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Sufyan A, Khan NA, AbuGhazaleh A, Ahmad N, Tang S, Tan Z. Novel techniques for the mass production of nutritionally improved, fungus-treated lignocellulosic biomass for ruminant nutrition. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:2215-2224. [PMID: 37938140 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory-scale experiments have shown that treatment with selective lignin-degrading white-rot fungi improves the nutritional value and ruminal degradability of lignocellulosic biomass (LCB). However, the lack of effective field-applicable pasteurization methods has long been recognized as a major obstacle for scaling up the technique for fungal treatment of large quantities of LCB for animal feeding. In this study, wheat straw (an LCB substrate) was subjected to four field-applicable pasteurization methods - hot-water, formaldehyde fumigation, steam, and hydrated lime - and cultured with Pleurotus ostreatus grain spawn for 10, 20, and 30 days under solid-state fermentation. Samples of untreated, pasteurized but non-inoculated and fungus-treated straws were analyzed for chemical composition, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1 ), and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), in vitro total gas (IVGP), methane (CH4 ), and volatile fatty acid (VFA) production. RESULTS During the 30-day fungal treatment, steam and lime pasteurized straws had the greatest loss of lignin, resulting in marked improvements in crude protein (CP), IVDMD, IVGP, and total VFAs. Irrespective of the pasteurization method, the increase in IVDMD during fungal treatment was linearly (R2 = 0.77-0.92) related to lignin-loss in the substrate during fungal treatment. The CH4 production of the fungus-treated straw was not affected by the pasteurization methods. Aflatoxin B1 was within the safe level (<5 μg kg-1 ) in all pasteurized, fungus treated straws. CONCLUSION Steam and lime were promising field-applicable pasteurization techniques to produce nutritionally improved fungus-treated wheat straw to feed ruminants. Lime pasteurization was more economical and did not require expensive energy inputs. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Sufyan
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
- Department of Animal Science, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Nazir Ahmad Khan
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Amer AbuGhazaleh
- Department of Animal Science, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Nazir Ahmad
- Department of Animal Nutrition, The University of Agriculture, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Shaoxun Tang
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiliang Tan
- Key Laboratory for Agro-Ecological Processes in Subtropical Region, Institute of Subtropical Agriculture, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changsha, China
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Laconi EB, Jayanegara A, Astuti DA, Fitriana EL, Nabawi SNL, Alifian MD. Evaluation of rations containing bioconverted cacao pod as fiber source for small ruminant. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 55:422. [PMID: 38012359 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03843-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the potential use of bioconverted cacao pod (BCP) as a substitute for forage in the total mixed ration (TMR) for a small ruminant. In the in vitro experiment, the control TMR (30% forage and 70% concentrate) was substituted with two different levels of BCP (15% and 30%) and two different types of BCP ( BCP-pc and BCP-tv). Based on the in vitro evaluation, the best ration was then chosen for the in vivo experiment, in which male goats were fed a control TMR, the TMR containing 15% BCP-pc (RC), and TMR containing 15% bioconverted palm kernel meal (RP). The results showed that TMRs with 15% BCP-pc and BCP-tv substitution had significantly lower gas production and digestibility than the control ration. However, the TMR with 15% or 30% BCP substitution showed no significant difference in rumen fermentation characteristics, methane production, and total protozoa. In the in vivo experiment, the RC showed no significant difference in all nutrient intakes, the average daily gain of animals, feed conversion ratio value, and crude fiber digestibility but reduced dry and organic matter digestibility. In comparison, the RP resulted in reduced parameters. Therefore, the study concluded that BCP-pc at a level of 15% could be used as a substitute for forage in TMR for male goats without compromising the fermentability of rumen, nutrient intakes, and their average daily gain and feed conversion ratio. Overall, this study suggests the potential of BCP-pc as an alternative feed ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Budiarti Laconi
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia.
| | - Anuraga Jayanegara
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Dewi Apri Astuti
- Department of Nutrition and Feed Technology, Faculty of Animal Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Eko Lela Fitriana
- Graduate Study Program of Nutrition and Feed Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Soviro Nurul Lisa Nabawi
- Graduate Study Program of Nutrition and Feed Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
| | - Mochamad Dzaky Alifian
- Graduate Study Program of Nutrition and Feed Science, IPB University, Jl. Agatis, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
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An in vitro rumen incubation method to study exsheathment kinetics of Haemonchus contortus third-stage infective larvae. Parasitol Res 2023; 122:833-845. [PMID: 36670313 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-023-07780-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This study developed and evaluated an in vitro rumen incubation (IVRI) method to describe the exsheathment kinetics of Haemonchus contortus third-stage infective larvae (L3) in ruminal liquor (RL). The specific objectives were (i) to standardize the IVRI method to facilitate the contact between L3 and RL as well as the larval recovery, and (ii) to apply the IVRI method to describe the exsheathment kinetics of H. contortus and to select the best fitting nonlinear model. Incubation devices containing H. contortus larvae were incubated according to the IVRI technique in cattle RL or PBS. The incubation conditions included RL mixed with a nitrogen-rich media, maintained at 39 °C, with pH = 7.0, vented with CO2 and manual agitation. The larvae were recovered after 0, 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h. The exsheathed and ensheathed larvae were counted to estimate the exsheathment (%) in RL or PBS. Exsheathment in RL was analyzed with nonlinear regression models: Exponential, Gompertz, Logistic, Log-Logistic, and Weibull. The models' fit was compared to select the one that best described the exsheathment kinetics. The exsheathment in RL reached 6.52%, 20.65%, 58.22%, 69.24%, 73.08%, and 77.20% in 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 24 h, respectively. Although the Gompertz, Weibull, and Logistic models were adequate to describe the observed exsheathment, the Log-Logistic model had the best fit. The IVRI method using bovine RL represents a suitable tool for the study of the in vitro exsheathment kinetics of H. contortus L3.
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Cañaveral-Martínez UR, Sánchez-Santillán P, Torres-Salado N, Hernández-Sánchez D, Herrera-Pérez J, Ayala-Monter MA. Effect of waste mango silage on the in vitro gas production, in situ digestibility, intake, apparent digestibility, and ruminal characteristics in calf diets. Vet World 2023; 16:421-430. [PMID: 37041828 PMCID: PMC10082734 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.421-430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Mexico is the fifth largest producer of mangoes in the world. For the conservation of agro-industrial waste and crop residues, the ensiling technique has shown good results. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of increasing the level of mango silage (86% waste mango and 14% pangola grass hay) in calf diets on in vitro gas production, in situ digestibility, intake, apparent digestibility, and ruminal characteristics.
Materials and Methods: The diets contained 0 (T0), 30 (T1), 45 (T2), and 60% (T3) mango silage. The partial (24, 48, and 72 h) and cumulative (72 h) biogas, CH4 production, and degradation were determined in the in vitro evaluation. In situ digestibility and estimators of fermentation kinetics of dry matter (DM) and organic matter (OM) were determined. Intake, apparent nutrient digestibility, and rumen parameters of calves (200 kg) were evaluated in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Response to increased mango silage was calculated by linear and quadratic orthogonal contrasts.
Results: In vitro partial and cumulative biogas production decreased linearly (p < 0.05), and the partial and cumulative CH4 production did not show linear or quadratic contrast (p > 0.05); in vitro DM degradation, in vitro neutral detergent fiber degradation, and in vitro acid detergent fiber degradation showed a linear increase (p < 0.05). In situ dry matter digestibility (DMDis), in situ organic matter digestibility (OMDis), b, a + b, c, and effective digestibility (ED) of DMDis, a, a + b, c, and ED of OMDis increased linearly (p < 0.05). Dry matter intake, OM intake, and crude protein intake showed a linear increase (p < 0.05); NDF intake and ADF intake presented a quadratic behavior (p < 0.05). Apparent digestibility of DM, OM, CP, and hemicellulose, pH, N-NH3, total bacterial count, acetate, propionate, butyrate, volatile fatty acids, acetate: propionate ratio, cellulolytic bacteria, and protozoa did not present a linear or quadratic orthogonal effect (p > 0.05).
Conclusion: The in vitro, in situ, and in vivo variables demonstrated that up to 60% mango silage can be used for the intensive fattening of calves in confinement.
Keywords: alternative feed, alternative feeding, cattle, silage, tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulises Remo Cañaveral-Martínez
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Master in Bovine Production in the Tropics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics No. 2 of the Autonomous University of Guerrero, Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, 41940, México
| | - Paulino Sánchez-Santillán
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Master in Bovine Production in the Tropics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics No. 2 of the Autonomous University of Guerrero, Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, 41940, México
| | - Nicolás Torres-Salado
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Master in Bovine Production in the Tropics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics No. 2 of the Autonomous University of Guerrero, Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, 41940, México
| | - David Hernández-Sánchez
- Post Graduate Program of Livestock, Postgraduate College, Montecillos, Estado de México, 56230, México
| | - Jerónimo Herrera-Pérez
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Master in Bovine Production in the Tropics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics No. 2 of the Autonomous University of Guerrero, Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, 41940, México
| | - Marco Antonio Ayala-Monter
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Master in Bovine Production in the Tropics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics No. 2 of the Autonomous University of Guerrero, Cuajinicuilapa, Guerrero, 41940, México
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Bharanidharan R, Thirugnanasambantham K, Ibidhi R, Baik M, Kim TH, Lee Y, Kim KH. Metabolite Profile, Ruminal Methane Reduction, and Microbiome Modulating Potential of Seeds of Pharbitis nil. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:892605. [PMID: 35615517 PMCID: PMC9125194 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.892605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We identified metabolites in the seeds of Pharbitis nil (PA) and evaluated their effects on rumen methanogenesis, fiber digestibility, and the rumen microbiome in vitro and in sacco. Four rumen-cannulated Holstein steers (mean body weight 507 ± 32 kg) were used as inoculum donor for in vitro trial and live continuous culture system for in sacco trial. PA was tested in vitro at doses ranging from 4.5 to 45.2% dry matter (DM) substrate. The in sacco trial was divided into three phases: a control phase of 10 days without nylon bags containing PA in the rumen, a treatment phase of 11 days in which nylon bags containing PA (180 g) were placed in the rumen, and a recovery phase of 10 days after removing the PA-containing bags from the rumen. Rumen headspace gas and rumen fluid samples were collected directly from the rumen. PA is enriched in polyunsaturated fatty acids dominated by linoleic acid (C18:2) and flavonoids such as chlorogenate, quercetin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, and quinic acid derivatives. PA decreased (p < 0.001) methane (CH4) production linearly in vitro with a reduction of 24% at doses as low as 4.5% DM substrate. A quadratic increase (p = 0.078) in neutral detergent fiber digestibility was also noted, demonstrating that doses < 9% DM were optimal for simultaneously enhancing digestibility and CH4 reduction. In sacco, a 50% decrease (p = 0.087) in CH4 coupled with an increase in propionate suggested increased biohydrogenation in the treatment phase. A decrease (p < 0.005) in ruminal ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) was also noted with PA in the rumen. Analysis of the rumen microbiome revealed a decrease (p < 0.001) in the Bacteroidetes-to-Firmicutes ratio, suggesting PA to have antiprotozoal potential. At the genus level, a 78% decrease in Prevotella spp. and a moderate increase in fibrolytic Ruminococcus spp. were noted in the treatment phase. In silico binding of PA metabolites to cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinase of Entodinium caudatum supported the antiprotozoal effect of PA. Overall, based on its high nutrient value and antiprotozoal activity, PA could probably replace the ionophores used for CH4 abatement in the livestock industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajaraman Bharanidharan
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Krishnaraj Thirugnanasambantham
- Department of Ecofriendly Livestock Science, Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
- Pondicherry Centre for Biological Science and Educational Trust, Villupuram, India
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, India
| | - Ridha Ibidhi
- Department of Ecofriendly Livestock Science, Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
| | - Myunggi Baik
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Tae Hoon Kim
- Department of International Agricultural Technology, Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
| | - Yookyung Lee
- National Institute of Animal Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Kyoung Hoon Kim
- Department of Ecofriendly Livestock Science, Institutes of Green-Bio Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
- Department of International Agricultural Technology, Graduate School of International Agricultural Technology, Seoul National University, Pyeongchang, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Kyoung Hoon Kim,
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Rahavi SMH, Ahmadi F, Vahid A, Moinoddini H, Ghayour M, Tagliapietra F. Technical note: design, development and validation of an automated gas monitoring equipment for measurement of the dynamics of microbial fermentation. MethodsX 2022; 9:101641. [PMID: 35251949 PMCID: PMC8892151 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2022.101641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The present technical note describes design, development and validation of an automated equipment for measurement of kinetics of gas production during fermentation in glass bottles. The overall repeatability and precision of the developed system was evaluated and compared with the manual gas measurement technique in respect to characterization of the fermentation kinetics of ruminant livestock feeds. Two incubations were carried out, during which the GP of six different feeds was measured with the automated system or manual technique. During a 48-hour incubation period, pressure data were collected at 15-minute intervals using automated equipment, yielding 192 head-space pressure measurements for each bottle. In manual measurement, incubations were performed with the nominal 60-mL serum bottle, and headspace pressure was read using a digital pressure gauge and then released at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 36, and 48 hours of incubation. The automated equipment recorded greater GP (+11.5%, over the 48-h incubation) than the manual measurement, and the repeatability and coefficient of repeatability values indicated that the GP data obtained with manual equipment were less repeatable. The automated equipment measures the fermentative GP kinetics with greater precision and repeatability than manual technique.An automated batch GP equipment was designed, developed and validated, and a comparison was made with GP data obtained manually using a digital pressure gauge. The automated equipment provided more reliable and repeatable data compared with manual measurement. The automated equipment is available with lower cost and more functionality.
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Alam MJ, Islam M, Jeon CO, Lee KC, Kim SH, Yang CJ, Kabir ME, Lee SS. In vitro assessment of probiotic potential of selected bacteria isolated from pig faeces with potential application of odour reduction. Int J Vet Sci Med 2021; 9:22-30. [PMID: 34277842 PMCID: PMC8259812 DOI: 10.1080/23144599.2021.1936962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the odour reduction potential of four different bacterial species such as Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Acetobacter tropicalis, and Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis that were isolated from fresh faeces of pigs and identified based on16S rDNA gene sequence analyses. Faecal slurry in anaerobic salt medium with 1% soluble starch (which was served as control group) and the addition of four different isolated bacterial cultures (1.0 × 107CFU/mL), designated as M1, M2, M3, and M4, respectively, were incubated anaerobically for 12 and 24 h. Total gas production was increased with the incubation period (p < 0.05). M1 and M4 had decreased pattern (p < 0.05) of ammonia and hydrogen sulphide gas from 12 to 24 h. The lowest total volatile fatty acids (p < 0.05), highest lactate, and moderate butyrate concentration was observed in the M1 group at 24 h of incubation. Likewise, M1 group had the lowest total biogenic amine, histamine, ethylamine, putrescine, methylamine, and cadaverine compared to the other groups (p < 0.05) at 24 h of incubation. Overall results suggest that E. faecium can be used as a potent odour reducer in pigs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jahangir Alam
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea.,Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mahfuzul Islam
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea.,Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Che-Ok Jeon
- Department of Life Science & Research Center for Biomolecules and Biosystems, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Choon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Seon-Ho Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chul-Ju Yang
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
| | - M Enayet Kabir
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sang-Suk Lee
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Sunchon National University, Suncheon, Republic of Korea
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Jiménez-Ocampo R, Montoya-Flores MD, Herrera-Torres E, Pámanes-Carrasco G, Arceo-Castillo JI, Valencia-Salazar SS, Arango J, Aguilar-Pérez CF, Ramírez-Avilés L, Solorio-Sánchez FJ, Piñeiro-Vázquez ÁT, Ku-Vera JC. Effect of Chitosan and Naringin on Enteric Methane Emissions in Crossbred Heifers Fed Tropical Grass. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061599. [PMID: 34071608 PMCID: PMC8226738 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The increase in human population and the concomitant rise in demand for animal protein have contributed to augment enteric methane emissions. It is imperative to reduce methane, increase sustainable production, avoid the use of chemical compounds, and guarantee quality products for the consumer. Chitosan and naringin possess antimicrobial properties, and they have shown their capacity to reduce methane in in vitro trials. This study investigated their effects as feed additives given to improve ruminal fermentation and nutrient utilization and decrease methane in crossbred heifers fed tropical grass. In in vitro experiments, chitosan and naringin at three levels (0, 1.5, 3.0 g/kg) showed significant methane reductions when 1.5 g/kg of chitosan was included. The in situ study did not reveal changes in rumen degradability with the inclusion of the additives. However, in in vivo assays, chitosan and naringin at 1.5 or 3.0 g/kg dry matter intake or the combination of both compounds (1.5 and 1.5 g/kg) given directly into the rumen did not induce changes in rumen fermentation, methane production, or nutrient utilization. However, given the promising evidence from other studies, more research needs to be conducted to clarify the potential effects of chitosan and naringin in animal production. Abstract In order to meet consumer needs, the livestock industry is increasingly seeking natural feed additives with the ability to improve the efficiency of nutrient utilization, alternatives to antibiotics, and mitigate methane emissions in ruminants. Chitosan (CHI) is a polysaccharide with antimicrobial capability against protozoa and Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, fungi, and yeasts while naringin (NA) is a flavonoid with antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. First, an in vitro gas production experiment was performed adding 0, 1.5, 3.0 g/kg of CHI and NA under a completely randomized design. The substrate containing forage and concentrate in a 70:30 ratio on a dry matter (DM) basis. Compounds increased the concentration of propionic acid, and a significant reduction in methane production was observed with the inclusion of CHI at 1.5 g/kg in in vitro experiments (p < 0.001). In a dry matter rumen degradability study for 96 h, there were no differences in potential and effective degradability. In the in vivo study, six crossbred heifers fitted with rumen cannulas were assigned to a 6 × 6 Latin square design according to the following treatments: control (CTL), no additive; chitosan (CHI1, 1.5 g/kg DMI); (CHI2, 3.0 g/kg DMI); naringin (NA1, 1.5 g/kg DMI); (NA2, 3.0 g/kg DMI) and a mixture of CHI and NA (1.5 + 1.5 g/kg DMI) given directly through the rumen cannula. Additives did not affect rumen fermentation (p > 0.05), DM intake and digestibility of (p > 0.05), and enteric methane emissions (p > 0.05). CHI at a concentration of 1.5 g/kg DM in in vitro experiments had a positive effect on fermentation pattern increasing propionate and reduced methane production. In contrast, in the in vivo studies, there was not a positive effect on rumen fermentation, nor in enteric methane production in crossbred heifers fed a basal ration of tropical grass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Jiménez-Ocampo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico; (J.I.A.-C.); (C.F.A.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (F.J.S.-S.)
- National Institute for Forestry, Agriculture and Livestock Research—INIFAP, Experimental Field Valle del Guadiana, Durango C.P. 34170, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.J.-O.); (J.C.K.-V.)
| | - María Denisse Montoya-Flores
- National Center for Disciplinary Research in Physiology and Animal Breeding, National Institute for Forestry, Crops, and Livestock Research—Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Ajuchitlan C.P. 76280, Mexico;
| | - Esperanza Herrera-Torres
- National Technologic of Mexico, Technological Institute of Valle del Guadiana, Durango C.P. 34371, Mexico;
| | - Gerardo Pámanes-Carrasco
- Institute of Silviculture and Wood Industry, National Council of Science and Technology–Durango State Juarez University, Durango CP 34126, Mexico;
| | - Jeyder Israel Arceo-Castillo
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico; (J.I.A.-C.); (C.F.A.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (F.J.S.-S.)
| | | | - Jacobo Arango
- International Center for Tropical Agriculture (CIAT), Palmira C.P. 763537, Colombia;
| | - Carlos Fernando Aguilar-Pérez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico; (J.I.A.-C.); (C.F.A.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (F.J.S.-S.)
| | - Luis Ramírez-Avilés
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico; (J.I.A.-C.); (C.F.A.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (F.J.S.-S.)
| | - Francisco Javier Solorio-Sánchez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico; (J.I.A.-C.); (C.F.A.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (F.J.S.-S.)
| | | | - Juan Carlos Ku-Vera
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Yucatan, Merida C.P. 97100, Mexico; (J.I.A.-C.); (C.F.A.-P.); (L.R.-A.); (F.J.S.-S.)
- Correspondence: (R.J.-O.); (J.C.K.-V.)
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