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Singha S, Koop G, Rahman MM, Ceciliani F, Howlader MMR, Boqvist S, Cremonesi P, Hoque MN, Persson Y, Lecchi C. Foodborne bacteria in milk and milk products along the water buffalo milk chain in Bangladesh. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16708. [PMID: 39030251 PMCID: PMC11271598 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67705-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Controlling foodborne pathogens in buffalo milk is crucial for ensuring food safety. This study estimated the prevalence of nine target genes representing seven critical foodborne bacteria in milk and milk products, and identified factors associated with their presence in buffalo milk chain nodes in Bangladesh. One hundred and forty-three milk samples from bulk tank milk (n = 34), middlemen (n = 37), milk collection centers (n = 37), and milk product shops (n = 35) were collected and analyzed using RT-PCR. Escherichia (E.) coli, represented through yccT genes, was the most prevalent throughout the milk chain (81-97%). Chi-squared tests were performed to identify the potential risk factors associated with the presence of foodborne bacteria encoded for different genes. At the middleman level, the prevalence of E. coli was associated with the Mymensingh, Noakhali, and Bhola districts (P = 0.01). The prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes, represented through inlA genes, and Yersinia (Y.) enterocolitica, represented through yst genes, were the highest at the farm level (65-79%). The prevalence of both bacteria in bulk milk was associated with the Noakhali and Bhola districts (P < 0.05). The prevalence of Y. enterocolitica in bulk milk was also associated with late autumn and spring (P = 0.01) and was higher in buffalo-cow mixed milk than in pure buffalo milk at the milk collection center level (P < 0.01). The gene stx2 encoding for Shiga toxin-producing (STEC) E. coli was detected in 74% of the milk products. At the middleman level, the prevalence of STEC E. coli was associated with the use of cloths or tissues when drying milk containers (P = 0.01). Salmonella enterica, represented through the presence of invA gene, was most commonly detected (14%) at the milk collection center. The use of plastic milk containers was associated with a higher prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus, represented through htrA genes, at milk product shops (P < 0.05). These results suggest that raw milk consumers in Bangladesh are at risk if they purchase and consume unpasteurized milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuvo Singha
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900, Lodi, Italy
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Gerrit Koop
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
- Sustainable Ruminant Health, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, 3584 CL, The Netherlands
| | - Md Mizanur Rahman
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Fabrizio Ceciliani
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900, Lodi, Italy
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
| | - Md Matiar Rahman Howlader
- Department of Physiology, Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Sofia Boqvist
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh.
- Department of Animal Biosciences, The Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 750 07, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Paola Cremonesi
- Institute of Agricultural Biology and Biotechnology, National Research Council, 26900, Lodi, Italy
| | - M Nazmul Hoque
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics and Reproductive Health, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Gazipur, 1706, Bangladesh
| | - Ylva Persson
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
- Swedish Veterinary Agency, 751 89, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Cristina Lecchi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 26900, Lodi, Italy
- Udder Health Bangladesh, Chattogram, 4225, Bangladesh
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Tripaldi C, Palocci G, Rinaldi S, Di Giovanni S, Cali M, Renzi G, Costa C. The multivariate effect of chemical and oxidative characteristics of Buffalo Mozzarella cheese produced with different contents of frozen curd. INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Tripaldi
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA) Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura Via Salaria 31, Monterotondo 00015 Rome Italy
| | - Giuliano Palocci
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA) Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura Via Salaria 31, Monterotondo 00015 Rome Italy
| | - Simona Rinaldi
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA) Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura Via Salaria 31, Monterotondo 00015 Rome Italy
| | - Sabrina Di Giovanni
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA) Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura Via Salaria 31, Monterotondo 00015 Rome Italy
| | - Massimo Cali
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA) Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura Via Salaria 31, Monterotondo 00015 Rome Italy
| | - Gianluca Renzi
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA) Centro di ricerca Zootecnia e Acquacoltura Via Salaria 31, Monterotondo 00015 Rome Italy
| | - Corrado Costa
- Consiglio per la ricerca in agricoltura e l'analisi dell'economia agraria (CREA) Centro di ricerca Ingegneria e Trasformazioni agroalimentari Via della Pascolare 16, Monterotondo 00015 Rome Italy
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