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Ryt-Hansen P, Johansen VK, Cuicani MM, Larsen LE, Hansen S. Outbreak of equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) in Denmark: tracing patient zero and viral characterization. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:287. [PMID: 38961400 PMCID: PMC11221098 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-04149-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Equine herpesvirus 4 (EHV-4) causes respiratory disease in horses, and the virus is considered endemic in the global equine population. However, outbreaks can occur when several horses are gathered in relation to shows, competitions, breeding units and at hospitals. In the spring year 2022, an EHV-4 outbreak occurred at the Large Animal Teaching Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark. Nine horses were tested EHV-4 positive during the outbreak, which lasted approx. seven weeks. In addition, a tenth horse "Eq10" tested EHV-4 positive almost three weeks after the last of the outbreak horses tested positive. Detailed clinical registrations were obtained from all ten horses as well as their location and movement during hospitalization. Nasal swabs were obtained throughout the outbreak and tested by qPCR for EHV-4. Additionally, pre- and post-infection sera were tested for the presence of EHV-4 antibodies. Selected samples were characterized by partial and full genome sequencing. RESULTS The most common clinical signs of the EHV-4 infected horses during this outbreak were pyrexia, nasal discharge, mandibular lymphadenopathy and increased lung sounds upon auscultation. Based on the locations of the horses, EHV-4 detection and antibody responses the most likely "patient zero" was identified as being "Eq1". Partial genome sequencing revealed that Eq10 was infected by another wild type EHV-4 strain, suggesting that the hospital was able to eliminate the outbreak by testing and reinforcing biosecurity measures. The complete genome sequence of the outbreak strain was obtained and revealed a closer relation to Australian and Japanese EHV-4 strains rather than to other European EHV-4 strains, however, very limited sequence data are available from Europe. CONCLUSION The study illustrated the transmission of EHV-4 within an equine facility/hospital and provided new insights into the viral shedding, antibody responses and clinical signs related to EHV-4 infections. Finally, sequencing proved a useful tool in understanding the transmission within the hospital, and in characterizing of the outbreak strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Ryt-Hansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, Frederiksberg C, DK-1870, Denmark.
| | - Victoria Kyhl Johansen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, Frederiksberg C, DK-1870, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Erik Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 2, Frederiksberg C, DK-1870, Denmark
| | - Sanni Hansen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Taastrup, Denmark
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El-Zayat M, Shemies OA, Mosad SM, El Rahman SA. Recent sequencing and phylogenetic analysis of equine herpesviruses 1 and 4 among different equine populations in Egypt. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10:639-646. [PMID: 38370903 PMCID: PMC10868697 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Equine herpes viruses (EHVs) are considered one of the most important respiratory pathogens in equids, resulting in serious outcomes for equine health worldwide. The objectives of the current research were the detection, molecular characterization, and isolation of EHV-1 and EHV-4 circulating within different equine populations in Egypt, either clinically or in apparently healthy horses. Material and Methods A total of 120 field samples were collected, and DNA was extracted. Screening and typing of extracted DNA were done by consensus and conventional PCR assays for detection of EHV-1 and EHV-4, followed by sequencing and phylogenetic analysis to confirm the virus identity. Selected positive samples for both EHV-1 and EHV-4 were subjected to Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell lines for virus isolation. Results The obtained results revealed that 58/120 (48%) samples were positive for EHVs. Typing of positive samples showed that EHV-1 was detected in (48/120) 40% of samples and EHV-4 was detected in (15/120) 12% of samples, while dual infection by both EHV-1 and 4 was detected in five samples. Conclusion The current study revealed new data on the continuous circulation of EHV-1 and EHV-4 within equine populations in Egypt, and individual horses could be infected by multiple EHVs. In addition, latently infected horses are acting as potential reservoirs for frequent virus reactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Zayat
- Virology Research Department (VRD), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Omayma A. Shemies
- Virology Research Department (VRD), Agricultural Research Center (ARC), Animal Health Research Institute (AHRI), Giza, Egypt
| | - Samah M. Mosad
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sahar Abd El Rahman
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Shapter FM, Granados-Soler JL, Stewart AJ, Bertin FR, Allavena R. Equine Crofton Weed ( Ageratina spp.) Pneumotoxicity: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know? Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:2082. [PMID: 37443880 DOI: 10.3390/ani13132082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Crofton weed (Ageratina adenophora) is a global and highly invasive weed, with ingestion causing severe respiratory disease in horses, leading to irreversible and untreatable pulmonary fibrosis and oedema. While reports of equine pneumotoxicity remain common in Australia and New Zealand, equine pneumotoxicity may be underdiagnosed in other countries where Crofton weed is endemic but poorly differentiated. The pathogenesis of Crofton weed toxicity following ingestion has been well described in a number of different animal models, including rodents, rabbits, and goats. However, induced toxicity is organ-selective across different animal species, and these vastly differ from the pathogenesis described in horses, both clinically and after experimental exposure. Sources of variation may include species-specific susceptibility to different toxins present in the plant, different mechanistic processes of toxicity, and species differences in toxin biotransformation and bioactivation across different organs. Considering disease severity and Crofton weed's invasiveness globally, assessing published toxicological and exposure data is necessary to advance research, identify specific toxins for horses, and possible prophylactic and therapeutic strategies. This review presents an overview of the available literature on equine toxicity, parallels between toxicity in horses and other animal species, and important aspects to be included in the future research agenda.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances Marie Shapter
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland Gatton, 5391 Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - José Luis Granados-Soler
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland Gatton, 5391 Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Allison J Stewart
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland Gatton, 5391 Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Francois Rene Bertin
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland Gatton, 5391 Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
| | - Rachel Allavena
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland Gatton, 5391 Warrego Highway, Gatton, QLD 4343, Australia
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Anderson C, Baha H, Boghdeh N, Barrera M, Alem F, Narayanan A. Interactions of Equine Viruses with the Host Kinase Machinery and Implications for One Health and Human Disease. Viruses 2023; 15:v15051163. [PMID: 37243249 DOI: 10.3390/v15051163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Zoonotic pathogens that are vector-transmitted have and continue to contribute to several emerging infections globally. In recent years, spillover events of such zoonotic pathogens have increased in frequency as a result of direct contact with livestock, wildlife, and urbanization, forcing animals from their natural habitats. Equines serve as reservoir hosts for vector-transmitted zoonotic viruses that are also capable of infecting humans and causing disease. From a One Health perspective, equine viruses, therefore, pose major concerns for periodic outbreaks globally. Several equine viruses have spread out of their indigenous regions, such as West Nile virus (WNV) and equine encephalitis viruses (EEVs), making them of paramount concern to public health. Viruses have evolved many mechanisms to support the establishment of productive infection and to avoid host defense mechanisms, including promoting or decreasing inflammatory responses and regulating host machinery for protein synthesis. Viral interactions with the host enzymatic machinery, specifically kinases, can support the viral infectious process and downplay innate immune mechanisms, cumulatively leading to a more severe course of the disease. In this review, we will focus on how select equine viruses interact with host kinases to support viral multiplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Anderson
- School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Haseebullah Baha
- School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Niloufar Boghdeh
- Institute of Biohealth Innovation, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Michael Barrera
- School of Systems Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Farhang Alem
- Institute of Biohealth Innovation, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
| | - Aarthi Narayanan
- Department of Biology, College of Science, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030, USA
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Finger MA, Biava JS, Dornbusch PT, Perotta JH, Ullmann LS, Serpa PBDS, Kmetiuk LB, dos Santos AP, Biondo AW, Leutenegger C, Filho IRDB. Molecular detection of equid herpesvirus in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from asymptomatic horses in Southern Brazil. Vet World 2022; 15:2597-2602. [PMID: 36590117 PMCID: PMC9798070 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.2597-2602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Molecular approaches to diagnose respiratory viruses have provided an opportunity for early and subclinical pathogen detection, particularly in samples from the upper respiratory tract. This study aimed to investigate the presence of herpesviruses, particularly equid herpesvirus (EHV)-2 and EHV-5, in samples from the lower respiratory tract of healthy racehorses from Southern Brazil. Materials and Methods Samples from the lower respiratory tract (i.e., bronchoalveolar lavage fluid [BALF]) were assessed by video endoscopy, cytological evaluation of BALF, and tracheal aspirates (TA), along with quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), to detect equine herpesvirus infection in the lower respiratory tract samples and compare corresponding cytological and endoscopic findings. Results At least one abnormality per horse during endoscopy examination was observed, including, but not limited to, mucous secretion in the airways and pharyngeal lymphoid hyperplasia. The presence of EHV-2 and/or EHV-5 was detected by qPCR in 3/10 animals. One horse was positive for EHV-2 alone, one for EHV-5 alone, and one for both. Conclusion To the authors' knowledge, this is the first molecular detection of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in Brazilian thoroughbred horses. These findings may provide new insights into the epidemiology of EHV-2 and EHV-5 in Brazilian horses, evidencing the importance of the molecular investigation, early detection, and prevention of respiratory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariane Angélica Finger
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, UFPR - Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR, 80035, Brazil
| | - Janaina Socolovski Biava
- Department of Animal Science, College of Agriculture “Luiz de Queiroz”, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, SP, 13418-900, Brazil
| | - Peterson Triches Dornbusch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, UFPR - Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR, 80035, Brazil
| | - João Henrique Perotta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, UFPR - Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR, 80035, Brazil
| | - Leila Sabrina Ullmann
- Biotechnology Institute, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, 18607-440, SP, Brazil
| | - Priscila Beatriz da SiIva Serpa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine. Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, UFPR - Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR, 80035, Brazil
| | | | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, UFPR - Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR, 80035, Brazil,Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Christian Leutenegger
- Director Molecular Diagnostics, Antech Diagnostics - Molecular Diagnostics, Fountain Valley, CA, 92708, USA
| | - Ivan Roque de Barros Filho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, UFPR - Federal University of Paraná, Rua dos Funcionários, 1540, Curitiba, PR, 80035, Brazil,Corresponding author: Ivan Roque de Barros Filho, e-mail: Co-authors: MAF: , JSB: , PTD: , JHP: , LSU: , PBSS: , LBK: , APS: , AWB: , CL: , IRBF:
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Badr C, Souiai O, Arbi M, El Behi I, Essaied MS, Khosrof I, Benkahla A, Chabchoub A, Ghram A. Epidemiological and Phylogeographic Study of Equid Herpesviruses in Tunisia. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11091016. [PMID: 36145448 PMCID: PMC9504996 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11091016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Equid herpesvirus (EHV) is a contagious viral disease affecting horses, causing illness characterized by respiratory symptoms, abortion and neurological disorders. It is common worldwide and causes severe economic losses to the equine industry. The present study was aimed at investigating the incidence of EHVs, the genetic characterization of Tunisian isolates and a spatiotemporal study, using 298 collected samples from diseased and clinically healthy horses. The global incidence of EHV infection was found to be about 71.81%. EHV2 and EHV5 were detected in 146 (48.99%) and 159 (53.35%) sampled horses, respectively. EHV1 was detected in 11 samples (3.69%); EHV4 was not detected. Co-infections with EHV1-EHV2, EHV1-EHV5 and EHV2-EHV5 were observed in 0.33%, 1.34% and 31.54% of tested horses, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses showed that gB of EHV2 and EHV5 displays high genetic diversity with a nucleotide sequence identity ranging from 88 to 100% for EHV2 and 97.5 to 100% for EHV5. Phylogeography suggested Iceland and USA as the most likely countries of origin of the Tunisian EHV2 and EHV5 isolates. These viruses detected in Tunisia seemed to be introduced in the 2000s. This first epidemiological and phylogeographic study is important for better knowledge of the evolution of equid herpesvirus infections in Tunisia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaima Badr
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Microbiology Veterinary (LR19IPT03), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
- Correspondence:
| | - Oussama Souiai
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Marwa Arbi
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Imen El Behi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Microbiology Veterinary (LR19IPT03), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Mohamed S. Essaied
- National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, La Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Ines Khosrof
- National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, La Manouba 2010, Tunisia
| | - Alia Benkahla
- Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Biomathematics and Biostatistics (LR16IPT09), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Ahmed Chabchoub
- National School of Veterinary Medicine, Sidi Thabet, University of Manouba, La Manouba 2010, Tunisia
- Laboratory of Viruses, Vectors and Hosts (LR20IPT10), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Microbiology Veterinary (LR19IPT03), Institute Pasteur of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar, Tunis 1002, Tunisia
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Virus Infection in Equine. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12080957. [PMID: 35454204 PMCID: PMC9030645 DOI: 10.3390/ani12080957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
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