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Abstract
Nematode, cestode, protozoan, microsporidian, and pentastomid parasites affect domesticated and wild rabbits, hares, and jackrabbits of the genera Brachylagus, Lepus, Oryctolagus, Pentalagus, and Sylvilagus. Some endoparasite infections are of limited or no significance, whereas others have potentially profound consequences. Accurate identification of endoparasites of rabbits, hares, and jackrabbits is an important facet of the work of veterinary pathologists engaged in lagomorph pathology. Here I review endoparasites from the pathologist's perspective, focusing on pathogenesis, lesions, and implications of infection. Stomach nematodes Graphidium strigosum and Obeliscoides cuniculi are infrequently pathogenic but may cause gastritis and gastric mucosal thickening. Nematodes Passalurus ambiguus, Protostrongylus spp., Trichostrongylus spp., and Trichuris spp. are rarely associated with disease. Adult Capillaria hepatica (syn. Calodium hepaticum) nematodes and non-embryonated eggs cause granulomatous hepatitis in wild Oryctolagus cuniculus and Lepus europaeus, resulting in multifocal, off-white, hepatic lesions, which may be misdiagnosed as hepatic eimeriosis. When the rabbit is an intermediate host for carnivore cestodes, the space-occupying effects of Cysticercus pisiformis and Coenurus serialis may have pathologic consequences. Eimeria stiedai is a major cause of white-spotted liver in O. cuniculus, particularly in juveniles. Enteric coccidiosis is a noteworthy cause of unthriftiness in young animals, and frequently manifests as diarrhea with grossly appreciable multifocal off-white intestinal lesions. O. cuniculus is the natural host for the zoonotic microsporidian Encephalitozoon cuniculi. Infection may be acute and focused mainly on the kidneys, or it may follow a chronic disease course, frequently with neurologic lesions. A latent carrier status may also develop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Hughes
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Máca O, Gudiškis N, Butkauskas D, González-Solís D, Prakas P. Red foxes ( Vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs ( Nyctereutes procyonoides) as potential spreaders of Sarcocystis species. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1392618. [PMID: 38903682 PMCID: PMC11188440 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1392618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Sarcocystis includes a global group of apicomplexan parasites with two-host life cycle frequently circulating in wildlife and domestic hosts, including humans. Two of the most important wild terrestrial carnivores acting as definitive hosts are the red fox and raccoon dog, due to their wide distribution in Europe and usage of wild and farmed animals as prey. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of Sarcocystis in hunted red foxes and raccoon dogs from nine regions of the Czech Republic and to identify isolated sporocysts by molecular techniques. Methods Approximately 5 g of the contents of large intestine from 200 animals (197 red foxes and three raccoon dogs) were examined by flotation centrifugation coprological method. Only samples of 50 red foxes and one raccoon dog positive to Sarcocystis spp. were used for the nested PCR (nPCR) method to amplify a fragment or partial sequence on the cox1 gene. Ten species-specific primer pairs for detection of Sarcocystis spp. using farm animals as intermediate hosts were utilized. Results In total, 38.1% of the red foxes and 66.7% of the raccoon dogs were positive to Sarcocystis by light microscopy. The molecular characterization resulted in the identification of five species in the red fox: S. arieticanis, S. capracanis, S. cruzi, S. miescheriana, and S. tenella, while the PCR was negative for the sole raccoon dog. The highest intraspecific variation was found for S. miescheriana, while S. tenella was the most prevalent. Co-infections occurred in the large intestine of the red fox. No zoonotic species were found in our samples. Conclusion This is the first study where the potential role of the red fox and raccoon dogs as spreaders of Sarcocystis to farm animals in the Czech Republic is shown. The use of species-specific primers provides a fast and easy method for screening multiple samples for a particular Sarcocystis species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Máca
- Department of Pathology and Parasitology, State Veterinary Institute Prague, Prague, Czechia
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Prague, Czechia
| | | | | | - David González-Solís
- Department of Systematics and Aquatic Ecology, El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Chetumal, Mexico
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Arias-Pacheco C, Perin PP, de Oliveira Andrade L, Gomes JS, Oliveira WJ, Mendonça TO, de Oliveira Zolla N, Cavallieri AC, da Silva DA, Castilho PM, de Barros LD, Garcia JL, Lux Hoppe EG. Toxoplasma gondii infection in European brown hares (Lepus europaeus) in Brazil. Parasitol Res 2024; 123:222. [PMID: 38801539 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-024-08248-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Toxoplasmosis is a worldwide zoonosis that affects warm-blooded animals, including humans. Wild animals can act as intermediate hosts of this pathogen; thus, this study aims to detect Toxoplasma gondii infection in invasive European brown hares in Brazil. For this, 72 wild European brown hares were captured from July 2020 to June 2022 in three Brazilian states: São Paulo, Paraná, and Rio Grande do Sul. The diagnostic of Toxoplasma gondii infection was performed by bioassay in mouse, histopathology in Hematoxylin-Eosin-stained tissue sections (brain, liver, lungs, kidneys, and small intestine), serology by IFAT, and molecular techniques by conventional PCR and qPCR. The combined prevalence of the different diagnostic methods was 51.4% (37/72, CI= 40.1 - 62.6 %), and there was no statistical difference between sexes, age range, or geographical region of the hosts. Mouse bioassay was the technique that detected more positive hares. To our knowledge, this is the first confirmation of Toxoplasma gondii infection in invasive European brown hares in Brazil. These animals act as reservoirs and potential infection source for carnivores and other wild and domestic animals, including humans, thus contributing to perpetuate the disease cycle in São Paulo, Paraná, and Rio Grande do Sul States. Research such as the present study is necessary to raise awareness about the role of animals in the disease cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Arias-Pacheco
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Patricia Parreira Perin
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Lívia de Oliveira Andrade
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Jonathan Silvestre Gomes
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Wilson Junior Oliveira
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Talita Oliveira Mendonça
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Natália de Oliveira Zolla
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Cavallieri
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, State University of Londrina, São Paulo, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Douglas Aparecido da Silva
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, State University of Londrina, São Paulo, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Pablo Menegon Castilho
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, State University of Londrina, São Paulo, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Luiz Daniel de Barros
- Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Veterinary Medicine Department, Federal University of Lavras, Londrina, MG, 37203-202, Brazil
| | - João Luis Garcia
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Preventive Veterinary Medicine Department, State University of Londrina, São Paulo, PR, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Estevam G Lux Hoppe
- Parasitic Diseases Laboratory (LabEPar), Department of Pathology, Reproduction and One Health, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, 14884-900, Brazil.
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Castillo-Castillo JM, Rufino-Moya PJ, Martínez-Moreno Á, Salvador Castaño Á, Martínez-Moreno FJ, Leva RZ. Revealing the Prevalence of Toxoplasma in Sierra Morena's Wild Boar: An ELISA-Based Study Using Meat Juice. Pathogens 2024; 13:281. [PMID: 38668236 PMCID: PMC11053865 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13040281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 03/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This research work focused on the prevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in wild boar from the Sierra Morena region. We conducted an ELISA analysis using meat juice samples. A total of 892 samples from six hunting seasons (2013-2019) were collected from the provinces that constitute the Sierra Morena Mountain range. These samples were analyzed using the Pigtype® ELISA kit, specifically developed for detecting T. gondii in meat juice. The overall prevalence of T. gondii in Sierra Morena was 23.2%. The highest prevalences were observed in Córdoba (31.6%) and Jaén (25.9%). These provinces exhibit the highest density of wild boar as well as the greatest presence of the Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus). Further in-depth studies are necessary, but it appears that the presence of wild felids and scavenger behavior may be associated with this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Francisco Javier Martínez-Moreno
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal (Parasitología), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba, Edificio de Sanidad Animal, Campus de Rabanales, Ctra. Madrid-Cádiz km 396, 14014 Córdoba, Spain; (J.M.C.-C.); (P.J.R.-M.); (Á.M.-M.); (Á.S.C.); (R.Z.L.)
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Dini FM, Musto C, De Nigris VM, Bellinello E, Sampieri M, Merialdi G, Barca L, Delogu M, Galuppi R. Sero-epidemiological investigation on Toxoplasma gondii infection in Apennine wolf (Canis lupus italicus) and wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Italy. BMC Vet Res 2024; 20:62. [PMID: 38389083 PMCID: PMC10882895 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-024-03922-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The wild boar (Sus scrofa) and the Apennine wolf (Canis lupus italicus) are two wild species that have both increased their presence in the Italian territory, albeit in varying numbers. They can be occasionally found in peri-urban areas as well. Both of these species can serve as intermediate hosts for Toxoplasma gondii, as they can become infected either through the consumption of oocysts found in water, soil, or on vegetables, or through the ingestion of meat containing bradyzoites. Consequently, these animals can be regarded as key indicators of Toxoplasma presence in the wild or peri-urban environment. In our study, we examined a total of 174 wild boar meat juice and 128 wolf sera from Italy for the detection of T. gondii IgG using the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). RESULTS The results showed that 40 (22.6%) of the wild boar meat juice and 34 (26.6%) of the wolf serum samples tested positive. Interestingly, there were no significant differences in seropositivity with respect to gender, age group, or the region of origin in both species. CONCLUSIONS Overall the results indicate a moderate exposure in both the species under investigation, highlighting the spread of T. gondii in sylvatic and periurban environments. The prevalence of T. gondii in wild boar is consistent with findings from other studies conducted in Europe. Our study, with a considerably larger sample size compared to the available research in European context, provides valuable data on the seroprevalence of T. gondii in wolves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Maria Dini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy.
| | - Carmela Musto
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Maria De Nigris
- AUSL Bologna dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria- UO Veterinaria B, Via del Seminario, 1 San Lazzaro di Savena, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrica Bellinello
- AUSL Modena, dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, via Suore di San Giuseppe Benedetto Cottolengo, 5 41026 Pavullo nel Frignano, Modena, Italy
| | - Maria Sampieri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna Bruno Ubertini, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Merialdi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia-Romagna Bruno Ubertini, Brescia, Italy
| | - Lorella Barca
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, Portici, Napoli, Italy
| | - Mauro Delogu
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
| | - Roberta Galuppi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Ozzano Emilia, Bologna, 40064, Italy
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Pacifico L, Rubiola S, Buono F, Sgadari M, D'Alessio N, Scarcelli S, Sgroi G, Buglione M, Chiesa F, Restucci B, Fioretti A, Prakas P, Veneziano V. Molecular differentiation of Sarcocystis miescheriana and Sarcocystis suihominis using a new multiplex PCR targeting the mtDNA cox1 gene in wild boars in southern Italy. Res Vet Sci 2023; 164:105039. [PMID: 37812987 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.105039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
The increase of wild boar populations density and their meat consumption across Europe could expose humans to a plethora of foodborne diseases as sarcocystosis, caused by the zoonotic protozoan Sarcocystis suihominis. Humans become infected by eating raw or undercooked pig (Sus scrofa domesticus) containing S. suihominis sarcocysts. Despite this, to date very few data are available on the risk of infection by this parasite to wild boar (Sus scrofa) meat consumers. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the occurrence of Sarcocystis spp. in wild boars from southern Italy, applying both histology and a new multiplex PCR assay targeting the cox1 gene. Between 2019 and 2020, 997 muscle tissues (i.e., n = 269 oesophagus, n = 277 diaphragms, n = 298 hearts, n = 153 tongues) from 311 wild boars were collected and screened by a combined histological and molecular approach. Overall, 251 (80.7%) animals tested were positive for Sarcocystis spp., and S. miescheriana whose definitive hosts are canids, was the only molecularly identified species. A statistically significant difference (p < 0.05) in the prevalence of Sarcocystis infection was found according to the wild boar age and muscle tissue. Findings outlined the low zoonotic potential of infection to humans via wild boar meat consumption in Italy and the importance of the application of new molecular methods in distinguishing different Sarcocystis species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Pacifico
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy; Department of Prevention, Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety Area, Azienda Sanitaria Locale Caserta, Via Feudo di San Martino 10, Caserta, Italy
| | - Selene Rubiola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy
| | - Francesco Buono
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy.
| | - Mariafrancesca Sgadari
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola D'Alessio
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of southern Italy, Portici, via Salute 2, Italy; Osservatorio Faunistico Venatorio - Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Scarcelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sgroi
- Department of Animal Health, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of southern Italy, Portici, via Salute 2, Italy
| | - Maria Buglione
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Cintia, 26, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Chiesa
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Turin, Largo Braccini 2, Grugliasco, Turin 10095, Italy
| | - Brunella Restucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessandro Fioretti
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy; Osservatorio Faunistico Venatorio - Campania Region, Naples, Italy
| | - Petras Prakas
- Nature Research Centre, Akademijos Str. 2, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Vincenzo Veneziano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Via Delpino 1, Naples, Italy; Osservatorio Faunistico Venatorio - Campania Region, Naples, Italy
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de Freitas BR, da Rosa G, Roman IJ, Cunha RC, Gressler LT, Cargnelutti JF, Vogel FSF. Molecular detection of Toxoplasma gondii, Neospora caninum and Sarcocystis spp in tissues of Sus scrofa slaughtered in southern Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2023; 32:e004623. [PMID: 37585953 PMCID: PMC10449315 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612023048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the presence of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from Toxoplasma gondii, Sarcocystis spp. and Neospora caninum, in tissues of wild boars slaughtered in southern Brazil. A total of 156 samples were collected from different organs of 25 wild boars, and DNA from at least one of the protozoa investigated was detected in 79 samples. To differentiate between infectious agents, restriction fragment length polymorphism was performed using the restriction enzymes DdeI and HpaII. For N. caninum, conventional PCR was performed with specific primers. The DNA of at least one of the studied pathogens was detected in each animal: 26.58% for T. gondii, 68.36% for Sarcocystis spp. and 5.06% for N. caninum. Coinfection between T. gondii and Sarcocystis spp. occurred in 14 animals, between T. gondii and N. caninum in only one male animal, between Sarcocystis spp. and N. caninum in a female, while co-infection with the three agents was equally observed in only one male animal. Considering the high frequency of detection and its zoonotic risk, especially T. gondii, it appears that wild boars can be potential sources of transmission of infectious agents and the adoption of monitoring measures in these populations should be prioritized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bibiana Rodrigues de Freitas
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Gilneia da Rosa
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Isac Junior Roman
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Casquero Cunha
- Laboratório de Biologia Molecular Veterinária, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Campus Capão do Leão, Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Letícia Trevisan Gressler
- Laboratório de Microbiologia e Imunologia Veterinária, Instituto Federal Farroupilha, Campus Frederico Westphalen, Frederico Westphalen, RS, Brasil
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flôres Vogel
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária, Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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Nkosi DV, Bekker JL, Hoffman LC. Basic Hazard Control Plan for Small Wild Ungulates Slaughtered for Meat Production. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071511. [PMID: 37048332 PMCID: PMC10094352 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal slaughter plans and related activities must not increase the number of hazards in meat. In their nature, these processes must reduce possible hazards to minimum or acceptable levels. This is a generally accepted concept worldwide; hence, authorities continue to develop regulations that seek to mitigate the scourge of meat hazards for consumer protection. The situation is similar with small wild ungulate meat, in which a hazard analysis plan needs developing to improve meat safety. This investigation follows a narrative review of articles published for a PhD program and other scholarly articles supporting the concept of a basic slaughter plan for small wild ungulate animals in South Africa. The findings of this investigation highlight the need to control hazards within one health concept plan, which should be implemented and propagated by establishing forums that will drive meat safety solutions in these communities. There should be a basic hygiene slaughter plan developed and endorsed by all members of the forum. The outcome must be the control of microbiological, chemical and physical hazards from farm-to-fork, and as part of a system imbedded in game meat policies and regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davies Veli Nkosi
- Department of Environmental Health, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0183, South Africa
| | - Johan Leon Bekker
- Department of Environmental Health, Tshwane University of Technology, Pretoria 0183, South Africa
| | - Louwrens Christiaan Hoffman
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation (QAAFI), The University of Queensland, Digital Agricultural Building 8115, Office 110, Gatton 4343, Australia
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Ifijen IH, Atoe B, Ekun RO, Ighodaro A, Odiachi IJ. Treatments of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Toxoplasma gondii with Selenium Nanoparticles. BIONANOSCIENCE 2023; 13:249-277. [PMID: 36687337 PMCID: PMC9838309 DOI: 10.1007/s12668-023-01059-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii and Mycobacterium tuberculosis are pathogens that are harmful to humans. When these diseases interact in humans, the result is typically fatal to the public health. Several investigations on the relationship between M. tuberculosis and T. gondii infections have found that there is a strong correlation between them with each infection having a reciprocal effect on the other. TB may contribute to the reactivation of innate toxoplasmosis or enhance susceptibility to a new infection, and toxoplasma co-infection may worsen the severity of pulmonary tuberculosis. As a consequence, there is an earnest and urgent necessity to generate novel therapeutics that can subdue these challenges. Selenium nanostructures' compelling properties have been shown to be a successful treatment for Mycobacterium TB and Toxoplasma gondii. Despite the fact that selenium (Se) offers many health advantages for people, it also has a narrow therapeutic window; therefore, consuming too much of either inorganic or organic compounds based on selenium can be hazardous. Compared to both inorganic and organic Se, Se nanoparticles (SeNPs) are less hazardous. They are biocompatible and excellent in selectively targeting specific cells. As a consequence, this review conducted a summary of the efficacy of biogenic Se NPs in the treatment of tuberculosis (TB) and toxoplasmosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Toxoplasma gondii, and their co-infection were all briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikhazuagbe H. Ifijen
- Department of Research Outreach, Rubber Research Institute of Nigeria, Iyanomo, P.M.B, 1049, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Best Atoe
- Department of Daily Need, Worldwide Healthcare, 100, Textile Mill Road, Benin City, Edo State Nigeria
| | - Raphael O. Ekun
- grid.440833.80000 0004 0642 9705Department of Electrical Electronics, Cyprus International University, Haspolat, Lefkosa, North Cyprus Mersin 10 Turkey
| | - Augustine Ighodaro
- Depatment of Aseptic Quality, Quantum Pharmaceuticals, Quantum House, Durham, UK
| | - Ifeanyi J. Odiachi
- grid.461933.a0000 0004 0446 5040Department of Science Laboratory Technology, Delta State Polytechnic Ogwashi-Uku, Ogwashi-Uku, Nigeria
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Retrospective Molecular Survey on Bacterial and Protozoan Abortive Agents in Roe Deer (Capreolus capreolus) from Central Italy. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12223202. [PMID: 36428429 PMCID: PMC9686506 DOI: 10.3390/ani12223202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial and protozoan agents can determine abortion and other reproductive disorders in domestic ruminants, but data regarding their occurrence in wild ruminants are scanty worldwide, including in Italy. The aim of this retrospective study was to verify the occurrence of the main bacterial and protozoan abortive agents in 72 spleen samples previously collected from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) living in mountain areas of Central Italy. All samples were collected and submitted to DNA extraction for other investigations. Molecular analyses were carried out on the DNA samples to detect Brucella spp., Chlamydia abortus, Coxiella burnetii, Salmonella enterica, Listeria monocytogenes, Neospora caninum, and Toxoplasma gondii. Three (4.16%) roe deer resulted PCR positive for C. burnetii and one (1.38%) for T. gondii. These findings suggest that roe deer living in the investigated areas do not act as important reservoirs of the searched agents. However, the tested animals lived in a closed area without contact with domestic animals that are usually involved in the epidemiology of the investigated pathogens. Monitoring of wild ruminants is pivotal to verify changes in the epidemiological scenario from a One Health perspective, too.
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Meat Fatty Acid Composition of Wild Boars Hunted in Romania in Relationship to Gender and Age-Class. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12070810. [PMID: 35405800 PMCID: PMC8996955 DOI: 10.3390/ani12070810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Game meat has a good nutritional profile; wild boar, in particular, has lower fat, high protein, and higher iron content than meat from other domesticated animals. The present study aimed to assess the carcass characteristics and chemical composition and also to investigate the effect of gender and age on the intramuscular fatty acid profile of wild boar meat harvested during the 2010–2017 winter hunting seasons in the Frasin District hunting area (Romania). The age-class factor influenced the carcass traits (p ≤ 0.05), but not the yield, although overall, adults were heavier and had a better yield compared to the younger specimens (77.36 vs. 74.79 kg). The differences induced by gender for carcass traits and dressing yield were present but not statistically significant (p > 0.05). For the chemical composition of wild boar meat, the percentages of protein, fat, ash, and water did not present significant differences (p > 0.05) within the factors applied (gender, age-class). Regarding the studied effects, results showed that the wild boars’ age-class significantly influenced (p ≤ 0.001) the amount of meat total fat, with the adults having the highest fat content than subadults (7.60% vs. 4.52%). As for the fatty acid profile, a high ratio of PUFA/SFA (P/S: polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids) and n-6/n-3 PUFA was present in the meat, showing good functional properties for human health. Abstract The present study evaluates the influence of gender and age-class on the carcass traits, meat chemical composition, and fatty acid profiles of randomly hunt-harvested wild boars from Romania’s Frasin District hunting area, which is an important part of the stock density management strategy. Only 76 wild boars were chosen to participate in the experimental design from a total of 94 wild boars hunted over seven winter seasons, based on two main criteria: right carcass part intact and animal health status (suitable for human consumption) as determined by the veterinary health notice issued by the Food Safety Authority, with all wild boars being evaluated before slaughtering. After sanitary inspection and within the first 24 h postmortem, meat samples were taken in duplicate from the right side of wild boar carcasses (m. Biceps femoris). The aim of this study was to compare the carcass characteristics, chemical composition, and fatty acid profile of wild boar Biceps femoris muscle obtained from the right side of carcasses, as well as the effects of gender, age-class, and their interaction on these traits, in a context where venison is frequently regarded as organic food by consumers due to the natural habitat in which wild animals live. The age of the animals had an effect on the postmortem undressed warm and cold carcass weights (p ≤ 0.05). Considering the proximal chemical composition, only the intramuscular fat (IMF) content was higher in adult meat samples compared to young animals. C18:1 n-9 was the most abundant fatty acid in wild boar meat, followed by C16:0, C18:2 n-6, and C18:0. For IMF content, gender, age class, and their interaction influenced mainly MUFA fatty acids, in particular C16:1 n-9, C20:1 n-9 and C22:1 n-9, and also PUFA fatty acids C18:3 n-6, C20:3 n-3, C20:4 n-6, C20:5 n-3, C22:4 n-6, and C22:5 n-6. The appropriate amounts of individual fatty acids in the muscles of the wild boars translate into a ratio of P/S acids that promotes health as a bio-alternative resource of meat.
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