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Gisbert P, Garcia-Ispierto I, Quintela LA, Guatteo R. Coxiella burnetii and Reproductive Disorders in Cattle: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1313. [PMID: 38731318 PMCID: PMC11083826 DOI: 10.3390/ani14091313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Coxiellosis or Q fever is an infectious zoonotic disease caused by the bacterium Coxiella burnetii. A systematic review using bibliographic research was carried out, and the focus was the relationship between C. burnetii infection and reproductive disorders in cattle [abortion/stillbirth/perinatal morality/weak calves (ASPW complex); retained foetal membranes (RFMs); metritis/endometritis; and infertility/sub-fertility]. The bibliographical search yielded 443 results from databases, but only 61 were deemed eligible. For each disorder, summary tables were prepared, and a scientific evidence score was calculated for each study based on four criteria to help assess the level of evidence for the impact of C. burnetii on the reproductive disorders assessed: type of publication (peer-reviewed or other); type of study (case-control/cohort or other); type of C. burnetii test (direct or indirect); and comparative statistical analysis (yes or no). In addition, summary tables also included information on the study population, country, authors and year of publication, key findings and an assessment of the evidence for an association. For the ASPW complex, RFMs, metritis/endometritis and infertility/sub-fertility, 43, 9, 8 and 19 studies provided data, respectively. On a scale of four, nearly 50% of all study citations had evidence scores of three or four. For ASPW, RFMs and infertility/sub-fertility, there is a significant body of evidence to support a deleterious role for Q fever. In contrast, for metritis/endometritis, the evidence is unclear. It is concluded that there is a substantial need for further research, particularly involving larger animal populations in more controlled settings. To provide more consistency, it is recommended that authors follow more precise definitions of reproductive parameters and more robust diagnostic methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe Gisbert
- Ceva Santé Animale, 10, Avenue de la Ballastière, CS30126, 33500 Libourne, France
| | - Irina Garcia-Ispierto
- Veterinària-Ciència i Producció Animal, Campus ETSEAFIV, Universitat de Lleida, 25198 Lleida, Spain;
| | - Luis Angel Quintela
- Reproduction and Obstetrics, Department of Animal Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain;
- IBADER, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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Rebollada-Merino A, Gómez-Buendía A, Domínguez L, Rodríguez-Bertos A. Forensic investigations of suspected livestock depredation by vultures: scientific tools for compensation programmes. J Comp Pathol 2024; 209:22-30. [PMID: 38350269 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
Human-wildlife conflicts may have devastating consequences for fauna due to targeting by humans of wildlife populations suspected to have predated livestock. Suspicion of depredation of extensively raised livestock by vultures in Europe has triggered public administration-led forensic investigations intended to distinguish between predation and scavenging in order to compensate farmers for attacks on their livestock. In this study, gross and histological analyses were carried out on suspected cases of domestic animal depredation by griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) over a 1-year period. Fifty-eight animals were affected (n = 41, suspected depredation), including domestic cattle (75.9%), sheep (22.4%) and a goat (1.7%). All the adults affected were female and most cases of suspected depredation occurred during the peripartum period (56%). Histological investigations distinguished between post-mortem (84% of diagnostic samples) and ante-mortem (16% of diagnostic samples) cases, and gross examinations revealed significant differences (P ≤ 0.002) between ante-mortem, post-mortem and non-diagnostic samples. This study highlights the need to optimize sampling protocols to increase the success of forensic studies. The forensic investigations presented here may be applied to resolve human-wildlife conflicts involving not only vultures but other endangered carnivores and contribute to human-wildlife coexistence in rural areas by protecting the interests of both the livestock sector and endangered species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Rebollada-Merino
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, 240 Farrier Rd, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.
| | - Alberto Gómez-Buendía
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Lucas Domínguez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodríguez-Bertos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain; Department of Internal Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid 28040, Spain
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Aymée L, Di Azevedo MIN, Reis L, Mendes J, de Castro FDFA, Carvalho-Costa FA, de Souza GN, Lilenbaum W. Unconventional Sites for Diagnosis of Leptospirosis in Bovine Anicteric Fetuses. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2832. [PMID: 37760232 PMCID: PMC10525537 DOI: 10.3390/ani13182832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bovine leptospirosis is an important reproductive disease and abortion is a major sign, leading to economic impacts. Due to its multifactorial etiology, the proper diagnosis of the cause of the abortion is crucial. Necropsy of the fetuses followed by molecular analysis is recommended for diagnosis, and the investigation mainly occurs in the kidneys and liver. This study aimed to analyze unconventional sites for the presence of leptospiral DNA in bovine anicteric aborted fetuses. METHODS Five fetuses of the same herd were received for necropsy and diagnosis. Conventional lipL32-PCR was performed in the fetuses' kidneys, livers, lungs, hearts, spleens, subcapsular kidney content, abomasal fluid, and in the cavity's hemorrhagic contents. To complete the investigation, the sera of 30 cows of the herd were collected to perform the serologic screening by Microscopic Agglutination Test. In addition, six subfertile non-pregnant cows from the same herd were selected due to their low reproductive performance, and genital samples (uterine fragment and cervicovaginal mucus) and urine were collected for lipL32-PCR. PCR-positive samples were submitted to a nested PCR of the secY gene and intended for sequencing. RESULTS The herd presented seroreactive animals (11/30, 36.6%), all against the Sejroe serogroup, with titers between 200 and 1600. In necropsy, four fetuses showed hemorrhagic and anicteric lesions, while one fetus had no macroscopic lesions. Regarding molecular analysis, all the fetuses were positive in lipL32-PCR and the positive sites were the heart, lungs, subcapsular kidney content, thymus, kidneys, liver, and abomasal fluid. Only one fetus presented positive results in the kidney and liver, while three fetuses were positive in the abomasal fluid. Five of six cows were positive for lipL32-PCR, all being positive only in genital samples. Of the fetuses and the cows, seven sequences were obtained and all were identified as Leptospira interrogans serogroup Sejroe serovar Hardjoprajitno. CONCLUSIONS In order to improve the diagnosis of leptospirosis in cows, it is recommended to perform a comprehensive analysis of the samples, beyond the kidneys and liver. Thus, we highly encourage testing multiple organs by PCR to investigate abortions suspected of bovine leptospirosis, particularly in anicteric fetuses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiza Aymée
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (L.A.)
| | - Maria Isabel Nogueira Di Azevedo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (L.A.)
| | - Luiza Reis
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (L.A.)
| | - Julia Mendes
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (L.A.)
| | | | - Filipe Anibal Carvalho-Costa
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Molecular Systematics, Oswaldo Cruz Institute, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Walter Lilenbaum
- Laboratory of Veterinary Bacteriology, Biomedical Institute, Federal Fluminense University, Niterói 24020-141, RJ, Brazil; (L.A.)
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Mee JF. Invited review: Bovine abortion-Incidence, risk factors and causes. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58 Suppl 2:23-33. [PMID: 37186386 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The true incidence of bovine abortion (42-260 days of gestation) is unknown because of under-reporting. This is particularly true of the first half of gestation when most abortions occur. From research studies, it is estimated that the animal-level incidence of abortion between day 45 and term is approximately 10%, being lower in suckler than in dairy cows. While wide variation exists in herd-level incidence, up to 30%, it is estimated that less than 5% of farmers report high (>5%) observed abortion rates. Given these figures, veterinary practitioners and farmers tend to use investigation thresholds close to these values, ≥5 and ≥3%, respectively. Most of the risk factors for abortion are animal-level factors (e.g. parity), but there are also herd-level factors (e.g. enterprise type). Of the many risk factors for bovine abortion, only a small number are modifiable. While the causes of bovine abortion are often classified as noninfectious or infectious, in reality, this means diagnosis not reached (DNR) or infectious. Approximately 40% of abortions are diagnosed as infectious and the remaining 60% as DNR; DNR includes both infectious and noninfectious causes not diagnosed. Increasingly, genetic causes are being diagnosed and changes to current national genetic selection indices may be warranted. Of the infectious causes, Neospora caninum is now the most commonly diagnosed abortifacient internationally, followed by Trueperella pyogenes, BVDv and fungi. Both national eradication programmes and effective vaccination programmes can reduce the burden of some infectious abortifacients, but the control of sporadic, noninfectious and Neospora-associated abortions remains challenging.
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Affiliation(s)
- John F Mee
- Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Fermoy, Ireland
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Mee JF, Hayes C, Stefaniak T, Jawor P. Review: Bovine foetal mortality - risk factors, causes, immune responses and immuno-prophylaxis. Animal 2023; 17 Suppl 1:100774. [PMID: 37567672 DOI: 10.1016/j.animal.2023.100774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This review of bovine foetal mortality (>42 d gestation) concluded that while the majority of risk factors associated with sporadic loss operate at animal-level, e.g. foetal plurality, those that operate at herd-level, e.g. some foetopathogenic infections, are more likely to result in abortion outbreaks. While the causes of foetal mortality have traditionally been classified as infectious and non-infectious, in fact, the latter category is a diagnosis of exclusion, generally without determination of the non-infectious cause. This review has also established that the traditional dichotomisation of infectious agents into primary and secondary pathogens is based on a flawed premise and these terms should be discontinued. The delicate balance of the maternal gestational immune system between not rejecting the allograft (conceptus) but rejecting (attacking) foetopathogens is stage-of-pregnancy-dependent thus the timing of infection determines the clinical outcome which may result in persistent infection or foetal mortality. Utilisation of our knowledge of the materno-foetal immune responses to foetopathogenic infection has resulted in the development of numerous mono- and polyvalent vaccines for metaphylactic or prophylactic control of bovine foetal mortality. While some of these have been shown to significantly contribute to reducing the risk of both infection and foetal mortality, others have insufficient, or conflicting evidence, on efficacy. However, recent developments in vaccinology, in particular the development of subunit vaccines and those that stimulate local genital tract immunity, show greater promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- J F Mee
- Teagasc, Moorepark Research Centre, Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Fermoy P61P302, Ireland.
| | - C Hayes
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Model Farm Road, Cork, Ireland
| | - T Stefaniak
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - P Jawor
- Department of Immunology, Pathophysiology and Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
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Robi DT, Bogale A, Urge B, Aleme M, Temteme S. Neglected zoonotic bacteria causes and associated risk factors of cattle abortion in different agro-ecological zones of southwest Ethiopia. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2023; 259:110592. [PMID: 37060817 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Three zoonotic bacteria, Coxiella burnetii, Leptospira spp, and Brucella spp, cause cattle abortion and significant losses in the livestock sector. However, these infections were neglected diseases in Ethiopia. Between October 2020 and October 2021, a cross-sectional study was carried out in southwest Ethiopia to determine the prevalence of abortion and identify the major zoonotic bacterial causes and risk factors that contribute to abortion. Using an indirect ELISA, antibodies to Brucella abortus, Leptospira Hardjo, and Coxiella burnetii were detected in serum samples taken from 461 cattle. Potential risk factors for cattle abortion were found using a multivariable random effect logistic regression analysis. The prevalence of cattle abortion was found to be 22.56 % (95 % CI: 18.74-26.38) in the study areas. Leptospira Hardjo (OR=1.8, 95% CI: 1.04-3.00), Coxiella burnetii (OR=2.7, 95 % CI: 1.26-5.62), and Brucella abortus (OR=9.8, 95 % CI: 1.27-17.15) were all associated with the occurrence of abortion in cattle, as were their co-infections (OR=8.1, 95 % CI: 1.28-39.33). Other risk factors for cattle abortion included breed (OR=16.7, 95 % CI: 2.20-26.77), herd size (OR=2.5, 95 % CI: 1.16-4.68), breeding method (OR=2.3, 95 % CI: 1.33-3.90), and contact with dogs (OR=2.2, 95 % CI: 1.34-3.53). According to the findings of this study, Brucella abortus, Coxiella burnetii, and Leptospira Hardjo are serious zoonoses that cause significant production loss in cattle due to abortion. To prevent transmission of these zoonotic diseases, it is crucial to implement effective control measures and increase public awareness. The causes of cattle abortion in the study areas should also be isolated and characterized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dereje Tulu Robi
- Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O Box: 34, Tepi, Ethiopia.
| | - Ararsa Bogale
- Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O Box: 34, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Beksisa Urge
- Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research, Holeta Agricultural Research Center, P.O. Box 2003, Holeta, Ethiopia
| | - Melkam Aleme
- Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O Box: 34, Tepi, Ethiopia
| | - Shiferaw Temteme
- Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Tepi Agricultural Research Center, P.O Box: 34, Tepi, Ethiopia
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Szenci O. Importance of Monitoring Fetal and Neonatal Vitality in Bovine Practices. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13061081. [PMID: 36978622 PMCID: PMC10044070 DOI: 10.3390/ani13061081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Prior to initiating any obstetrical intervention for anterior or posterior presentation, it is imperative to emphasize the need for a precise and accurate diagnosis of fetal viability and to select the most appropriate approach for assistance. In uncertain cases, diagnostic tools such as ultrasonography, pulse oximeter, or measurement of acid-base balance or lactate concentration may be employed to confirm the diagnosis. In situations of severe asphyxia, a cesarean section is preferred over traction, even if the duration of asphyxia is less than 60 s, to maximize the likelihood of the survival of the fetus. Postcalving, several vitality scores have been proposed to evaluate the vigor of the newborn calf. Originally, four different clinical signs were recommended for assessing the well-being of newborn calves. Subsequently, five or more different clinical signs were recommended to evaluate vitality. However, despite the efforts for devising a practical tool to assess newborn calf vitality; a user-friendly and highly accurate instrument that can be used on farms remains elusive. Measuring the acid-base balance or lactate concentration may increase the diagnostic accuracy. It is critical to emphasize the importance of reducing the incidence of dystocia to mitigate the occurrence of severe asphyxia. In instances where asphyxia is unavoidable, adequate treatments should be administered to minimize losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ottó Szenci
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Dóra Major, H-2225 Üllő, Hungary
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Kennedy A, Hogan I, Froehlich R, McGettrick S, Sánchez-Miguel C, Casey M, Sheehan M. Irish farmers' interactions with regional veterinary laboratories- reasons, results, reactions: a survey. Ir Vet J 2022; 75:18. [PMID: 36167621 PMCID: PMC9513898 DOI: 10.1186/s13620-022-00225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal health surveillance is important in ensuring optimal animal health and welfare. Monitoring of diagnostic submissions, including post-mortem examination of carcasses, at the Department of Agriculture Food and the Marine laboratories, provides the basis for this type of passive surveillance in Ireland. The process requires engagement from veterinarians and farmers from all sectors of the agricultural spectrum. This study aims to identify the reasons why farmers engaged in dairy, beef, sheep, and mixed farming enterprises submit carcasses or not to the Regional Veterinary Laboratories. Results Surveys were distributed in hard copy format at Regional Veterinary Laboratories, and fifty Teagasc facilitated farmer discussion groups. There were 1179 responses collected in 54 locations. The top reasons participants submitted to the laboratories were 1) to guide treatment/ vaccination, 2) fear of a contagious disease, and 3) if their veterinarian advised them to. The top reasons for not submitting were 1) the vet making a diagnosis on the farm, 2) the distance from the laboratory, and 3) lack of time and labour. Implementation of vaccination protocols was the main change implemented based on results, followed by management changes and the use of different treatments, e.g., switching from antibiotic to parasite treatment. Sheep enterprises were more likely than dairy to choose distance and cost as a reason not to submit. Dairying enterprises were more likely than other enterprise types to submit if they feared a contagious or zoonotic disease. Conclusion Positively, this survey shows the desire of participants to submit to the laboratories to guide treatment and vaccination protocols, potentially indicating that positive engagement between stakeholders and the RVLs will help promote optimal animal health and promote responsible antimicrobial use. Results also show the critical role of veterinarians in continued disease surveillance on farms. Maintaining engagement with all farming sectors will be essential in promoting successful animal health surveillance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aideen Kennedy
- Kilkenny Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Kilkenny, Ireland.
| | - Ian Hogan
- Limerick Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Rebecca Froehlich
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Shane McGettrick
- Sligo Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Sligo, Ireland
| | - Cosme Sánchez-Miguel
- Cork Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Cork, Ireland
| | - Micheál Casey
- Regional Veterinary Laboratories Division, Backweston Campus, Department Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Celbridge, Kildare, Ireland
| | - Maresa Sheehan
- Kilkenny Regional Veterinary Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Kilkenny, Ireland
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De Sousa Violante M, Podeur G, Michel V, Guillier L, Radomski N, Lailler R, Le Hello S, Weill FX, Mistou MY, Mallet L. A retrospective and regional approach assessing the genomic diversity of Salmonella Dublin. NAR Genom Bioinform 2022; 4:lqac047. [PMID: 35821882 PMCID: PMC9270687 DOI: 10.1093/nargab/lqac047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
From a historically rare serotype, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Dublin slowly became one of the most prevalent Salmonella in cattle and raw milk cheese in some regions of France. We present a retrospective genomic analysis of 480 S. Dublin isolates to address the context, evolutionary dynamics, local diversity and the genesis processes of regional S. Dublin outbreaks events between 2015 and 2017. Samples were clustered and assessed for correlation against metadata including isolation date, isolation matrices, geographical origin and epidemiological hypotheses. Significant findings can be drawn from this work. We found that the geographical distance was a major factor explaining genetic groups in the early stages of the cheese production processes (animals, farms) while down-the-line transformation steps were more likely to host genomic diversity. This supports the hypothesis of a generalised local persistence of strains from animal to finished products, with occasional migration. We also observed that the bacterial surveillance is representative of diversity, while targeted investigations without genomics evidence often included unrelated isolates. Combining both approaches in phylogeography methods allows a better representation of the dynamics, of outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleine De Sousa Violante
- Actalia, 419 route des champs laitiers , CS 50030, 74801 La Roche sur Foron, France
- INRAE, MaIAGE, Université Paris-Saclay , F-78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Gaëtan Podeur
- Actalia, 419 route des champs laitiers , CS 50030, 74801 La Roche sur Foron, France
| | - Valérie Michel
- Actalia, 419 route des champs laitiers , CS 50030, 74801 La Roche sur Foron, France
| | - Laurent Guillier
- ANSES, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie , 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Nicolas Radomski
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell’Abruzzo e del Molise ‘Giuseppe Caporale’ (IZSAM) , via Campo Boario, 64100 Teramo, TE, Italy
| | - Renaud Lailler
- ANSES, 14 Rue Pierre et Marie Curie , 94700 Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Simon Le Hello
- UNICAEN, Groupe de Recherche sur l’Adaptation Microbienne, GRAM 2.0, EA2656, University of Caen Normandy , Caen, France
| | - François-Xavier Weill
- Institut Pasteur, Unité des Bactéries Pathogènes Entériques, Centre National de Référence des Escherichia coli, Shigella et Salmonella , Paris, France
| | | | - Ludovic Mallet
- Institut Claudius Regaud , 1 avenue Irène Joliot-Curie, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
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de Oliveira TES, Scuisato GS, Fritzen JTT, Silva DC, Massi RP, Pelaquim IF, Silva LE, Flores EF, Lima Santos R, Pretto-Giordano LG, Lisbôa JAN, Alfieri AA, Headley SA. Infectious Disease Agents Associated with Pulmonary Alterations in Aborted Bovine Fetuses. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12131596. [PMID: 35804494 PMCID: PMC9265084 DOI: 10.3390/ani12131596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary A retrospective study was performed to identify pulmonary alterations and/or pneumonia in aborted bovine fetuses (n = 37) and to associate the presence of infectious disease antigens and nucleic agents with patterns and/or alterations of pulmonary disease. Immunohistochemical (IHC) assays were performed to identify antigens of selected agents associated with bovine respiratory disease: bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and Mycoplasma bovis. Molecular assays were performed to identify nucleic acids of a panel of reproductive disease agents and bovine gammaherpesvirus 6 (BoGHV6) in the lungs of 12 fetuses. Only interstitial pneumonia (12/37) and suppurative bronchopneumonia (1/37) were observed; pneumonia was not observed in 65% of the tissues evaluated. The most frequent intralesional agents were BRSV (16.2%; 6/37), BVDV (13.5%; 5/37), and BoAHV1 (8.1%; 3/37). Interstitial pneumonia was associated with BRSV (n = 3), BoAHV1 (n = 3), and BVDV (n = 2); suppurative bronchopneumonia contained a Gram-positive bacterium and intralesional antigens of BVDV and BRSV. Nucleic acid detection identified at least one disease agent in 75% of the fetuses examined. Reproductive pathogens detected included Leptospira spp., (n = 3), BVDV, Neospora caninum, and Brucella abortus (n = 2). BoGHV6 DNA was identified in the lungs of two fetuses with interstitial pneumonia. Single (n = 7), dual (n = 3), triple (n = 4), and quadruple (n = 1) mixed infections were identified while infectious agents were not identified in 59.5% (22/37) of the examined lungs. Single fetal infections were associated with BRSV, BVDV (n = 2), Leptospira spp., BoAHV1, and BoGHV6 (n = 1). These results indicate that the fetuses suffered intrauterine infection through transplacental transmission. The identification of BRSV and BoGHV6 in multiple fetuses with associated pulmonary alterations warrants further investigation relative to the role of these agents in fetopathy and possible direct and/or indirect effects on fetal survival. Abstract This study investigated the occurrence of selected pathogens of bovine respiratory disease in fetal pulmonary tissue of cattle and associated these with patterns of disease. Fetal pulmonary (n = 37) tissues were evaluated by histopathology; immunohistochemical assays identified intralesional antigens of bovine alphaherpesvirus 1 (BoAHV1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (BPIV-3), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), and Mycoplasma bovis. Molecular assays were performed to amplify reproductive disease pathogens and bovine gammaherpesvirus 6 (BoGHV6) from 12 lungs. The 2 patterns of pulmonary diseases were interstitial pneumonia (12/37) and suppurative bronchopneumonia (1/37). The frequency of the intralesional antigens identified was BRSV (16.2%; 6/37), BVDV (13.5%; 5/37), BoAHV1 (8.1%; 3/37), M. bovis (5.4%; 2/37), and BPIV-3 (2.7%; 1/37). Interstitial pneumonia was associated with BRSV (n = 3), BoAHV1 (n = 3), and BVDV (n = 2); suppurative bronchopneumonia contained a Gram-positive bacterium and BVDV and BRSV. Reproductive pathogens detected included Leptospira spp., (n = 3), BVDV, Neospora caninum, and Brucella abortus (n = 2). BoGHV6 DNA was identified in the lungs of two fetuses with interstitial pneumonia. These findings suggest that these fetuses were infected transplacentally by several pathogens. The role of some of these pathogens herein identified must be further elucidated in the possible participation of fetal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalita Evani Silva de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (T.E.S.d.O.); (G.S.S.); (I.F.P.); (L.E.S.)
| | - Gabriela Sanches Scuisato
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (T.E.S.d.O.); (G.S.S.); (I.F.P.); (L.E.S.)
| | - Juliana Torres Tomazi Fritzen
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (J.T.T.F.); (D.C.S.); (R.P.M.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Denise Correia Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (J.T.T.F.); (D.C.S.); (R.P.M.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Rodrigo Pelisson Massi
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (J.T.T.F.); (D.C.S.); (R.P.M.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Isadora Fernanda Pelaquim
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (T.E.S.d.O.); (G.S.S.); (I.F.P.); (L.E.S.)
| | - Luara Evangelista Silva
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (T.E.S.d.O.); (G.S.S.); (I.F.P.); (L.E.S.)
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil;
| | - Renato Lima Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics and Surgery, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil;
| | - Lucienne Garcia Pretto-Giordano
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
| | - Júlio Augusto Naylor Lisbôa
- Large Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Veterinary Clinics, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil;
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT–LEITE), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Amauri Alcindo Alfieri
- Laboratory of Animal Virology, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (J.T.T.F.); (D.C.S.); (R.P.M.); (A.A.A.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT–LEITE), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Laboratory of Animal Pathology, Department of Veterinary Preventive Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil; (T.E.S.d.O.); (G.S.S.); (I.F.P.); (L.E.S.)
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Dairy Production Chain (INCT–LEITE), Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina 86057-970, Brazil
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-43-3371-4766
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Role of Infection and Immunity in Bovine Perinatal Mortality: Part 2. Fetomaternal Response to Infection and Novel Diagnostic Perspectives. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11072102. [PMID: 34359230 PMCID: PMC8300098 DOI: 10.3390/ani11072102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Bovine perinatal mortality (death of the fetus or calf before, during, or within 48 h of calving at full term (≥260 days) may be caused by noninfectious and infectious causes. Although infectious causes of fetal mortality are diagnosed less frequently, infection in utero may also compromise the development of the fetus without causing death. This review presents fetomaternal responses to infection and the changes which can be observed in such cases. Response to infection, especially the concentration of immunoglobulins and some acute-phase proteins, may be used for diagnostic purposes. Some changes in internal organs may also be used as an indicator of infection in utero. However, in all cases (except pathogen-specific antibody response) non-pathogen-specific responses do not aid in pathogen-specific diagnosis of the cause of calf death. But, nonspecific markers of in utero infection may allow us to assign the cause of fetal mortality to infection and thus increase our overall diagnosis rate, particularly in cases of the “unexplained stillbirth”. Abstract Bovine perinatal mortality due to infection may result either from the direct effects of intrauterine infection and/or the fetal response to such infection, leading to the fetal inflammatory response syndrome (FIRS). Both intrauterine infection and FIRS, which causes multi-organ damage and involution of immune organs, compromise fetal survivability, sometimes fatally. Organ injury associated with FIRS may, in addition to causing fetal mortality, irreversibly compromise extrauterine adaptation of the neonate, a recognized problem in human fetuses. Diagnosis of intrauterine infection and of FIRS requires related, but independent analytical approaches. In addition to detection of pathogens, the immune and inflammatory responses of the bovine fetus may be utilized to diagnose intrauterine infection. This can be done by detection of specific changes in internal organs and the measurement of antibodies and/or elements of the acute phase reaction. Currently our ability to diagnose FIRS in bovine fetuses and neonates is limited to research studies. This review focuses on both the fetomaternal response to infection and diagnostic methods which rely on the response of the fetus to infection and inflammatory changes, as well other methods which may improve diagnosis of intrauterine infection in cases of bovine perinatal mortality.
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