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Rodríguez R, Alemán D, Batista M, Moreno C, Santana M, Iusupova K, Alamo D. Maternal and fetal factors for determining the cesarean section type (scheduled/emergency) in bitches. Theriogenology 2024; 227:144-150. [PMID: 39068823 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2024.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
One hundred and forty bitches and their offspring (689 puppies) were involved in this study. The influence of different maternal features such as age, breed (brachycephalic/non-brachycephalic), previous births (primiparous/multiparous), health status (complete/incomplete) and litter size over the type of cesarean sections (scheduled/emergency), the neonatal survival, and the incidence of congenital malformations were also examined. Scheduled cesareans were predominant (104/140), of which 90 % were brachycephalic breeds and females were mostly between 2 and 4 years old (54.8 %), multiparous (88.4 %) and with a correct health status (67.3 %). Emergency cesarean sections mainly involved non-brachycephalic breeds (80 %) and were carried out mostly in females under 4 years of age (72.2 %), primiparous (77.7 %), with incomplete health status and a large litter size (47.2 %). Perinatal mortality was notably higher in emergency C-sections (3.25 % and 13.3 %, scheduled and emergency C-sections, respectively); the highest incidence of neonatal mortality was recorded in young females (<2, 2-4 years old), primiparous and with incomplete health status. Congenital anomalies were observed in 4.50 % (31/689) of the puppies, with anasarca (38.71 %) and cleft palate (29.03 %) being the most frequently observed malformations. A higher incidence of congenital malformations was detected in puppies from dams with incomplete sanitary health and from inbreeding cross. Overall, the study provides valuable insights into the complex interplay between maternal characteristics and cesarean outcomes. Appropriate genetic selection, good sanitary health conditions, and the age of the reproducers, are pivotal factors in planning for gestation and improving the survival of neonates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Rodríguez
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Veterinary Faculty (IUBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Transmontaña S/n 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Dácil Alemán
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Veterinary Faculty (IUBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Transmontaña S/n 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Miguel Batista
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Veterinary Faculty (IUBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Transmontaña S/n 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain.
| | - Carla Moreno
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Veterinary Faculty (IUBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Transmontaña S/n 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Melania Santana
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Veterinary Faculty (IUBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Transmontaña S/n 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Kseniia Iusupova
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Veterinary Faculty (IUBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Transmontaña S/n 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Desirée Alamo
- Department of Animal Reproduction, Veterinary Faculty (IUBS), University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Transmontaña S/n 35416, Arucas, Las Palmas, Spain
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Corrêa JV, Latini CD, Santos BA, Sarita Cruz Aleixo A, Pereira KHNP, Tsunemi MH, Machado LHDA, Lourenço MLG. Analysis of Heart Rate Variability in Newborns Dogs with Different Types of Delivery during the First 35 Days of Life. Vet Sci 2024; 11:225. [PMID: 38787197 PMCID: PMC11125728 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11050225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of the autonomic nervous system on cardiovascular function during the first 35 days of life in different types of delivery, using heart rate variability (HRV) indices. Thirty newborns were equally divided into two groups based on delivery type: eutocic delivery (EG) and emergency cesarean section (CG). Electrocardiographic evaluation was performed at birth (T0), 24 h postpartum (T1), and at 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days of life (T2 to T6). Physical parameters, neonatal reflexes, and Apgar scores were recorded. Over 35 days, the values of the time domain indices were higher in the GE group and increased with age. In the frequency domain, the low frequency (LF) index was higher in the CG, and the opposite occurred for the high frequency (HF) index. Since the CG presented lower HRV than the EG, it was shown that the type of delivery should be considered for the assessment of autonomic nervous system activity in neonates. Thus, as predictive factors of vitality, HRV and Apgar scores can help in the face of neonatal depression, demonstrating that delivery by emergency cesarean section can predispose newborns to delays in the autonomic influence on the heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Valença Corrêa
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (J.V.C.); (C.D.L.); (B.A.S.); (A.S.C.A.); (K.H.N.P.P.); (L.H.d.A.M.)
| | - Carolina Dragone Latini
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (J.V.C.); (C.D.L.); (B.A.S.); (A.S.C.A.); (K.H.N.P.P.); (L.H.d.A.M.)
| | - Beatriz Almeida Santos
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (J.V.C.); (C.D.L.); (B.A.S.); (A.S.C.A.); (K.H.N.P.P.); (L.H.d.A.M.)
| | - Amanda Sarita Cruz Aleixo
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (J.V.C.); (C.D.L.); (B.A.S.); (A.S.C.A.); (K.H.N.P.P.); (L.H.d.A.M.)
| | - Keylla Helena Nobre Pacífico Pereira
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (J.V.C.); (C.D.L.); (B.A.S.); (A.S.C.A.); (K.H.N.P.P.); (L.H.d.A.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Alagoas (UFAL), Viçosa 36570-900, AL, Brazil
| | - Miriam Harumi Tsunemi
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Bioscienses, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu 18618-689, SP, Brazil;
| | - Luiz Henrique de Araujo Machado
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (J.V.C.); (C.D.L.); (B.A.S.); (A.S.C.A.); (K.H.N.P.P.); (L.H.d.A.M.)
| | - Maria Lucia Gomes Lourenço
- Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (Unesp), Botucatu 18618-681, SP, Brazil; (J.V.C.); (C.D.L.); (B.A.S.); (A.S.C.A.); (K.H.N.P.P.); (L.H.d.A.M.)
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3
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Fuchs KDM, Pereira KHNP, Xavier GM, Mendonça JC, Barreto RO, Silva RC, de Souza FF, Lourenço MLG. Neonatal hypoglycemia in dogs-pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnosis and treatment. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1345933. [PMID: 38756508 PMCID: PMC11096582 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1345933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Hypoglycemia is the most common metabolic alteration in the clinical routine of newborn dogs, acting as a predictor of mortality in these patients. The neonatal dog shows hepatic insufficiency and homeostatic mechanisms not yet fully developed, with limited glycogen reserves and limited capacity to perform glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. These physiological particularities make newborn dogs particularly susceptible to hypoglycemia when of fasting, even for short periods. Several maternal and neonatal factors may be related to a higher risk of developing hypoglycemia in neonates. This paper reviews glycemic homeostasis, the pathophysiology of neonatal hypoglycemia, the main causes involved and the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kárita da Mata Fuchs
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University – Unesp, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Keylla Helena Nobre Pacífico Pereira
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University – Unesp, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Gleice Mendes Xavier
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University – Unesp, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Júlia Cosenza Mendonça
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University – Unesp, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Renata Oliveira Barreto
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University – Unesp, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Renata Cesar Silva
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University – Unesp, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Ferreira de Souza
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University – Unesp, Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Gomes Lourenço
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University – Unesp, Botucatu, Brazil
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Alonge S, Beccaglia M, Trovò C, Melandri M, Migliaretti G. Neonatal-Maternal Bodyweight Ratio at Birth: An Indicator for First-Week Survival Prognosis in Canine Newborns. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3397. [PMID: 37958150 PMCID: PMC10648073 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives. In dogs, neonatal bodyweight (NBW) varies at birth. Size-specific reference values for NBW are essential to correctly manage newborns. The present study aimed to define a new tool to evaluate NBW that could be routinely applied in canine neonatology, promptly identifying puppies requiring more care. Methods. The records of 89 litters were retrospectively evaluated. Data were grouped according to maternal bodyweight (MBW) in five categories: toy (≤5 kg), small (5.1-9.9 kg), medium (10-24.9 kg), large (25-39.9 kg), and giant (≥40 kg) dogs. At birth, the NBW of 412 puppies, alongside their litter size (LS) and gender (G), were recorded. Neonatal mortality within the first week was considered. The influence of MBW, LS, and G on NBW and the effect of NBW on the 1-week outcome were evaluated using ANOVA (p < 0.05). The ratio between NBW and MBW expressed as a percentage (N-MBW%), was assessed for each puppy. Through Receiver-Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves, N-MBW% thresholds between puppies alive or dead at one week of age were calculated in each group. Results. The LS was different among groups, except for small vs. medium dogs. In small litters, N-MBW% was lower in medium-, large- and giant-sized dogs than in toy and small dogs. In medium and large litters, N-MBW% differed among the five groups. Male and female N-MBW% differed among the five groups. Only in large and giant sizes did LS affect N-MBW%, which was lower in a large LS. The N-MBW% was higher in healthy puppies than in those who died within one week. The ROC-derived N-MBW% thresholds were as follows: 4.5% in toy-, 3.2% in small-, 1.5% in medium-, 1.2% in large-, and 1% in giant dogs. Clinical significance. The ROC-derived N-MBW% thresholds can be used to cautiously identify puppies at increased risk for one-week mortality and may be helpful in clinical practice, representing a suitable parameter to give a prognosis on 1-week survival immediately at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Alonge
- Società Veterinaria Il Melograno srl, Via Cavour 48, 21018 Sesto Calende, VA, Italy;
- Post Graduate School of Medical Statistics & Biometry, University of Turin, Via Santena 5 bis, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy
| | - Michela Beccaglia
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Beccaglia, Via Alessandro Volta, 2, 20851 Lissone, MB, Italy; (M.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Chiara Trovò
- Ambulatorio Veterinario Beccaglia, Via Alessandro Volta, 2, 20851 Lissone, MB, Italy; (M.B.); (C.T.)
| | - Monica Melandri
- Società Veterinaria Il Melograno srl, Via Cavour 48, 21018 Sesto Calende, VA, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Migliaretti
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, TO, Italy;
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Veronesi MC, Bucci R, Probo M, Faustini M, Fusi J. Apgar Score for Newborn Dog Viability Assessment: Differences between English and French Bulldogs Born via Cesarean Section. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3318. [PMID: 37958072 PMCID: PMC10650617 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Even if largely used in canine neonatology, some questions about the Apgar Score (AS) arose. Notably, considering the breed-oriented modifications of the score are needed, slight changes of the score were reported for English (EBs) and French bulldogs (FBs). The present study aimed to evaluate the possible differences between neonatal viability of the two breeds assessed by AS in puppies born via cesarean section. The results obtained from 99 puppies born alive and without malformations (EB = 47, FB = 52) showed significant (p < 0.001) differences in the median AS (seven in EB vs. eight in FB), with Grimace (p < 0.05 for sub-score 0 and p < 0.001 for sub-score 2) and Attitude (p < 0.05) being differently sub-scored between the two breeds. In the 89 alive puppies at 7 days of age, the same difference in the median AS was observed (p < 0.001), and only Grimace was differently sub-scored between the two breeds (p < 0.05 for sub-score 0 and p < 0.01 for sub-score 2). These results suggest that low Grimace could be an intrinsic characteristic of EB newborns, but it could negatively affect the neonatal adaptation process of EBs, providing an indication for focused neonatal assistance. Neonatal mortality at 7 days of age was higher in EBs than in FBs (17 vs. 3.8%, respectively), which deserves further investigations. The study provides further evidence that breed-oriented ASs are needed for a better evaluation and assistance of purebred puppies at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.C.V.); (M.F.); (J.F.)
| | - Roberta Bucci
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Monica Probo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.C.V.); (M.F.); (J.F.)
| | - Massimo Faustini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.C.V.); (M.F.); (J.F.)
| | - Jasmine Fusi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Via dell’Università 6, 26900 Lodi, Italy; (M.C.V.); (M.F.); (J.F.)
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Fuchs KDM, Pacífico Pereira KHN, de Sousa GC, Xavier GM, Camargo GDA, de Souza FF, Lourenço MLG. Hypoglycaemia management with a hypercaloric supplementation in neonatal puppies delivered by caesarean section. Reprod Domest Anim 2023; 58:1345-1351. [PMID: 37608580 DOI: 10.1111/rda.14447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
There is a high perinatal mortality rate in dogs, estimated at 20%, and one of the leading causes of this rate is hypoglycaemia. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a hypercaloric supplement containing vitamins and amino acids in newborn puppies presenting hypoglycaemia at birth. Ninety-nine pups were divided into four groups: normoglycaemic caesarean section (NORMOCS), hypoglycaemic caesarean section supplemented with the hypercaloric (SUPLCS), hypoglycaemic caesarean section supplemented with glucose (GLICCS) and eutocic delivery (EUT). We evaluated the following parameters glycaemia, Apgar score, neurological reflexes and rectal temperature of neonates at the following moments 5 min (M5), 30 min (M30) and 60 min (M60) after birth. Brachycephalic dogs were 73.3% (22/30) of caesarean sections (c-sections). The puppy's average glycaemia represented about 90% of the maternal glycaemia, while 15.1% (14/99) of the neonates had hypoglycaemia (<90 mg/dL) at M0 and 46.5% (44/99) at M60. Only four neonates had glycaemia below 40 mg/dL at M30 but without showing any clinical signs. The puppy's fasting while waiting for the intraoperative period and the dam's anaesthetic recovery was considered risk factors for hypoglycaemia. There was no difference in mean blood glucose levels or vitality parameters among puppies from the SUPLCS and GLICCS. In conclusion, the hypercaloric supplement can be used as a replacement for glucose in hypoglycaemic puppies and it can also bring nutritional benefits for the puppy. The prepartum glycaemia of the dam is an important parameter to be measured, and the appropriate management of it reduces the chances of the puppies being born with hypoglycaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kárita da Mata Fuchs
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Keylla Helena Nobre Pacífico Pereira
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Carneiro de Sousa
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Gleice Mendes Xavier
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
- Department of Anatomy, Pathology and Veterinary Clinics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Federal University of Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Brazil
| | - Gabriel de Azevedo Camargo
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Fabiana Ferreira de Souza
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Maria Lucia Gomes Lourenço
- Veterinary Neonatology Research Group, Department of Veterinary Clinics, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
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Lezama-García K, Martínez-Burnes J, Baqueiro-Espinosa U, Olmos-Hernández A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mota-Rojas D. Assessment of Vitality, Blood Profile, and Degree of Meconium Staining on the Skin in Newborn Dogs According to Its Birth Weight. Vet Sci 2023; 10:453. [PMID: 37505858 PMCID: PMC10386731 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10070453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Neonatal mortality in dogs reaches up to 40%. Due to the high rates, promptly detecting the causes and preventing newborns from dying are extremely important. Vitality evaluation, blood parameters, and the degree of meconium staining on the skin are valuable resources in canine perinatology. In this study, 435 puppies from 85 bitches close to parturition were recruited and divided into four quartiles according to the puppy's birth weight: Q1 (127-200 g) n = 110 puppies, Q2 (201-269 g) n = 108 puppies, Q3 (270-388 g) n = 108 puppies, and Q4 (389-464 g) n = 109 puppies. This experimental article aimed to report the effect of birth weight on the blood profile variables, the vitality of newborn puppies, and the meconium staining degree, integrating these three aspects. It was concluded that the weight of newborns was correlated with the degree of meconium staining, presenting more cases of severe meconium staining in the puppies of the highest birth weight group. The weight of the newborns was correlated with a higher number of stillbirths and alterations in the blood variables, showing the most severe cases of metabolic acidosis, hypoxia, and hypoglycemia in the puppies of the Q4 quartile. On the contrary, no statistically significant correlations were found between the weight of newborns and vitality. Nevertheless, the analysis of the results showed that the most vigorous puppies were found at Q1; however, at minute 60 after birth (AB), all the puppies in the four quartiles standardized their vitality scores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lezama-García
- PhD Program in Biological and Health Sciences, Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | | | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology-Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Veterinary Anesthesia, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
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8
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Grundy SA. Canine Neonatal Health. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2023:S0195-5616(23)00081-5. [PMID: 37423840 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2023.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a high-level overview of canine neonatal health for clinicians to use as a mental framework so that when presented with a canine neonate it is easier to construct a logical and systematic clinical approach that is less overwhelming. As early detection of the at-risk neonate results in earlier intervention, and improved health outcomes, there will be a focus on pro-active care. Where appropriate, other articles in this issue will be mentioned for a more in-depth discussion of specific areas. Key points will be highlighted throughout the text.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie A Grundy
- Banfield Pet Hospital, 6081 Florin Road, Sacramento, CA 95823, USA.
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9
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Mugnier A, Gaillard V, Chastant S. Relative Impact of Birth Weight and Early Growth on Neonatal Mortality in Puppies. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1928. [PMID: 37370438 DOI: 10.3390/ani13121928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Puppy survival during their first weeks of life can be improved, and early detection of puppies with increased mortality risk is one of the keys to success. In the canine species, the few studies on this subject focused on birth weight, which reflects intrauterine growth. The present work aimed to explore the interconnections between birth weight, early growth and survival until two months of life in the canine species. In total, data from 8550 puppies born in 127 French breeding kennels were analysed. Five different growth rates were calculated to reflect the growth of puppies during their first week of life. Low-birth-weight puppies had lower growth than normal-birth-weight puppies over the first two days of life but higher growth rates thereafter. Growth-rate thresholds allowing the identification of puppies at higher risk of mortality during their first two months of life were lower for low-birth-weight puppies. These thresholds will help breeders and veterinarians to identify puppies at risk with particular needs for monitoring and nursing to improve their chances of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Mugnier
- NeoCare, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | | | - Sylvie Chastant
- NeoCare, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France
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10
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Mugnier A, Gaillard V, Chastant S. Association between Birth Weight and Mortality over the Two First Months after Birth in Feline Species: Definition of Breed-Specific Thresholds. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:1822. [PMID: 37889715 PMCID: PMC10251906 DOI: 10.3390/ani13111822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In many species, low birth weight is identified as a major determinant for neonatal survival. The objectives of the present study were (i) to assess, in a large feline purebred population, the impact of birth weight on 0-2 months mortality in kittens, and (ii) if such mortality occurs, to define cut-off values for birth weight to identify at-risk kittens. Data from 5596 kittens from 15 breeds and provided by 194 French breeders were analysed. A logistic mixed model was used to identify low birth weight, being a male, and being born in a large litter as significant risk factors for kitten mortality during the first two months after birth. Classification and regression tree analysis was used to define the thresholds, first at the species level and, when possible, at the breed level. Two thresholds were defined to group kittens into three categories: low, moderate, or high risk of 0-2 months mortality (normal, low, and very low birth weight, respectively). In our population, 19.7% of the kittens were classified as low birth weight and 1.9% as very low birth weight. Critical thresholds may differ between breeds with similar birth weight distributions and equivalent mortality rates (e.g., Russian Blue/Nebelung vs. Egyptian Mau). These critical birth weight thresholds, established in 15 breeds, could be used to identify kittens requiring more intensive nursing to improve survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Mugnier
- NeoCare, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (S.C.)
| | | | - Sylvie Chastant
- NeoCare, Université de Toulouse, ENVT, 31300 Toulouse, France; (A.M.); (S.C.)
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11
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Veronesi MC, Fusi J. Biochemical factors affecting newborn survival in dogs and cats. Theriogenology 2023; 197:150-158. [PMID: 36516700 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2022.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The importance and implications of small animal neonatology were underestimated until recent times. Despite the recent increasing interest for this branch of veterinary medicine, however, perinatal mortality rates in canine and feline species remain high, representing an important challenge for the clinician. In this perspective, the prompt identification of newborns requiring additional and tailored assistance becomes a key to reduce the perinatal losses in small animals. To achieve this goal, clinical and laboratory findings must be carefully evaluated. This paper focuses on biochemical parameters and their reported influence on neonatal survival, guiding through the evaluation of canine and feline newborn laboratory analyses, with a thorough discussion about the use of different biological material in these subjects. Beside blood, other biological material, such as urines and fetal fluids proved to be interesting for the identification of possible prognostic markers, thanks also to their easy and safe collection. However, the correct reading-through the results must consider many variables such as type of delivery, anesthesia protocol in case of Caesarean section, age of the newborn at samples collection, and for blood analysis, also the type of blood, site of collection, modality of collection and storage must be considered. Notwithstanding the recent progress in literature, for most of the parameters more research is needed to define cut-off values with certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Cristina Veronesi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy.
| | - Jasmine Fusi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
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12
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Lezama-García K, Martínez-Burnes J, Marcet-Rius M, Gazzano A, Olmos-Hernández A, Mora-Medina P, Domínguez-Oliva A, Pereira AMF, Hernández-Ávalos I, Baqueiro-Espinosa U, Geraldo ADM, Casas-Alvarado A, Mota-Rojas D. Is the Weight of the Newborn Puppy Related to Its Thermal Balance? Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:3536. [PMID: 36552457 PMCID: PMC9774692 DOI: 10.3390/ani12243536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypothermia, a factor associated with neonatal mortality, can occur immediately after birth as a protective mechanism to prevent hypoxic damage in neonates, or to reduce the metabolic rate to improve the chances of survival in the first hours of life. The heat interchange through the superficial temperature of animals can be evaluated with infrared thermography (IRT). However, to date, there is no information on thermal windows in puppies. This study aimed to evaluate, with the use of IRT, the microcirculatory alterations in 8 different thermal windows identified at 7 different times in 289 newborn puppies assigned to different groups. Three thermograms were taken from four zones of each puppy: the facial, frontal, right lateral, and left lateral regions. Newborn puppies were grouped in 4 quartiles according to their weight: Q1 (126−226 g) n = 73, Q2 (227−330 g) n = 72, Q3 (331−387 g) n = 74, and Q4 (388−452 g) n = 70. A total of 8 thermal windows were considered at 7 evaluation times from Wet at birth until 24 h after birth (AB). Two-way mixed ANOVA within and between subjects’ design for each thermal window (eight models) was performed. Results revealed a positive correlation between the puppy’s weight and its ability to achieve thermostability in all the evaluated thermal windows. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.0001) between the 4 quartiles (Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4) were found. The lowest temperatures were recorded when the pups were still wet and the highest at 24 h AB. Thermal windows with the highest temperatures were abdominal (34.234 ± 0.056 °C), thoracic (33.705 ± 0.049 °C), nasal (30.671 ± 0.110 °C), and upper left palpebral (34.066 ± 0.052 °C), while the lowest were thoracic limb brachial biceps (27.534 ± 0.051 °C), thoracic limb elbow (27.141 ± 0.049 °C), thoracic limb metacarpal (27.024 ± 0.062 °C), and femoral pelvic limb (27.654 ± 0.055 °C). Assessing the thermal response in newborn puppies can help identify drastic temperature reductions or deficient thermoregulatory compensation during the first hours of life, preventing the consequences of hypothermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lezama-García
- PhD Program in Biological and Health Sciences, [Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud], Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | - Míriam Marcet-Rius
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare Department, IRSEA (Research Institute in Semiochemistry and Applied Ethology), Quartier Salignan, 84400 Apt, France
| | - Angelo Gazzano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Coapa, Col Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Alfredo M. F. Pereira
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Cuautitlán Izcalli 54714, Mexico
| | | | - Ana de Mira Geraldo
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Institute for Advanced Studies and Research, Universidade de Évora, Pólo da Mitra, Ap. 94, 7006-554 Évora, Portugal
| | - Alejandro Casas-Alvarado
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Coapa, Col Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Coapa, Col Villa Quietud, Coyoacán, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
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13
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Neonatology: Topics on Puppies and Kittens Neonatal Management to Improve Neonatal Outcome. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12233426. [PMID: 36496947 PMCID: PMC9739440 DOI: 10.3390/ani12233426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The productivity of kennels and catteries is directly linked to maternal prolificacy and neonatal survival. During the neonatal period, mortality is high, not only due to environmental factors after birth but also with regard to gestational fetal life, complications during delivery, and management errors. Neonatology is an area of veterinary medicine where having a strong knowledge base of applied physiology and common clinical presentations for newborns can often favor better outcomes and greater neonatal survival. The teaching of animal theriogenology topics, particularly neonatal medicine, in the veterinary curriculum has evolved significantly in recent years. It is essential that the veterinarian understands the maternal and neonatal particularities and the main aspects involved in the handling of puppies and kittens for the instruction of the correct handling to the breeders and better medical conduct. The breeder of dogs and cats, experienced or not, must count on the help of a veterinarian in their breeding. Proper management, constant monitoring of the litter, and prompt assistance are the keys to successful breeding.
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14
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Lezama-García K, Martínez-Burnes J, Pérez-Jiménez JC, Domínguez-Oliva A, Mora-Medina P, Olmos-Hernández A, Hernández-Ávalos I, Mota-Rojas D. Relation between the Dam's Weight on Superficial Temperature of Her Puppies at Different Stages of the Post-Partum. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9120673. [PMID: 36548834 PMCID: PMC9781765 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9120673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The thermal stability of newborns is an essential parameter that can be recorded to evaluate neonatal care. Knowing the thermal windows to evaluate and maintain a constant temperature helps significantly reduce neonatal mortality. This study aimed to assess the superficial temperature alterations in the distinct thermal windows of puppies with mothers of diverse weights and their repercussions. We evaluated the superficial temperature using infrared thermography at eight thermal windows and seven different times: when wet due to the fetal fluid immediately after birth until 24 h of life in newborn puppies from bitches divided into four bodyweight groups. The results revealed a positive correlation between the dam's weight and the ability to achieve thermostability in the newborn puppies in all the evaluated thermal windows. The time effect showed the lowest temperatures when the puppies were still wet, a gradual increase, and the highest temperature at 24 h after birth. The thermal windows with the highest temperatures were abdominal, thoracic, nasal, and upper left palpebral, and those with the lowest were the thoracic limb brachial biceps, thoracic limb elbow, metacarpal, and femoral pelvic limb. A significant increase in the temperatures in the thermal windows of the abdominal, thoracic, and upper left palpebral immediately after ingesting colostrum was observed. The weight of the dams is an important factor that positively intervenes in the thermoregulatory capacity of the puppies, especially when newborns are dry and have been passed 24 h after birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina Lezama-García
- PhD Program in Biological and Health Sciences (Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biológicas y de la Salud), Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Julio Martínez-Burnes
- Animal Health Group, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas, Victoria City 87000, Mexico
| | - Juan Carlos Pérez-Jiménez
- El Colegio de la Frontera Sur (ECOSUR), Av. Rancho Polígono 2-A, Ciudad Industrial, Lerma, Campeche 24500, Mexico
| | - Adriana Domínguez-Oliva
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
| | - Patricia Mora-Medina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 54714, Mexico
| | - Adriana Olmos-Hernández
- Division of Biotechnology—Bioterio and Experimental Surgery, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación-Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra (INR-LGII), Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Ismael Hernández-Ávalos
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Cuautitlán, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City 54714, Mexico
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Neurophysiology, Behavior and Animal Welfare Assessment, DPAA, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Unidad Xochimilco, Mexico City 04960, Mexico
- Correspondence:
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15
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Early Blood Analysis and Gas Exchange Monitoring in the Canine Neonate: Effect of Dam’s Size and Birth Order. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12121508. [PMID: 35739844 PMCID: PMC9219424 DOI: 10.3390/ani12121508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The complications that are observed during parturition are events that affect the vitality of the newborn and can also compromise their health by predisposing them to fetal hypoxia, increasing newborn mortality. Blood gas analysis to measure the main biomarkers associated with hypoxia evaluates the physiological and metabolic alterations derived from this state, and these could help identify if said markers respond to maternal or neonatal causes. This study aimed to assess the effect of the dam’s size, the birth order, and the presentation of blood gas alterations. Recognizing if these elements are intertwined may enhance newborns’ life expectancy by enabling the planning of a perinatal protocol to avoid serious metabolic consequences that are derived from prolonged hypoxia. Abstract In canines, size at birth is determined by the dam’s weight, which would probably affect the newborn’s viability due to litter size and birth order. Fetal hypoxia causes distress and acidemia. Identifying physiological blood alterations in the puppy during the first minute of life through the blood gas exchange of the umbilical cord could determine the puppy’s risk of suffering asphyxiation during labor. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the birth order and dam’s size during spontaneous labor and the alterations during the first minute of life. The results indicate that the dam’s size and the birth order have considerable physiological and metabolic effects in the puppies, mainly in birth order 1 (BO1) in small-size dogs, while in the medium size, the last puppy presented more alterations, probably because of a prolonged whelping which could have fostered hypoxic processes and death. Likewise, with large-size dogs, intrapartum asphyxiation processes were registered during the first minute of life in any birth order.
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