Ruminococcus genera (FDR < 0.05). In relation to the gut mucin composition, higher mucin staining intensity was detected in the intestinal crypts of TM5 birds in comparison with the other TM groups (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary TM meal inclusion negatively influenced the cecal microbiota of heavy-size broiler chickens in terms of partial alteration of the physiological microbial population and reduction of the potential beneficial bacteria (with slightly more pronounced effects when testing the 10–15% inclusion levels).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Biasato
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (I.B.); (L.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Ilario Ferrocino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (I.F.); (E.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Elena Grego
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (I.F.); (E.G.); (A.S.)
| | - Sihem Dabbou
- Center Agriculture Food Environment (C3A), University of Trento, via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy;
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy
| | - Francesco Gai
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy;
| | - Laura Gasco
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (I.B.); (L.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Luca Cocolin
- Department of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (I.B.); (L.G.); (L.C.)
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (I.F.); (E.G.); (A.S.)
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-6709035
| | - Achille Schiavone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (I.F.); (E.G.); (A.S.)
- Institute of Science of Food Production, National Research Council, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy;
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The Fermentation Process Improves the Nutritional Value of Rapeseed Cake for Turkeys-Effects on Performance, Gut Bacterial Population and Its Fermentative Activity. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10091711. [PMID: 32971778 PMCID: PMC7552675 DOI: 10.3390/ani10091711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Rapeseed cake (RC) could be valuable raw material in turkey diets, but its wide use is limited by the presence of anti-nutritional factors that are detrimental to gut function. The fermentation process contributes to the degradation of over 80% of carbohydrates, 30% of lignin, and 45% of total glucosinolates in RC, which are harmful to birds. Our research showed that fermentation can improve the nutritional value of RC, enabling good performance and maintainenance of a healthy gut in birds. Therefore, FRC appears to be highly promising in commercial turkey nutrition. Abstract This experiment investigated the potential inclusion of fermented rapeseed cake (FRC) in turkey diets. The turkeys received diets either not supplemented (C) or supplemented with raw rapeseed cake (RRC) or FRC at 150 g/kg diet. In comparison with RRC, turkeys receiving FRC achieved significantly higher final BW comparable with that noted in the control group. The dietary inclusion of FRC increased the concentrations of propionic and valeric acid in the cecal digesta compared with the control group, and increased the proportion of butyric acid in SCFA profile compared with RRC group. The activities of glycolytic bacterial enzymes in the cecal digesta, were lowest in turkeys fed FRC. Experimental diets did not cause a shift in the relative abundances of the main bacterial phyla or orders in the cecal digesta. FRC increased the abundance of Bacteroidaceae at the family level, but decreased the abundance of Lactobacillus at the genus level compared with birds fed RRC. In conclusion, the dietary inclusion of FRC at 150 g/kg did not compromise bird performance, did not excessively stimulate bacterial activity, and did not cause shifts in the bacterial composition in the cecum. Actually, FCR exerted several beneficial effects that contributed to maintaining gut health in turkeys, which points to its advantage over RRC.
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Sedgh-Gooya S, Torki M, Darbemamieh M, Khamisabadi H, Karimi Torshizi MA, Abdolmohamadi A. Yellow mealworm, Tenebrio molitor (Col: Tenebrionidae), larvae powder as dietary protein sources for broiler chickens: Effects on growth performance, carcass traits, selected intestinal microbiota and blood parameters. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2020; 105:119-128. [PMID: 32812683 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Tenebrio molitor larvae meal (TM meal) inclusion on the performance, carcass traits, caecum microbiota and blood parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 180-day-old chickens were allocated to three dietary groups with five replicate pens (12 birds/pen). Experimental diets were included a corn-soybean basal diet, and two diets with 2.5% and 5% TM. TM-included diets have been administered for periods of starter (1-10 days) and grower (11-25 days). A regular finisher diet was given to all groups during the 26-42 days of age. Diets containing TM meal did not influence feed intake and mortality percentage. Feed conversion ratio was lower with the 2.5% TM meal diet compared with the control group at starter period (p < .05). Besides, broiler chickens fed TM meal included diet had a higher body weight gain than the control group during 1-10 days of age (p < .05). The carcass characteristics and length and weight of different parts of small and large intestines were not influenced by diets. TM meal inclusion decreased the albumin-to-globulin ratio compared with the control group (p < .05). Additionally, lower total count of aerobic and Escherichia coli bacteria was observed in response to diet inclusion of 5% TM meal. Overall, the inclusion of TM meal in broilers' diet improved body weight gain and feed conversion ratio in the starting period, decreased albumin-to-globulin ratio and E. coli bacteria content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadi Sedgh-Gooya
- Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mehran Torki
- Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Maryam Darbemamieh
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Hassan Khamisabadi
- Animal Science Department, Kermanshah Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Kermanshah, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Abdolmohamadi
- Animal Science Department, College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
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Lopez-Santamarina A, Mondragon ADC, Lamas A, Miranda JM, Franco CM, Cepeda A. Animal-Origin Prebiotics Based on Chitin: An Alternative for the Future? A Critical Review. Foods 2020; 9:E782. [PMID: 32545663 PMCID: PMC7353569 DOI: 10.3390/foods9060782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human gut microbiota has been revealed in recent years as a factor that plays a decisive role in the maintenance of human health, as well as in the development of many non-communicable diseases. This microbiota can be modulated by various dietary factors, among which complex carbohydrates have a great influence. Although most complex carbohydrates included in the human diet come from vegetables, there are also options to include complex carbohydrates from non-vegetable sources, such as chitin and its derivatives. Chitin, and its derivatives such as chitosan can be obtained from non-vegetable sources, the best being insects, crustacean exoskeletons and fungi. The present review offers a broad perspective of the current knowledge surrounding the impacts of chitin and its derived polysaccharides on the human gut microbiota and the profound need for more in-depth investigations into this topic. Overall, the effects of whole insects or meal on the gut microbiota have contradictory results, possibly due to their high protein content. Better results are obtained for the case of chitin derivatives, regarding both metabolic effects and effects on the gut microbiota composition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Alberto Cepeda
- Laboratorio de Higiene Inspección y Control de Alimentos. Departamento de Química Analítica, Nutrición y Bromatología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain; (A.L.-S.); (A.d.C.M.); (A.L.); (J.M.M.); (C.M.F.)
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Combination of Bacillus licheniformis and Salinomycin: Effect on the Growth Performance and GIT Microbial Populations of Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10050889. [PMID: 32443689 PMCID: PMC7278455 DOI: 10.3390/ani10050889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The beneficial effects of Bacillus spp. probiotic preparations used for poultry are well-documented and characterized by growth performance improvement and positive modulation of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) microbiota. Moreover, the favorable influence of salinomycin has been frequently studied as an ionophore coccidiostat, as well as an antimicrobial agent. However, limited data are available in terms of the parallel usage of both Bacillus licheniformis DSM 28710 and salinomycin in poultry diets. From a practical point of view, evaluating the potential interactions between this species and agent is crucial to assess their parallel usage, and the current study confirmed the positive effect of their mixture on the modulation of pH value in the crop and ceca, as well as the GIT microbiota, especially in the jejunum and ceca. Additionally, the results obtained in this study show positive effects of B. licheniformis on the growth performance, as well as the influence of both experimental factors used separately in the case of GIT microbiota modulations. Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of Bacillus licheniformis and salinomycin supplementation in broiler diets as individual factors or in combination on the growth performance, GIT morphometry, and microbiota populations. Four hundred one-day-old Ross 308 chicks were randomly distributed to four dietary treatments (10 replicates, 10 birds each). The following treatments were applied: NC—no additives; NC + SAL—salinomycin addition (60 mg/kg diet), NC + PRO—B. licheniformis DSM 28710 preparation (1.6 × 109 CFU/kg; 500 mg/kg diet), and NC + SAL + PRO—combination of salinomycin and B. licheniformis. Probiotic administration resulted in improvement (p < 0.05) of the performance parameters, including body weight gain (1–10 d, and 11–22 d) and feed conversion ratio (11–22 d, 1–36 d). An interaction (p < 0.05) between experimental factors was observed in terms of lower pH values in the crop (tendency, p = 0.053) and ceca. Both factors lowered the alpha diversity and Enterobacteriaceae and promoted Bacillaceae communities in the jejunum (p < 0.05). Interactions were also observed in terms of reducing Clostridiaceae in the ceca. In conclusion, the combined use of B. licheniformis and salinomycin in broilers’ diets had beneficial effects.
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