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Silva-Reis R, Faustino-Rocha AI, Silva J, Valada A, Azevedo T, Anjos L, Gonçalves L, Pinto MDL, Ferreira R, Silva AMS, Cardoso SM, Oliveira PA. Studying and Analyzing Humane Endpoints in the Fructose-Fed and Streptozotocin-Injected Rat Model of Diabetes. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081397. [PMID: 37106960 PMCID: PMC10135389 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aimed to define a humane endpoint scoring system able to objectively identify signs of animal suffering in a rat model of type 2 diabetes. Sprague-Dawley male rats were divided into control and induced group. The induced animals drink a 10% fructose solution for 14 days. Then, received an administration of streptozotocin (40 mg/kg). Animals' body weight, water and food consumption were recorded weekly. To evaluate animal welfare, a score sheet with 14 parameters was employed. Blood glucose levels were measured at three time points. After seven weeks of initiating the protocol, the rats were euthanized. The induced animals showed weight loss, polyuria, polyphagia, and polydipsia. According to our humane endpoints table, changes in animal welfare became noticeable after the STZ administration. None of the animals hit the critical score limit (four). Data showed that the most effective parameters to assess welfare in this type 2 diabetes rat induction model were dehydration, grooming, posture, abdominal visualization, and stool appearance. The glycemia was significantly higher in the induced group when compared to the controls (p < 0.01). Induced animals' murinometric and nutritional parameters were significantly lower than the controls (p < 0.01). Our findings suggest that in this rat model of type 2 diabetes with STZ-induced following fructose consumption, our list of humane endpoints is suitable for monitoring the animals' welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Silva-Reis
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
- CITAB Inov4Agro-Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Ana I Faustino-Rocha
- CITAB Inov4Agro-Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7000-812 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, 7000-812 Évora, Portugal
| | - Jéssica Silva
- CITAB Inov4Agro-Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Abigaël Valada
- CITAB Inov4Agro-Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Tiago Azevedo
- CITAB Inov4Agro-Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Lara Anjos
- CITAB Inov4Agro-Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Lio Gonçalves
- Engineering Department, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Systems and Computer Engineering, Technology and Science, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria de Lurdes Pinto
- Animal and Veterinary Research Center (CECAV), University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Artur M S Silva
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Susana M Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Paula A Oliveira
- CITAB Inov4Agro-Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-Os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Fuochi S, Galligioni V. Disease Animal Models for Cancer Research. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2645:105-125. [PMID: 37202613 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3056-3_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite nonanimal methods (NAMs) are more and more exploited and new NAMs are developed and validated, animal models are still used in cancer research. Animals are used at multiple levels, from understanding molecular traits and pathways, to mimicking clinical aspects of tumor progression, to drug testing. In vivo approaches are not trivial and involve cross-disciplinary knowledge: animal biology and physiology, genetics, pathology, and animal welfare.The aim of this chapter is not to list and address all animal models used in cancer research. Instead, the authors would like to guide experimenters in the strategies to adopt in both planning and performing in vivo experimental procedures, including the choice of cancer animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Fuochi
- Universität Bern, Experimental Animal Center, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Viola Galligioni
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience - KNAW, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Pulegone and Eugenol Oral Supplementation in Laboratory Animals: Results from Acute and Chronic Studies. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10102595. [PMID: 36289857 PMCID: PMC9599722 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Essential oils are natural compounds used by humans for scientific purposes due to their wide range of properties. Eugenol is mostly present in clove oil, while pulegone is the main constituent of pennyroyal oil. To guarantee the safe use of eugenol and pulegone for both humans and animals, this study addressed, for the first time, the effects of these compounds, at low doses (chronic toxicity) and high doses (acute toxicity), in laboratory animals. Thirty-five FVB/n female mice were randomly assigned to seven groups (n = 5): group I (control, non-additive diet); group II (2.6 mg of eugenol + 2.6 mg of pulegone); group III (5.2 mg of eugenol + 5.2 mg of pulegone); group IV (7.8 mg of eugenol + 7.8 mg of pulegone); group V (7.8 mg of eugenol); group VI (7.8 mg of pulegone); and group VII (1000 mg of eugenol + 1000 mg of pulegone). The compounds were administered in the food. Groups I to VI were integrated into the chronic toxicity study, lasting 28 days, and group VII was used in the acute toxicity study, lasting 7 days. Animals were monitored to assess their general welfare. Water and food intake, as well as body weight, were recorded. On the 29th day, all animals were euthanized by an overdose of ketamine and xylazine, and a complete necropsy was performed. Blood samples were collected directly from the heart for microhematocrit and serum analysis, as well as for comet assay. Organs were collected, weighed, and fixed in formaldehyde for further histological analysis and enzymatic assay. Eugenol and pulegone induced behavioral changes in the animals, namely in the posture, hair appearance and grooming, and in mental status. These compounds also caused a decrease in the animals’ body weight, as well as in the food and water consumption. A mortality rate of 20% was registered in the acute toxicity group. Both compounds modulated the serum levels of triglycerides and alanine aminotransferase. Eugenol and pulegone induced genetic damage in all animals. Eugenol increased the activity of the CAT enzyme. Both compounds increased the GR enzyme at the highest dose. Moreover, pulegone administered as a single compound increased the activity of the GST enzyme. Histopathological analysis revealed inflammatory infiltrates in the lungs of groups II, III, and IV. The results suggest that eugenol and pulegone may exert beneficial or harmful effects, depending on the dose, and if applied alone or in combination.
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Silva-Reis R, Castro-Ribeiro C, Gonçalves M, Ferreira T, Pires MJ, Iglesias-Aguirre CE, Cortés-Martín A, Selma MV, Espín JC, Nascimento-Gonçalves E, Moreira-Pais A, Neuparth MJ, Peixoto F, Rosa E, Gama A, Ferreira R, Oliveira PA, Faustino-Rocha AI. An Integrative Approach to Characterize the Early Phases of Dimethylhydrazine-Induced Colorectal Carcinogenesis in the Rat. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020409. [PMID: 35203618 PMCID: PMC8962270 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to characterize an animal model of colorectal cancer (CRC) in the early stages of disease development. Twenty-nine male Wistar rats were divided into two control groups (CTRL1 and CTRL2), receiving EDTA–saline injections and two induced groups (CRC1 and CRC2), receiving 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) injections for seven consecutive weeks. CRC1 and CTRL1 were euthanized at the 11th week, while CRC2 and CTRL2 were euthanized at the 17th week. DMH treatment decreased microhematocrit values and IL-6, ghrelin, and myostatin serum levels. Histopathological analysis of intestinal sections showed that DMH-treated rats were characterized by moderate to severe epithelial dysplasia. An adenoma was observed in one animal (CRC2 group), and the presence of inflammatory infiltrate at the intestinal level was primarily observed in DMH-treated animals. DMH also induced Ki-67 immunoexpression. The gut microbiota analysis showed a higher abundance of Firmicutes, Clostridia, Clostridiales, Peptostreptococcaceae, Blautia, Romboutsia, and Clostridium sensu stricto in CRC than CTRL rats, whereas Prevotellaceae, Prevotella, Akkermansia, and Lactobacillus levels were more prevalent in CTRL animals. Our results suggest that this model could be helpful to investigate chemoprevention in the early stages of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Silva-Reis
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.S.-R.); (C.C.-R.); (M.G.); (T.F.); (M.J.P.); (E.N.-G.); (E.R.); (P.A.O.)
| | - Catarina Castro-Ribeiro
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.S.-R.); (C.C.-R.); (M.G.); (T.F.); (M.J.P.); (E.N.-G.); (E.R.); (P.A.O.)
| | - Mariana Gonçalves
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.S.-R.); (C.C.-R.); (M.G.); (T.F.); (M.J.P.); (E.N.-G.); (E.R.); (P.A.O.)
| | - Tiago Ferreira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.S.-R.); (C.C.-R.); (M.G.); (T.F.); (M.J.P.); (E.N.-G.); (E.R.); (P.A.O.)
| | - Maria João Pires
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.S.-R.); (C.C.-R.); (M.G.); (T.F.); (M.J.P.); (E.N.-G.); (E.R.); (P.A.O.)
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Carlos E. Iglesias-Aguirre
- Laboratory Food & Health, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.E.I.-A.); (A.C.-M.); (M.V.S.); (J.C.E.)
| | - Adrián Cortés-Martín
- Laboratory Food & Health, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.E.I.-A.); (A.C.-M.); (M.V.S.); (J.C.E.)
| | - María V. Selma
- Laboratory Food & Health, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.E.I.-A.); (A.C.-M.); (M.V.S.); (J.C.E.)
| | - Juan Carlos Espín
- Laboratory Food & Health, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain; (C.E.I.-A.); (A.C.-M.); (M.V.S.); (J.C.E.)
| | - Elisabete Nascimento-Gonçalves
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.S.-R.); (C.C.-R.); (M.G.); (T.F.); (M.J.P.); (E.N.-G.); (E.R.); (P.A.O.)
| | - Alexandra Moreira-Pais
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.M.-P.); (R.F.)
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Maria J. Neuparth
- Research Center in Physical Activity, Health and Leisure (CIAFEL), Faculty of Sports, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal;
| | - Francisco Peixoto
- Chemistry Research Center, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Eduardo Rosa
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.S.-R.); (C.C.-R.); (M.G.); (T.F.); (M.J.P.); (E.N.-G.); (E.R.); (P.A.O.)
| | - Adelina Gama
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Science—AL4AnimalS, Animal and Veterinary Research Centre (CECAV), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Rita Ferreira
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; (A.M.-P.); (R.F.)
| | - Paula A. Oliveira
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.S.-R.); (C.C.-R.); (M.G.); (T.F.); (M.J.P.); (E.N.-G.); (E.R.); (P.A.O.)
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Ana I. Faustino-Rocha
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (R.S.-R.); (C.C.-R.); (M.G.); (T.F.); (M.J.P.); (E.N.-G.); (E.R.); (P.A.O.)
- Department of Zootechnics, School of Sciences and Technology, University of Évora, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Center, 7004-516 Évora, Portugal
- Correspondence:
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