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White MR, Yates DT. Dousing the flame: reviewing the mechanisms of inflammatory programming during stress-induced intrauterine growth restriction and the potential for ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intervention. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1250134. [PMID: 37727657 PMCID: PMC10505810 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1250134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) arises when maternal stressors coincide with peak placental development, leading to placental insufficiency. When the expanding nutrient demands of the growing fetus subsequently exceed the capacity of the stunted placenta, fetal hypoxemia and hypoglycemia result. Poor fetal nutrient status stimulates greater release of inflammatory cytokines and catecholamines, which in turn lead to thrifty growth and metabolic programming that benefits fetal survival but is maladaptive after birth. Specifically, some IUGR fetal tissues develop enriched expression of inflammatory cytokine receptors and other signaling cascade components, which increases inflammatory sensitivity even when circulating inflammatory cytokines are no longer elevated after birth. Recent evidence indicates that greater inflammatory tone contributes to deficits in skeletal muscle growth and metabolism that are characteristic of IUGR offspring. These deficits underlie the metabolic dysfunction that markedly increases risk for metabolic diseases in IUGR-born individuals. The same programming mechanisms yield reduced metabolic efficiency, poor body composition, and inferior carcass quality in IUGR-born livestock. The ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are diet-derived nutraceuticals with anti-inflammatory effects that have been used to improve conditions of chronic systemic inflammation, including intrauterine stress. In this review, we highlight the role of sustained systemic inflammation in the development of IUGR pathologies. We then discuss the potential for ω-3 PUFA supplementation to improve inflammation-mediated growth and metabolic deficits in IUGR offspring, along with potential barriers that must be considered when developing a supplementation strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dustin T. Yates
- Stress Physiology Laboratory, Department of Animal Science, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
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Ospina-Romero MA, Medrano-Vázquez LS, Pinelli-Saavedra A, Sánchez-Villalba E, Valenzuela-Melendres M, Martínez-Téllez MÁ, Barrera-Silva MÁ, González-Ríos H. Productive Performance, Physiological Variables, and Carcass Quality of Finishing Pigs Supplemented with Ferulic Acid and Grape Pomace under Heat Stress Conditions. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2396. [PMID: 37508174 PMCID: PMC10376859 DOI: 10.3390/ani13142396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The effect of individual and combined supplementation of FA and GPM on physiological variables, productive performance, and carcass characteristics of finishing pigs under heat stress conditions were investigated. Forty Yorkshire × Duroc pigs (80.23 kg) were individually housed and randomly distributed into 4 groups under a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement (n = 10): Control (basal diet, BD); FA, BD + 25 mg FA; GPM, BD with 2.5% GPM; and MIX, BD with 25 mg FA and 2.5% GPM. Additives were supplemented for 31 days. The inclusion of FA or GPM did not modify rectal temperature and respiratory rate. There was an effect of the interaction on FI, which increased when only GPM was supplemented, with respect to Control and MIX (p < 0.05). Average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion (FC) were not affected by treatments (p > 0.05). The inclusion of FA improved hot and cold carcass weight, while the addition of GPM decreased the marbling (p < 0.05) and tended to increase loin area (p < 0.10). GPM increased liver weight (p < 0.05). The addition of GPM and FA can improve some carcass characteristics under heat stress conditions. It is necessary to continue investigating different levels of inclusion of GPM and FA in finishing pigs' diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- María A Ospina-Romero
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | - Leslie S Medrano-Vázquez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | - Araceli Pinelli-Saavedra
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | - Esther Sánchez-Villalba
- Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería, Universidad de Sonora, Carretera a Bahía de Kino km 21, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico
| | - Martín Valenzuela-Melendres
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-Téllez
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Barrera-Silva
- Departamento de Agricultura y Ganadería, Universidad de Sonora, Carretera a Bahía de Kino km 21, Hermosillo 83000, Mexico
| | - Humberto González-Ríos
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C. Carretera Gustavo Enrique Astiazarán Rosas, No. 46, Col. La Victoria, Hermosillo 83304, Mexico
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Plant-derived polyphenols in sow nutrition: An update. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2022; 12:96-107. [PMID: 36632620 PMCID: PMC9823128 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2022.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a potentially critical factor that affects productive performance in gestating and lactating sows. Polyphenols are a large class of plant secondary metabolites that possess robust antioxidant capacity. All polyphenols are structurally characterized by aromatic rings with multiple hydrogen hydroxyl groups; those make polyphenols perfect hydrogen atoms and electron donors to neutralize free radicals and other reactive oxygen species. In the past decade, increasing attention has been paid to polyphenols as functional feed additives for sows. Polyphenols have been found to alleviate inflammation and oxidative stress in sows, boost their reproductivity, and promote offspring growth and development. In this review, we provided a systematical summary of the latest research advances in plant-derived polyphenols in sow nutrition, and mainly focused on the effects of polyphenols on the (1) antioxidant and immune functions of sows, (2) placental functions and the growth and development of fetal piglets, (3) mammary gland functions and the growth and development of suckling piglets, and (4) the long-term growth and development of progeny pigs. The output of this review provides an important foundation, from more than 8,000 identified plant phenols, to screen potential polyphenols (or polyphenol-enriched plants) as functional feed additives suitable for gestating and lactating sows.
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López-Yerena A, Grases-Pintó B, Zhan-Dai S, Pérez-Cano FJ, Lamuela-Raventos RM, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Vallverdú-Queralt A. Nutrition during pregnancy and lactation: New evidence for the vertical transmission of extra virgin olive oil phenolic compounds in rats. Food Chem 2022; 391:133211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.133211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Heras-Molina A, Escudero R, Pesántez-Pacheco JL, García-Contreras C, Vázquez-Gómez M, Astiz S, Óvilo C, González-Bulnes A, Isabel B. Maternal Supplementation with Polyphenols and Omega-3 Fatty Acids during Pregnancy: Prenatal Effects on Fetal Fatty Acid Composition in the Iberian Pig. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12162140. [PMID: 36009731 PMCID: PMC9405247 DOI: 10.3390/ani12162140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study aimed to determine the effects of maternal dietary supplementation combining hydroxytyrosol and n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n3-PUFA) from day 35 to day 100 of gestation on the fatty acid (FA) composition of the offspring tissues of the Iberian pig. No effects were found in the plasma FA composition of the dams but higher levels of n3-PUFA were found in the plasma and different tissues (muscle, liver, and brain) of the supplemented fetuses. These findings may have important implications for piglets’ health and may offer guidance for achieving human dietary n3-PUFA recommendations. Abstract Intrauterine Growth Restriction (IUGR) is a major problem in pig production and different strategies, mainly maternal supplementation with different agents, are currently being studied. The combination of hydroxytyrosol and n3-PUFA seems to be a promising treatment to counteract IUGR, since the combination may help improve n3-PUFA composition and lower the inflammatory status of IUGR piglets. The aim of the present study is to determine the effects of a maternal supplementation, from day 35 to day 100 of pregnancy, with linseed oil and hydroxytyrosol on the fetal FA composition. The results showed higher n3 levels, including eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic FA in the offspring from treated gilts, which showed lower n6-PUFA/n3-PUFA (n6/n3) ratios. Saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids were also affected by treatment, especially in the muscle and brain. Thus, a maternal supplementation with linseed oil and hydroxytyrosol affected the fetal FA tissue composition, which could have implications in pig production due to the improvement of the piglets’ health status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Heras-Molina
- CSIC-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Escudero
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - José L. Pesántez-Pacheco
- CSIC-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, University of Cuenca, Avda. Doce de Octubre, Cuenca 010220, Ecuador
| | | | - Marta Vázquez-Gómez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches Research Unit (NutriOmics), INSERM, Sorbonne Université, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Susana Astiz
- CSIC-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- CSIC-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- CSIC-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7. Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.-B.); (B.I.)
| | - Beatriz Isabel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.-B.); (B.I.)
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Van Tichelen K, Prims S, Ayuso M, Van Kerschaver C, Vandaele M, Degroote J, Van Cruchten S, Michiels J, Van Ginneken C. Drenching Bovine Colostrum, Quercetin or Fructo-Oligosaccharides Has No Effect on Health or Survival of Low Birth Weight Piglets. Animals (Basel) 2021; 12:ani12010055. [PMID: 35011160 PMCID: PMC8749686 DOI: 10.3390/ani12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2021] [Revised: 12/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The introduction of hyperprolific sows has resulted in more low birth weight (LBW) piglets, accompanied by higher mortality. A possible strategy to enhance the resilience and survival of LBW piglets is oral supplementation (drenching) of bioactive substances. This study evaluated the supplementation of bovine colostrum, short-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (scFOS) or quercetin that were dissolved separately in a milk replacer. The study was divided into two sub-experiments. First, the milk replacer was compared with a sham drenched group. Secondly, each dissolved compound was compared with the milk replacer. The LBW piglets, defined as weighing between (mean litter birth weight -1*SD) and (mean litter birth weight -2.5*SD), were randomly allocated to the different treatments and drenched once a day for seven days. On day 1, 3, 9, 24 and 38, piglets were weighed and scored for skin lesions. Blood samples were collected on day 9 and 38 and analyzed to determine glucose, non-esterified fatty acids, urea, immunoglobulin G, insulin-like growth factor 1, and a standard blood panel test. There was no difference between sham drenched piglets and piglets that were drenched with milk replacer regarding any of the parameters. No effect was observed between the milk replacer group and any of the bioactive compounds either, except a higher mortality within the scFOS group. In conclusion, this study showed that drenching the evaluated bioactive compounds, in the used dosages, did not improve LBW piglets' resilience or survival and more research is required to determine the effect of scFOS on small piglets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Van Tichelen
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (K.V.T.); (S.P.); (M.A.); (S.V.C.)
| | - Sara Prims
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (K.V.T.); (S.P.); (M.A.); (S.V.C.)
| | - Miriam Ayuso
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (K.V.T.); (S.P.); (M.A.); (S.V.C.)
| | - Céline Van Kerschaver
- Laboratory for Animal Production and Animal Product Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (C.V.K.); (M.V.); (J.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Mario Vandaele
- Laboratory for Animal Production and Animal Product Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (C.V.K.); (M.V.); (J.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Jeroen Degroote
- Laboratory for Animal Production and Animal Product Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (C.V.K.); (M.V.); (J.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Steven Van Cruchten
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (K.V.T.); (S.P.); (M.A.); (S.V.C.)
| | - Joris Michiels
- Laboratory for Animal Production and Animal Product Quality, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; (C.V.K.); (M.V.); (J.D.); (J.M.)
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Faculty of Biomedical, Pharmaceutical and Veterinary Sciences, Antwerp University, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium; (K.V.T.); (S.P.); (M.A.); (S.V.C.)
- Correspondence:
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Polyphenols and IUGR Pregnancies: Intrauterine Growth Restriction and Hydroxytyrosol Affect the Development and Neurotransmitter Profile of the Hippocampus in a Pig Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10101505. [PMID: 34679640 PMCID: PMC8532848 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10101505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) refers to poor growth of a fetus during pregnancy due to deficient maternal nutrition or oxygen supply. Supplementation of a mother’s diet with antioxidants, such as hydroxytyrosol (HTX), has been proposed to ameliorate the adverse phenotypes of IUGR. In the present study, sows were treated daily with or without 1.5 mg of HTX per kilogram of feed from day 35 of pregnancy (at 30% of the total gestational period), and fetuses were sampled at day 100 of gestation. Fetuses were classified as normal body weight (NBW) or low body weight (LBW) as a consequence of IUGR, constituting four groups: NBW-Control, NBW-HTX, LBW-Control, and LBW-HTX. The brain was removed, and the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex were rapidly dissected. Neuronal markers were studied by immunohistochemistry, and a decrease in the number of mature neurons in the hippocampal Cornu Ammonis subfield 1 (CA1) and the Dentate Gyrus (DG) regions was observed in LBW fetuses together with a higher number of immature neurons and other alterations in neuronal morphology. Furthermore, IUGR conditions altered the neurotransmitter (NT) profile, since an increase in the serotonin (5-HT) pathway was observed in LBW fetuses. Supplementation with HTX was able to reverse the morphological and neurochemical changes, leading both characteristics to values similar to those of NBW fetuses.
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Heras-Molina A, Pesántez-Pacheco JL, Garcia-Contreras C, Vázquez-Gómez M, López A, Benítez R, Núñez Y, Astiz S, Óvilo C, Isabel B, González-Bulnes A. Maternal Supplementation with Polyphenols and Omega-3 Fatty Acids during Pregnancy: Prenatal Effects on Growth and Metabolism. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061699. [PMID: 34200304 PMCID: PMC8227179 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study aimed to determine benefits and risks of a dietary supplementation combining hydroxytyrosol and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on prenatal development and metabolic traits in swine, a model of intrauterine growth restricted (IUGR) pregnancies. No effects were found regarding sows’ weight and adiposity. Treated sows had larger litters, with smaller fetuses. However, these animals had better development of some major organs. Fetuses from the treated group had better glycemic and lipidic indexes, but no effects on anti/prooxidant profiles were found. Abstract Maternal supplementation with antioxidants and n-3 PUFAs may be a promising strategy to reduce the risk of intrauterine growth restriction and preterm delivery, which may diminish the appearance of low-birth-neonates. A previous studies showed beneficial outcomes of the combination of hydroxytyrosol and linoleic acid, but there is no data of its prenatal effects. The present study aimed to determine the possible prenatal implications of such maternal supplementation at prenatal stages in swine, a model of IUGR pregnancies. Results showed effects on litter size, with treated sows having larger litters and, therefore, smaller fetuses. However, the brain/head weight ratio showed a positive effect of the treatment in development, as well as in some other major organs like lungs, spleen, or kidneys. On the other hand, treated piglets showed better glycemic and lipidemic profiles, which could explain postnatal effects. However, further research on the implications of the treatment on litter size and prenatal and postnatal development must be done before practical recommendation can be given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Heras-Molina
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (C.G.-C.); (A.L.); (R.B.); (Y.N.); (S.A.); (C.Ó.)
| | - José Luis Pesántez-Pacheco
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (C.G.-C.); (A.L.); (R.B.); (Y.N.); (S.A.); (C.Ó.)
- Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine and Zootechnics, University of Cuenca, Avda. Doce de Octubre, Cuenca 010220, Ecuador
| | - Consolación Garcia-Contreras
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (C.G.-C.); (A.L.); (R.B.); (Y.N.); (S.A.); (C.Ó.)
| | - Marta Vázquez-Gómez
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (B.I.)
- Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Edifici V, Trav. dels Turons, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Adrián López
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (C.G.-C.); (A.L.); (R.B.); (Y.N.); (S.A.); (C.Ó.)
| | - Rita Benítez
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (C.G.-C.); (A.L.); (R.B.); (Y.N.); (S.A.); (C.Ó.)
| | - Yolanda Núñez
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (C.G.-C.); (A.L.); (R.B.); (Y.N.); (S.A.); (C.Ó.)
| | - Susana Astiz
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (C.G.-C.); (A.L.); (R.B.); (Y.N.); (S.A.); (C.Ó.)
| | - Cristina Óvilo
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (C.G.-C.); (A.L.); (R.B.); (Y.N.); (S.A.); (C.Ó.)
| | - Beatriz Isabel
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, UCM, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (M.V.-G.); (B.I.)
| | - Antonio González-Bulnes
- SGIT-INIA, Ctra. De La Coruña Km. 7.5, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (A.H.-M.); (J.L.P.-P.); (C.G.-C.); (A.L.); (R.B.); (Y.N.); (S.A.); (C.Ó.)
- Departamento de Producción y Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, Alfara del Patriarca, 46115 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Polyphenols and IUGR Pregnancies: Effects of the Antioxidant Hydroxytyrosol on Brain Neurochemistry and Development in a Porcine Model. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10060884. [PMID: 34073097 PMCID: PMC8227239 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10060884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Supplementation of a mother’s diet with antioxidants, such as hydroxytyrosol (HTX), has been proposed to ameliorate the adverse phenotypes of fetuses at risk of intrauterine growth restriction. In the present study, sows were treated daily with or without 1.5 mg of HTX per kilogram of feed from day 35 of pregnancy (at 30% of total gestational period), and individuals were sampled at three different ages: 100-day-old fetuses and 1-month- and 6-month-old piglets. After euthanasia, the brain was removed and the hippocampus, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex were dissected. The profile of the catecholaminergic and serotoninergic neurotransmitters (NTs) was characterized and an immunohistochemical study of the hippocampus was performed. The results indicated that maternal supplementation with HTX during pregnancy affected the NT profile in a brain-area-dependant mode and it modified the process of neuron differentiation in the hippocampal CA1 and GD areas, indicating that cell differentiation occurred more rapidly in the HTX group. These effects were specific to the fetal period, concomitantly with HTX maternal supplementation, since no major differences remained between the control and treated groups in 1-month- and 6-month-old pigs.
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