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Mishi S, Anakpo G, Matekenya W, Tshabalala N. COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Implications for Economic Recovery: Evidence from Nelson Mandela Bay Municipality in South Africa. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1339. [PMID: 37631907 PMCID: PMC10458140 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11081339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The phenomenon of vaccine hesitancy is a growing threat to public health with far-reaching implications. The widening gap between the vaccinated and the proportion of vaccinated people needed for herd immunity raises two critical research questions that are of interest to practitioners, researchers, and policymakers: (1) What determines one's decision to be vaccinated? (2) What is the implication of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy for economic recovery? In this study, we use empirical data in the context of South Africa to investigate factors affecting COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and their implications for economic recovery. Findings reveal key socio-demographic and institutional drivers of COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, which include age (the youth are more hesitant), inadequate information on the vaccine (those who perceive they have adequate information are vaccinated), trust issues in government institutions, conspiracy beliefs, vaccine-related factors, and perceived side effects associated with the vaccine. Additionally, an individual's decision to remain hesitant about COVID-19 vaccination has implications for businesses and the economy by limiting movement and trade, increasing unemployment, and causing a resurgence of new variants. Based on the findings, action plans such as information dissemination, convenience vaccination centers, consistent communications, and targeted campaign strategies are recommended for improving vaccine uptake and a positive economic recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Godfred Anakpo
- Department of Economics, Nelson Mandela University, Gqeberha 6001, South Africa; (S.M.); (W.M.); (N.T.)
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Raju T, Manchanayake T, Danial A, Zamri-Saad M, Azmai MNA, Md Yasin IS, Mohd Nor N, Salleh A. Evaluating the Intestinal Immunity of Asian Seabass (Lates calcarifer, Bloch 1790) following Field Vaccination Using a Feed-Based Oral Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11030602. [PMID: 36992186 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11030602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
This study describes the levels of gut lysozyme and IgM, the number, size and density of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) regions, and the lymphocyte population in Asian seabass following field oral administration of a feed-based vaccine. Fish in a grow-out farm were selected and divided into two groups; Group 1 was vaccinated at week 0, 2, and 6, while Group 2 was not vaccinated. Samplings were done at 2-week intervals when the fish were observed for clinical signs, and gross lesions were recorded. The intestinal tissue and gut lavage fluid were collected. GALT regions (numbers, size, density and population of lymphocytes) were analyzed. Clinical signs such as abnormal swimming pattern and death, and gross lesions including scale loss, ocular opacity, and skin ulceration were observed in both groups. At the end of the study, the incidence rate between both groups were significantly different (p < 0.05). The gut IgM level and lysozyme activity, lymphocyte population, number, size and density of GALT regions of Group 1 were significantly (p < 0.05) higher than Group 2. Therefore, this study concludes that the feed-based vaccine reduces the incidence of vibriosis by stimulating the gut immunity of the vaccinated fish with an enhanced GALT region, specific IgM production against Vibrio harveyi, and lysozyme responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanusha Raju
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory (AquaHealth), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Tilusha Manchanayake
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Amir Danial
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory (AquaHealth), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Zamri-Saad
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory (AquaHealth), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohammad Noor Amal Azmai
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory (AquaHealth), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ina Salwany Md Yasin
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory (AquaHealth), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Norhariani Mohd Nor
- Department of Veterinary Preclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Annas Salleh
- Aquatic Animal Health and Therapeutics Laboratory (AquaHealth), Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Veterinary Laboratory Diagnosis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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Field Efficacy of a Feed-Based Inactivated Vaccine against Vibriosis in Cage-Cultured Asian Seabass, Lates calcarifer, in Malaysia. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 11:vaccines11010009. [PMID: 36679854 PMCID: PMC9865705 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio spp. are important aquaculture pathogens that cause vibriosis, affecting large numbers of marine fish species. This study determines the field efficacy of a feed-based inactivated vaccine against vibriosis in cage-cultured Asian seabass. A total of 4800 Asian seabass, kept in a field environment, were separated equally into two groups (vaccinated and non-vaccinated) in duplicate. Fish of Group 1 were orally administered the feed-based vaccine on weeks 0 (prime vaccination), 2 (booster), and 6 (second booster) at 4% body weight, while the non-vaccinated fish of Group 2 were fed with a commercial formulated pellet without the vaccine. Fish gut, mucus, and serum were collected, the length and weight of the fish were noted, while the mortality was recorded at 2-week intervals for a period of 16 weeks. The non-specific lysozyme activities were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the fish of Group 1 than the non-vaccinated fish of Group 2. Similarly, the specific IgM antibody levels in serum and mucus were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in Group 1 than in Group 2, as seen in the second week, with the highest level 8 weeks after primary immunization. At week 16, the growth performance was significantly (p < 0.05) better in Group 1 and showed lower bacterial isolation in the gut than Group 2. Despite the statistical insignificance (p > 0.05), the survival rate was slightly higher in Group 1 (71.3%) than Group 2 (67.7%). This study revealed that feed-based vaccination improves growth performance, stimulates innate and adaptive immune responses, and increases protection of cultured Asian seabass, L. calcarifer, against vibriosis.
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Andretta M, Call DR, Nero LA. Insights into antibiotic use in Brazilian dairy production. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Milimani Andretta
- InsPOA—Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Veterinária Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário Viçosa MG 36570‐900 Brazil
| | - Douglas Ruben Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health Washington State University 240 SE Ott Road Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Luís Augusto Nero
- InsPOA—Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal, Departamento de Veterinária Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Universitário Viçosa MG 36570‐900 Brazil
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Fulber JPC, Kamen AA. Development and Scalable Production of Newcastle Disease Virus-Vectored Vaccines for Human and Veterinary Use. Viruses 2022; 14:975. [PMID: 35632717 PMCID: PMC9143368 DOI: 10.3390/v14050975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for efficient vaccine platforms that can rapidly be developed and manufactured on a large scale to immunize the population against emerging viruses. Viral-vectored vaccines are prominent vaccine platforms that have been approved for use against the Ebola virus and SARS-CoV-2. The Newcastle Disease Virus is a promising viral vector, as an avian paramyxovirus that infects poultry but is safe for use in humans and other animals. NDV has been extensively studied not only as an oncolytic virus but also a vector for human and veterinary vaccines, with currently ongoing clinical trials for use against SARS-CoV-2. However, there is a gap in NDV research when it comes to process development and scalable manufacturing, which are critical for future approved vaccines. In this review, we summarize the advantages of NDV as a viral vector, describe the steps and limitations to generating recombinant NDV constructs, review the advances in human and veterinary vaccine candidates in pre-clinical and clinical tests, and elaborate on production in embryonated chicken eggs and cell culture. Mainly, we discuss the existing data on NDV propagation from a process development perspective and provide prospects for the next steps necessary to potentially achieve large-scale NDV-vectored vaccine manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Amine A. Kamen
- Viral Vectors and Vaccines Bioprocessing Group, Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada;
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Yamada M, Badr S, Udugama IA, Fukuda S, Nakaya M, Yoshioka Y, Sugiyama H. A systematic techno-economic approach to decide between continuous and batch operation modes for injectable manufacturing. Int J Pharm 2021; 613:121353. [PMID: 34896214 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A comprehensive approach is proposed to systematically determine the optimal mode of operation between continuous and batch injectable manufacturing considering product and market conditions. At the core of this approach are two integrated complete mathematical modules for discrete and continuous injectable manufacturing, which are supplemented with an economic evaluation module that can then be used to explore the impact of all relevant process parameters (e.g., lot-size, number of operators, solubility, product demand, raw material costs). When the developed approach was applied to two case studies, it was found that batch production was preferred at low to moderate solution (raw material) costs. In contrast, at higher solution costs, the preference for batch and continuous production processes changed back and forth as the annual product demand changed. The study also found that continuous production processes became increasingly preferred at medium to large final dosage volumes and a competitive alternative even at moderate solution costs. From a decision-making point of view, batch injectable manufacturing will be preferred over the novel continuous manufacturing technology unless there is a significant economic incentive to overcome the perceived technology risk. The proposed approach is intended as a decision-support tool for pharmaceutical process engineers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Yamada
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Sara Badr
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Isuru A Udugama
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shouko Fukuda
- Settsu Plant, Shionogi Pharma Co., Ltd., 2-5-1, Mishima, Settsu-Shi, 556-0022 Osaka, Japan
| | - Manabu Nakaya
- Settsu Plant, Shionogi Pharma Co., Ltd., 2-5-1, Mishima, Settsu-Shi, 556-0022 Osaka, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Yoshioka
- Settsu Plant, Shionogi Pharma Co., Ltd., 2-5-1, Mishima, Settsu-Shi, 556-0022 Osaka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Sugiyama
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656 Tokyo, Japan.
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Pouresmaieli M, Ekrami E, Akbari A, Noorbakhsh N, Moghadam NB, Mamoudifard M. A comprehensive review on efficient approaches for combating coronaviruses. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 144:112353. [PMID: 34794240 PMCID: PMC8531103 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Almost 80% of people confronting COVID-19 recover from COVID-19 disease without any particular treatments. They experience heterogeneous symptoms; a wide range of respiratory symptoms, cough, dyspnea, fever, and viral pneumonia. However, some others need urgent intervention and special treatment to get rid of this widespread disease. So far, there isn't any unique drug for the potential treatment of COVID 19. However, some available therapeutic drugs used for other diseases seem beneficial for the COVID-19 treatment. On the other hand, there is a robust global concern for developing an efficient COVID-19 vaccine to control the COVID-19 pandemic sustainably. According to the WHO report, since 8 October 2021, 320 vaccines have been in progress. 194 vaccines are in the pre-clinical development stage that 126 of them are in clinical progression. Here, in this paper, we have comprehensively reviewed the most recent and updated information about coronavirus and its mutations, all the potential therapeutic approaches for treating COVID-19, developed diagnostic systems for COVID- 19 and the available COVID-19 vaccines and their mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Pouresmaieli
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran,Faculty of Mining, Petroleum and Geophysics, Shahrood University of Technology, Shahrood, Iran
| | - Elena Ekrami
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Akbari
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran,Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Kharazmi University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Noorbakhsh
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran,Faculty of Medical Science and Technologies, Islamic Azad University Science and Research, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negin Borzooee Moghadam
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran
| | - Matin Mamoudifard
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Biotechnology, National Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (NIGEB), Tehran, Iran.
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