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Gavazza A, Cremonini V, Miglio A, Starita C, Rossi G, Antognoni MT. Hematological ratios and indices in canine large B-cell lymphoma. Open Vet J 2024; 14:980-989. [PMID: 38808287 PMCID: PMC11128634 DOI: 10.5455/ovj.2024.v14.i4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Canine lymphoma is the most common hematopoietic cancer in dogs. Numerous studies have evaluated the prognostic value of hematological abnormalities and ratios in both humans and dogs with lymphoma. Aim To compare hematological parameters and complete blood count ratios between a population of dogs affected by lymphoma and healthy dogs to identify potential prognostic markers for lymphoma. Methods This retrospective case-control study compares hematological parameters and complete blood count ratios between a population of 114 dogs affected by multicentric large B-cell lymphoma (LBCL) and 60 healthy dogs. Results The study found several statistically significant differences between the hematological indices of LBCL dogs and healthy dogs, but no correlation between these parameters and the survival times of 78 dogs treated with chemotherapy Madison Wisconsin protocol. In addition, hematological alterations were evaluated such as anemia, leukocytosis, and thrombocytopenia. Conclusion Hematological ratios have been suggested as potential prognostic markers for canine LBCL but their real prognostic value remains controversial and requires future investigation.
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MESH Headings
- Dogs
- Animals
- Dog Diseases/blood
- Dog Diseases/diagnosis
- Retrospective Studies
- Case-Control Studies
- Male
- Female
- Blood Cell Count/veterinary
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/veterinary
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/blood
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/diagnosis
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/mortality
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/veterinary
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/blood
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Gavazza
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
| | | | - Arianna Miglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Giacomo Rossi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Matelica, Italy
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2
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Miglio A, Valente C, Guglielmini C. Red Blood Cell Distribution Width as a Novel Parameter in Canine Disorders: Literature Review and Future Prospective. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13060985. [PMID: 36978525 PMCID: PMC10044289 DOI: 10.3390/ani13060985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Red blood cell distribution width (RDW) is a quantitative laboratory parameter applied for the measurement of anisocytosis and is a reliable and inexpensive method for clinical classification of anemia. An increased RDW reflects a great heterogeneity in the size of red blood cells typical of regenerative and iron-deficiency anemia. In humans, numerous and recent studies have shown a relationship between increased RDW and the risk of morbidity and mortality in patients with various disorders. In particular, a strong association has been established between changes in RDW and the risk of adverse outcome in humans with diseases affecting different organs or systems. Following the human literature, some studies have recently been conducted trying to clarify the clinical role of RDW in various animal disorders, particularly in dogs. In this review, we summarize and critically evaluate the results of the studies based on the measurement of RDW in dogs. We also emphasize the need for further and more extensive studies on the use of this simple and inexpensive parameter in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arianna Miglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy;
| | - Carlotta Valente
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Carlo Guglielmini
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, Viale dell’Università 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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3
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Alaimo C, De Feo G, Lubas G, Gavazza A. Utility and prognostic significance of leukocyte ratios in dogs with Primary Immune-Mediated Hemolytic Anemia. Vet Res Commun 2023; 47:305-310. [PMID: 35553339 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-022-09935-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Canine immune-mediated hemolytic anemia (IMHA) is a life-threatening condition that is commonly associated with neutrophilia and monocytosis. Leukocyte ratios have been found to have prognostic value in humans and animals affected by a range of inflammatory, infectious, and neoplastic disorders. We hypothesized that in primary IMHA, neutrophil to lymphocyte (NLR), neutrophil to monocyte (NMR), band neutrophil to segmented neutrophil (BNR) and monocyte to lymphocyte (MLR) ratios would be higher in dogs that did not survive to discharge. Medical records of dogs diagnosed with IMHA at two veterinary teaching hospitals were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-three of the 72 included dogs did not survive to discharge. NLR, NMR, BNR and MLR ratios were compared between dogs that survived to discharge and dogs that died or were euthanized. None of the ratios were significantly different between survivors and non-survivors (P = 0.14-0.99). Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve for prediction of non-survival ranged from 0.5 (95% confidence interval 0.38-0.62) for MLR to 0.61 (0.49-0.72) for NMR and was not significantly different from 0.5 for any ratio (P = 0.29-0.99). After exclusion of 31 dogs that received one or both immunosuppressive medications and blood transfusion before presentation, the area under the ROC curve for prediction of survival was significantly different from 0.5 for MLR (0.78, P = 0.01) and NMR (0.78, P = 0.0002). This study suggests that lower MLR and higher NMR may predict poorer prognosis in untreated dogs with IMHA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Alaimo
- Veterinary Clinic Dell'Orologio, Anicura Italia, Via Gramsci 1/4, Sasso Marconi, BO, Italy.
| | - Giulia De Feo
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, 56122, San Piero a Grado, PI, Italy
| | - George Lubas
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Pisa, Via Livornese, 56122, San Piero a Grado, PI, Italy.,Veterinary Clinic Colombo, VetPartners Italia, Viale Colombo 153, Lido di Camaiore, LU, Italy
| | - Alessandra Gavazza
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024, Matelica, MC, Italy
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4
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Morganti G, Miglio A, Moretta I, Misia AL, Rigamonti G, Cremonini V, Antognoni MT, Veronesi F. Retrospective Longitudinal Survey on Canine Vector-Borne Pathogens: Trends and Challenges of 10 Years of Activities of a Veterinary Blood Bank. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9060274. [PMID: 35737326 PMCID: PMC9228790 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9060274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine vector-borne pathogens (CVBPs) represent a challenge for veterinary transfusion medicine, since some can be transmitted by blood transfusion and are of zoonotic concern. Epidemiological data on CVBPs, obtained during 10 years of pre-donor screening (2012−2021) by a veterinary blood bank in central Italy, were used to conduct a retrospective epidemiological longitudinal survey. The results were obtained using the Immunofluorescent Antibody Test (IFAT) conducted on sera in order to assess IgG antibodies against Leishmania infantum, Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocythophilum, Babesia canis, and Rickettsia conorii; the modified Knott’s test and an ELISA kit were used to detect Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens. In total, 324 out of the 1260 canine blood donors (25.71%) tested seropositive for at least one pathogen. The highest overall positive rate was detected for L. infantum (12.22%), followed by E. canis (2.30%), A. phagocytophilum (1.19%), D. repens (0.95%), D. immitis (0.32%), and B. canis (0.16%). From 2012 to 2014, a prevalence of 20.12% was recorded for R. conorii. Mixed infections were recorded in 21 dogs. For all the CVBPs investigated, significant differences (p < 0.05) were not observed over the period studied. The results evidenced a non-negligible prevalence of CVBPs in canine donors, which were selected based on strict criteria concerning regular endo- and ectoparasite controls. The results confirmed that the blood bank could be a reliable local epidemiological observatory. The need for implemented screening is discussed.
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Influence of a Polyherbal Choline Source in Dogs: Body Weight Changes, Blood Metabolites, and Gene Expression. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101313. [PMID: 35625159 PMCID: PMC9137459 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline chloride is used to provide choline in dog foods; however, in other domestic species, it has been replaced with a polyherbal containing phosphatidylcholine. A polyherbal containing Achyrantes aspera, Trachyspermum ammi, Citrullus colocynthis, Andrographis paniculata, and Azadirachta indica was evaluated in adult dogs through body weight changes, subcutaneous fat thickness, blood metabolites, and gene expression. Forty dogs (4.6 ± 1.6 years old) who were individually housed in concrete kennels were randomly assigned to the following treatments: unsupplemented diet (377 mg choline/kg), choline chloride (3850 mg/kg equivalent to 2000 mg choline/kg diet), and polyherbal (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) for 60 days. Blood samples were collected on day 59 for biochemistry, biometry, and gene expression analysis through microarray assays. Intake, final body weight, and weight changes were similar for the two choline sources. Feed intake variation among dogs (p = 0.01) and dorsal fat (p = 0.03) showed a quadratic response to herbal choline. Dogs that received the polyherbal diet had reduced blood cholesterol levels (Quadratic, p = 0.02). The gene ontology analysis indicated that 15 biological processes were modified (p ≤ 0.05) with implications for preventing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, cancer prevention, inflammatory and immune response, and behavior and cognitive process. According to these results that were observed in a 60 day trial, the polyherbal form could replace choline chloride in dog diets at a concentration of 400 mg/kg.
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6
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Puurunen J, Ottka C, Salonen M, Niskanen JE, Lohi H. Age, breed, sex and diet influence serum metabolite profiles of 2000 pet dogs. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022. [PMID: 35223061 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.fj6q573w5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
As an individual's metabolism reflects health and disease states well, metabolomics holds a vast potential in biomedical applications. However, normal physiological factors, such as age, can also influence metabolism, challenging the establishment of disease-specific metabolic aberrations. Here, we examined how physiological and diet-related factors drive variance in the metabolism of healthy pet dogs. We analysed 2068 serum samples using a canine nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics platform. With generalized linear models, we discovered that age, breed, sex, sterilization, diet type and fasting time significantly affected the canine metabolite profiles. Especially, breed and age caused considerable variation in the metabolite concentrations, and breeds with very different body conformations systematically differed in several lipid measurands. Our results enhance the understanding how normal physiological factors influence canine metabolism, aid accurate interpretation of the NMR results, and suggest the NMR platform might be applied in identifying aberrations in nutrient absorption and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Puurunen
- PetBiomics Ltd, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claudia Ottka
- PetBiomics Ltd, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milla Salonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia E Niskanen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- PetBiomics Ltd, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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7
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Puurunen J, Ottka C, Salonen M, Niskanen JE, Lohi H. Age, breed, sex and diet influence serum metabolite profiles of 2000 pet dogs. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2022; 9:211642. [PMID: 35223061 PMCID: PMC8847897 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.211642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
As an individual's metabolism reflects health and disease states well, metabolomics holds a vast potential in biomedical applications. However, normal physiological factors, such as age, can also influence metabolism, challenging the establishment of disease-specific metabolic aberrations. Here, we examined how physiological and diet-related factors drive variance in the metabolism of healthy pet dogs. We analysed 2068 serum samples using a canine nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy-based metabolomics platform. With generalized linear models, we discovered that age, breed, sex, sterilization, diet type and fasting time significantly affected the canine metabolite profiles. Especially, breed and age caused considerable variation in the metabolite concentrations, and breeds with very different body conformations systematically differed in several lipid measurands. Our results enhance the understanding how normal physiological factors influence canine metabolism, aid accurate interpretation of the NMR results, and suggest the NMR platform might be applied in identifying aberrations in nutrient absorption and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Puurunen
- PetBiomics Ltd, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Claudia Ottka
- PetBiomics Ltd, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Milla Salonen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Julia E. Niskanen
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hannes Lohi
- PetBiomics Ltd, 00300 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, 00290 Helsinki, Finland
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8
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Gjaldbæk BW, Andersen-Ranberg EU, Langebæk R, Krogh AKH. QimmeqHealth-thyroid status of Greenland sled dogs (Canis lupus familiaris borealis). Acta Vet Scand 2021; 63:51. [PMID: 34844628 PMCID: PMC8630915 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-021-00617-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Greenland sled dogs (GSD) are a unique, genetically isolated population of dogs living under exceptional environmental conditions. Metabolism, and thereby thyroid hormones are affected by multiple factors. Among other activity, energy balance and environmental conditions are important. A breed-specific reference interval (RI) can be useful for diagnostics of potential thyroid-related pathologies. The aim of this study was to establish RIs of the thyroid hormones thyroxin (T4), free thyroxin (fT4), and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) in GSD. In addition to evaluate the effect of sex, age, season, management, and body condition score (BCS) in GSD. Physical exams and cephalic venous blood sampling were performed in the period of 2018-2019 from 265 GSD managed either privately or by the Danish navy. Serum biochemical analyses, including C-reactive protein, were performed and RIs were determined for TSH, T4 and fT4 in only healthy dogs. The RIs were determined using American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology guidelines and the effect of varying factors were evaluated by linear regression and further tested by Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS 144 GSD were included in the reference group resulting in RIs: T4: 6.44-48.65 nmol/L; fT4: 3.91-18.51 pmol/L; and TSH: 0.04-0.55 ng/mL. Female GSD had significantly higher concentrations of T4 (P = 0.039) and fT4 (P = 0.015) compared to males; a positive correlation between TSH and aging was found; T4 concentrations were significantly higher (P = 0.003) during summer; and TSH concentrations were lower in GSD managed by the navy (P < 0.0001). BCS was higher (P < 0.0001) in Sirius GSD compared to civilian GSD, and BCS was positively correlated with T4 and negatively correlated with TSH. CONCLUSIONS Reference intervals for T4, fT4 and TSH in GSD were established. The RI for T4 and fT4 was lower compared to other breeds. In addition, sex, age, season, management and BCS demonstrated variable effects on thyroid hormones. Our results can be used as a foundation for improving management and further research of GSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolette Winnerskjold Gjaldbæk
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Emilie Ulrikka Andersen-Ranberg
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Rikke Langebæk
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
| | - Anne Kirstine Havnsøe Krogh
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870 Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Orlandin JR, Machado LC, Ambrósio CE, Travagli V. Ozone and its derivatives in veterinary medicine: A careful appraisal. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 13:100191. [PMID: 34401601 PMCID: PMC8350423 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In the Vet field, there are lot of scientific publications with missing or incomplete data, poor case reports and papers without a control group or unrepresentative sample. Differences between animal and human blood composition, anatomy and physiology must be taken into consideration, especially in therapies not yet fully approved. Some practitioners produce their own ozonated solution or autohemotherapy, in the absence of information regarding the compatibility of the material used. Other than the properties of the commercial preparations, the standardization of both treatment methods and times influence the results obtained with ozone therapy.
The therapeutic use of ozone and its derivatives in the veterinary medicine it is still in an emergent stage. Gaseous ozone chemical instability makes necessary its extemporaneous preparation and the accordance about ozone treatments with the highest quality standards in publications is of paramount importance. Moreover, the numerous method of administration in different animal species, the prevalence of case reports, the deficiency of consistent evaluation of the outcomes, as well as the lack of standardization of the treatment operating procedures represents an open question for its spreading and official approval. The keywords “ozone”, “ozonated”, “ozonation” “ozonized”, “ozonization”, “oxygen-ozone therapy”, “veterinary”, “pets”, “animal” were used to perform a literature review using PubMed, Cochrane, Google Scholar, Zotero databases with the temporal restriction for published manuscripts starting from 2010. All the researches were critically evaluated, regardless of the impact factor, if any, of the journals in which they were presented. The deepening of the mechanisms of action of this bio-oxidative therapy can open new horizons on its use. The distinctive condition to achieve such a scenario is an improved knowledge of the qualitative/quantitative characteristics of ozone and its derivatives. All with the aim of taking nothing away to the cited original research papers, but of improving the promising therapeutic implications of ozone therapy in veterinary medicine as a standardization stimulus about this therapeutic resource with multiple application specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Rodrigues Orlandin
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA-USP), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy - Department of National Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Italy
| | - Luciana Cristina Machado
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA-USP), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo Ambrósio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering (FZEA-USP), University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Valter Travagli
- Department of Biotechnology, Chemistry and Pharmacy - Department of National Excellence 2018-2022, University of Siena, Italy
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10
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Ridgway M. Hunting Dogs. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2021; 51:877-890. [PMID: 34059261 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2021.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Herding and hunting dogs are intense, high-drive dogs that work, and often live, outdoors and in constant or repeated close contact with domestic and wild animals. These dogs are at increased risk for injury and exposure to infectious diseases, toxic substances, and environmental threats. The common practice of feeding or allowing access to raw meat from farm or game animals enhances disease transmission risk. These dogs can be affected by infectious diseases and injurious agents that are rarely encountered in other groups of dogs. In addition, their extreme work ethic may lead to delays in diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Ridgway
- University of Illinois College of Veterinary Medicine, 1008 West Hazelwood Drive, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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11
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Abstract
The goal of preventive care is to maintain and optimize health by averting preventable problems. Effective preventive care programs for working dogs must incorporate standard procedures applicable to dogs in general with additional elements pertinent to the more specific characteristics of breed, geographic location, living and working conditions, and physical and mental tasks required of the working dog. This article covers the basic essential preventive health guidelines for all working dogs as well as the specific breed, occupational, and regional considerations to be taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcella Ridgway
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61802, USA.
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12
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Saichenko IV, Antipov AA, Bakhur TI, Bezditko LV, Shmayun SS. Co-infection of Trichuris vulpis and Toxocara canis in different aged dogs: Influence on the haematological indices. BIOSYSTEMS DIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.15421/012117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Trichuris vulpis and Toxocara canis are worldwide parasitic nematodes affecting dogs and mammals of the Canine family. Due to the special structure of the shells, the eggs of these geohelminths can maintain their viability in soil, sand, water and the environment for a long time. The study involved young (6–12 months old) and adult (1.5–8.0 years old) dogs affected by co-infection of T. vulpis + T. canis; the control group consisted of dewormed healthy animals of the same age. Parasitological examination of dogs' faeces was performed using a "Counting Chamber for Ovoscopic Researches"; morphological parameters, indicators of nutrient metabolism, mineral metabolism and activity of enzymatic systems were determined in blood and serum. According to the results of parasitological research on the dogs, it was found that young animals are more prone to toxocarosis, and adults – trichurosis. The co-infection of nematodes T. vulpis + T. canis in dogs develops several changes in haematological parameters: a significant decrease in erythrocytes, haemoglobin, MCV, MCH, and haematocrit, leukocytosis with basophils and eosinophilia in young infected animals; and eosinophilia and basophilia (15.9 times) in adults, compared with healthy dogs of the same age. Among the changes in serum biochemical parameters, young infected dogs showed a decrease in the concentration of total protein and albumin content, an increase in the content of "acute phase" proteins (α-1, α-2 and β-globulins), an increase in cholesterol and total bilirubin; in adult infected dogs, a decrease in albumin content, an increase in the content of α-1, α-2, and β-globulins, an increase in the concentration of cholesterol and total bilirubin, a decrease in the concentration of urea in comparison with healthy animals were determined. Also, among the indicators of mineral metabolism, a decrease in the concentration of calcium and magnesium in the serum was found in young infected dogs. Among the changes in the enzyme metabolism in the serum of infected dogs, there was an increase in the activity of all studied enzymes in animals of both research groups: ALT, AST, α-amylase, GGT and ALP. Thus, co-infection with nematodes T. vulpis + T. canis has a complex pathogenic effect on the body of dogs of all ages, which manifested itself in multiple changes in haematological parameters. In the future, the authors’ team plan to develop comprehensive measures to combat nematode infections in different living conditions of dogs, taking into account the results of the current research.
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13
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Antognoni MT, Marenzoni ML, Misia AL, Avellini L, Chiaradia E, Gavazza A, Miglio A. Effect of Leukoreduction on Hematobiochemical Parameters and Storage Hemolysis in Canine Whole Blood Units. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11040925. [PMID: 33805143 PMCID: PMC8064101 DOI: 10.3390/ani11040925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary During the storage of blood units, cells undergo many changes, defined as storage lesions; these are biochemical, morphological and immunological modifications and seem to be responsible for adverse post-transfusion effects in recipients. The pre-storage leukoreduction seems to reduce them. The aims of this study are both to evaluate the human filter effectiveness and the effect of pre-storage leukoreduction in stored canine whole blood units. We tested whole blood units, leukoreduced and not, obtained from seven enrolled subjects, until the 42nd day. The white blood cell (WBC) and platelet (PLT) counts are reported to express the leukoreduction effectiveness. As indicators of storage-induced hemolysis, the lactate dehydrogenase activity (LDH) and sodium, potassium, and chlorine electrolytes were measured in plasma, and the red blood cell (RBC) count, hemoglobin concentration (Hgb), and hematocrit (Hct) were obtained with the complete blood count (CBC). The mean corpuscular volume (MCV) values and morphological index obtained from blood smear evaluation were used as indices of morphological changes. We observed that the leukoreduction filter for human use is equally effective on canine whole blood and that leukoreduction has a partially protective role to prevent some storage lesions. Abstract Storage lesions (SLs) occur when the red blood cell quality is altered during the preservation of blood units. Pre-storage leukoreduction would limit the number of SLs. The aims of this study were to evaluate the effectiveness of a leukoreduction filter for human use and the effect of pre-storage leukoreduction on some ematobiochemical parameters in stored canine whole blood. Seven canine blood units were tested. Each one was divided into two units—one leukoreduced (LRWB) and one non-leukoreduced (nLRWB). On each unit, we determined the complete blood count (CBC), lactate-dehydrogenase (LDH), electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl−), morphological index (MI) and hemolysis, on storage days 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42. Leukoreduction allowed a 98.30% recovery of the RBC count, retaining 99.69% and 94.91% of WBCs and PLTs, respectively. We detected a significant increase of LDH and MI with strongly higher values in nLRWB compared to LRWB. A progressive increase in electrolytes and LDH concentrations was observed as indices of stored hemolysis. LDH showed significantly lower values in LRWB units compared to nLRWB, suggesting its release from leukocytes. In the majority of units, hemolysis reached 1% on the 42nd day of storage. We assert the human leukoreduction filter effectiveness on canine whole blood, and we recommend using nLRWB before day 14, especially for critically ill patients. The difference of the basal hemolysis (day 0) percentages observed between subjects suggests that more studies should be performed to confirm a possible inter-individual donor biological variability of RBC membrane resistance, as happens in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Antognoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.T.A.); (M.L.M.); (A.L.M.); (L.A.); (E.C.)
| | - Maria Luisa Marenzoni
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.T.A.); (M.L.M.); (A.L.M.); (L.A.); (E.C.)
| | - Ambra Lisa Misia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.T.A.); (M.L.M.); (A.L.M.); (L.A.); (E.C.)
| | - Luca Avellini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.T.A.); (M.L.M.); (A.L.M.); (L.A.); (E.C.)
| | - Elisabetta Chiaradia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.T.A.); (M.L.M.); (A.L.M.); (L.A.); (E.C.)
| | - Alessandra Gavazza
- School of Bioscences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62024 Camerino, Italy;
| | - Arianna Miglio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Perugia, Via San Costanzo 4, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (M.T.A.); (M.L.M.); (A.L.M.); (L.A.); (E.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Cappelli K, Amadori M, Mecocci S, Miglio A, Antognoni MT, Razzuoli E. Immune Response in Young Thoroughbred Racehorses under Training. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10101809. [PMID: 33027949 PMCID: PMC7600081 DOI: 10.3390/ani10101809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Stressful stimuli, both infectious and non-infectious, can modify and trigger an innate immune response and inflammation, via an attempt to restore a homeostatic state. Coping with stressors can be measured by different procedures, including the evaluation of immunological parameters. These are also modulated by exercise, which can be considered stress prototypic in the Thoroughbred racehorse. To evaluate the complex of physiological regulations during the training period, twenty-nine clinically healthy, two-year-old Thoroughbred racehorses were followed during their first 3 months of sprint training. Blood collection was performed at rest, three times until 90 days of training, for testing immunological parameters during incremental sprint training to evaluate its effect on the immunological status of the animals. During the training period, we observed the following: (A) an increase in red blood cell parameters that are crucial for exercise performance adaptation, improving O2 transport and muscle cell respiration; (B) variations of blood granulocytes; and (C) changes in inflammatory cytokine gene expression. On the basis of clinical and laboratory findings, training exercise probably played a major role in the modulation of the above parameters. These latter changes could be seen as a preparation of the innate immune system to respond quickly and adequately to environmental conditions. Abstract Training has a great impact on the physiology of an athlete and, like all stressful stimuli, can trigger an innate immune response and inflammation, which is part of a wider coping strategy of the host to restore homeostasis. The Thoroughbred racehorse is a valid animal model to investigate these changes thanks to its homogeneous training and highly selected genetic background. The aim of this study was to investigate modifications of the innate immune response and inflammation in young untrained Thoroughbred racehorses during the first training season through haematological and molecular investigations. Twenty-nine Thoroughbred racehorses were followed during their incremental 3-month sprint exercise schedule. Blood collection was performed at time 0 (T0; before starting the intense training period), 30 days after T0 (T30), and 90 days after T0 (T90). Haematological parameters (red and white blood cells, haemoglobin, and platelets) were evaluated and haematocrit (HCT), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), and red cells width distribution + standard deviation (RDW-SD) were calculated. Moreover, via RT-qPCR, we investigated the expression of, Interleukin 1β (IL-1β), Interleukin 4 (IL-4) Interleukin 6 (IL-6), Interleukin 2 (IL-2), Interleukin 3 (IL-3), Interleukin 5 (IL-5) Interleukin 8 (IL-8), Trasformig Growth Factor β and α (TGF-β), Tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and Interferon γ (IFN-γ)genes. Main corpuscular volume (MCV) showed a significant (p = 0.008) increase at T90. Main corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) values were significantly augmented at both T30 (p < 0.001) and T90 (p < 0.001). Basophils were significant increased at T30 (p = 0.02) and eosinophils were significantly increased at T90 (p = 0.03). Significant differences in gene expression were found for all the genes under study, with the exception of IFN-γ and TNF-α. In particular, IL-2 (T30, p = 0.011; T90, p = 0.015), IL-4 (T30, p = 0.009; T90, p < 0.001), and IL-8 (T30, p < 0.001; T90, p < 0.001) genes were significantly upregulated at both T30 and T90 with respect to T0, TGF-β was intensely downregulated at T30 (p < 0.001), IL-5 gene expression was significantly decreased at T90 (p = 0.001), while IL-1β (p = 0.005) and IL-3 (p = 0.001) expression was strongly augmented at the same time. This study highlighted long-term adjustments of O2 transport capability that can be reasonably traced back to exercise adaptation. Moreover, the observed changes of granulocyte numbers and functions and inflammatory cytokine gene expression confirm a major role of the innate immune system in the response to the complex of stressful stimuli experienced during the training period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katia Cappelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universià degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (M.T.A.)
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo, Universià degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (K.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Massimo Amadori
- Rete Nazionale di Immunologia Veterinaria (Italian Society of Veterinary Immunology), via Istria, 3, 25125 Brescia, Italy;
| | - Samanta Mecocci
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universià degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (M.T.A.)
- Centro di Ricerca sul Cavallo Sportivo, Universià degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy
- Correspondence: (K.C.); (S.M.)
| | - Arianna Miglio
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universià degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Maria Teresa Antognoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Universià degli Studi di Perugia, 06126 Perugia, Italy; (A.M.); (M.T.A.)
| | - Elisabetta Razzuoli
- National Reference Center of Veterinary and Comparative Oncology (CEROVEC), Piazza Borgo Pila 39/24, 16129 Genoa, Italy;
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