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Huang MY, An YC, Zhang SY, Qiu SJ, Yang YY, Liu WC. Metabolomic analysis reveals biogenic selenium nanoparticles improve the meat quality of thigh muscle in heat-stressed broilers is related to the regulation of ferroptosis pathway. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103554. [PMID: 38401225 PMCID: PMC10906527 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Heat stress (HS) causes oxidative damage and abnormal metabolism of muscle, thus impairing the meat quality in broilers. Selenium is an indispensable element for enhancing antioxidant systems. In our previous study, we synthesized a novel type of biogenic selenium nanoparticles synthesized with alginate oligosaccharides (SeNPs-AOS), and found that the particle size of Se is 80 nm and the Se content is 8% in the SeNPs-AOS; and dietary 5 mg/kg SeNPs-AOS has been shown to be effective against HS in broilers. However, whether SeNPs-AOS can mitigate HS-induced the impairment of thigh muscle quality in broilers is still unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effects of dietary SeNPs-AOS on meat quality, antioxidant capacity, and metabolomics of thigh muscle in broilers under HS. A total of 192 twenty-one-day-old Arbor Acres broilers were randomly divided into 4 groups with 6 replicates per group (8 broilers per replicate) according to a 2 × 2 experimental design: thermoneutral group (TN, broilers raised under 23±1.5°C); TN+SeNPs-AOS group (TN group supplemented 5 mg/kg SeNPS-AOS); HS group (broilers raised under 33 ± 2°C for 10 h/d); and HS + SeNPs-AOS group (HS group supplemented 5 mg/kg SeNPS-AOS). The results showed that HS increased the freezing loss, cooking loss, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content of thigh muscle, whereas decreased the total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) activities, as well as downregulated the mRNA expression of SOD2, CAT, GPX3, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), selenoprotein S (SELENOS), solute carrier family 7 member 11 (SLC7A11), GPX4, and ferroportin 1 (Fpn1) of thigh muscle (P < 0.05). Dietary SeNPS-AOS reduced the b* value, elevated the pH0min value and the activities of T-SOD, GSH-Px, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and the mRNA expression levels of GSTT1, GSTA3, GPX1, GPX3, ferritin heavy polypeptide-1 (FTH1), and Fpn1 of thigh muscle in broilers under HS (P < 0.05). Nontargeted metabolomics analysis identified a total of 79 metabolites with significant differences among the four groups, and the differential metabolites were mainly enriched in 8 metabolic pathways including glutathione metabolism and ferroptosis (P < 0.05). In summary, dietary 5 mg/kg SeNPs-AOS (Se content of 8%) could alleviate HS-induced impairment of meat quality by improving the oxidative damage, metabolic disorders and ferroptosis of thigh muscle in broilers challenged with HS. Suggesting that the SeNPs-AOS may be used as a novel nano-modifier for meat quality in broilers raised in thermal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yi Huang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yu-Chen An
- Yangjiang Campus of Guangdong Ocean University, Yangjiang, 529500, China
| | - Shu-Yue Zhang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Sheng-Jian Qiu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Yu-Ying Yang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China
| | - Wen-Chao Liu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agricultural Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524088, China.
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Wei C, Wang S, Wang C, Zhao Y, Zhang Y. Meta-analysis of selenium effects on the meat quality of broilers. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103523. [PMID: 38387291 PMCID: PMC10900958 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The effects of sodium selenite or selenium yeast on the meat quality of broilers were searched in the literature published in the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Wanfang Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP), PubMed, Web of Science, and Science Direct databases from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2022. Meta-analysis was performed with Stata software (StataCorp. 2011), and the standardized mean difference (SMD) and its 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated using a random effects model. Twenty of the identified 846 literature sources, which included 791 broilers, were screened. The meat quality indices considered were shear force, drip loss, cooking loss, water holding capacity (WHC), pH, and color. The source of heterogeneity was studied using sensitivity and subgroup analyses, and publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots. The results showed that the supplementation of selenium in the broiler diet significantly reduced the shear force (SMD = -0.67, 95% CI [-1.12, -0.22], P < 0.05) and drip loss (SMD = -0.84, 95% CI [-1.39, -0.30], P < 0.05) and increased the pH (SMD = 0.38, 95% CI [0.01, 0.75], P < 0.05) of broiler breast muscle; however, it had no significant effects on other indices. Funnel plots revealed a slight publication bias in the shear force and pH of breast muscle but none in the drip loss of breast muscle. The sensitivity analysis showed that the results were stable and reliable. In conclusion, selenium supplementation in broiler feed can improve some indices of broiler meat quality, and its inclusion in broiler diets is recommended, in conjunction with other minerals, which is of great significance to improve the quality, preservation time and economic benefits of chicken products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunbo Wei
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs P. R. China, Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China.
| | - Shuo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs P. R. China, Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Cuiping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs P. R. China, Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs P. R. China, Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture in Northeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs P. R. China, Department of Animal Science, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163316, China
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Eid YZ, Omara Y, Ragab A, Ismail A, Zommara M, Dawood MAO. Mitigation of Imidacloprid Toxicity in Poultry Chicken by Selenium Nanoparticles: Growth Performance, Lipid Peroxidation, and Blood Traits. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:5379-5388. [PMID: 36790585 PMCID: PMC10509070 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-023-03592-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Imidacloprid is an insecticide that protects against insects in the agriculture, animal, and poultry production sectors. Since the accumulation of imidacloprid induces adverse impacts on general health status and quality of the food chain, this study tested the impacts on broilers. Besides, selenium nanoparticles were fed to birds to relieve the negative impacts on growth performance and health status. Birds (1-day age, initial weight 46.05 ± 1.0 g) divided into four groups (triplicates) where 15 chicks of each replicate (45 for each group). The first group (control) was fed the basal diet without either selenium or imidacloprid toxicity. The second group was fed selenium nano form at 3 mg/kg. The third group was fed selenium and exposed to imidacloprid at 1/10 LT50 (3 mg/kg body weight). The fourth group was fed selenium nano form (3 mg/kg) and exposed to imidacloprid at 1/10 LT50 (3 mg/kg body weight). All groups were kept under the same conditions for 35 days. The final weight and weight gain of birds fed selenium nano form showed marked improvement compared to the imidacloprid-exposed group, while the feed intake and feed conversion ratio markedly reduced. The red blood cells showed higher values in birds fed selenium nano than the control and those exposed to imidacloprid. Interestingly, the hemoglobulin and hematocrit increased in birds fed selenium nano form with or without imidacloprid exposure. Furthermore, the white blood cells increased in birds fed selenium nano form with or without imidacloprid exposure. The total protein, albumin, and globulin were higher in birds fed selenium nanoparticles than those exposed to imidacloprid with or without selenium feeding. Birds in the control and imidacloprid groups had higher aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and malondialdehyde levels than the remaining groups. Accordingly, dietary selenium nanoparticles are suggested in broiler feed to cope with the adverse effects of imidacloprid toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya Z Eid
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt.
| | - Yassin Omara
- Department of Poultry Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Asmaa Ragab
- Department of Pesticides, Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Ismail
- Department of Pesticides, Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, Egypt
| | - Mohsen Zommara
- Department of Dairy Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
- The Center for Applied Research on the Environment and Sustainability, The American University in Cairo, Cairo, 11835, Egypt.
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Onagbesan OM, Uyanga VA, Oso O, Tona K, Oke OE. Alleviating heat stress effects in poultry: updates on methods and mechanisms of actions. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1255520. [PMID: 37841463 PMCID: PMC10569619 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1255520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat stress is a threat that can lead to significant financial losses in the production of poultry in the world's tropical and arid regions. The degree of heat stress (mild, moderate, severe) experienced by poultry depends mainly on thermal radiation, humidity, the animal's thermoregulatory ability, metabolic rate, age, intensity, and duration of the heat stress. Contemporary commercial broiler chickens have a rapid metabolism, which makes them produce higher heat and be prone to heat stress. The negative effect of heat stress on poultry birds' physiology, health, production, welfare, and behaviors are reviewed in detail in this work. The appropriate mitigation strategies for heat stress in poultry are equally explored in this review. Interestingly, each of these strategies finds its applicability at different stages of a poultry's lifecycle. For instance, gene mapping prior to breeding and genetic selection during breeding are promising tools for developing heat-resistant breeds. Thermal conditioning during embryonic development or early life enhances the ability of birds to tolerate heat during their adult life. Nutritional management such as dietary manipulations, nighttime feeding, and wet feeding often, applied with timely and effective correction of environmental conditions have been proven to ameliorate the effect of heat stress in chicks and adult birds. As long as the climatic crises persist, heat stress may continue to require considerable attention; thus, it is imperative to explore the current happenings and pay attention to the future trajectory of heat stress effects on poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Oluwadamilola Oso
- Centre of Excellence in Avian Sciences, University of Lome, Lomé, Togo
| | - Kokou Tona
- Centre of Excellence in Avian Sciences, University of Lome, Lomé, Togo
| | - Oyegunle Emmanuel Oke
- Department of Animal Physiology, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria
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Adams JRG, Mehat J, La Ragione R, Behboudi S. Preventing bacterial disease in poultry in the post-antibiotic era: a case for innate immunity modulation as an alternative to antibiotic use. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1205869. [PMID: 37469519 PMCID: PMC10352996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1205869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The widespread use of antibiotics in the poultry industry has led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which pose a significant health risk to humans and animals. These public health concerns, which have led to legislation limiting antibiotic use in animals, drive the need to find alternative strategies for controlling and treating bacterial infections. Modulation of the avian innate immune system using immunostimulatory compounds provides a promising solution to enhance poultry immune responses to a broad range of bacterial infections without the risk of generating antibiotic resistance. An array of immunomodulatory compounds have been investigated for their impact on poultry performance and immune responses. However, further research is required to identify compounds capable of controlling bacterial infections without detrimentally affecting bird performance. It is also crucial to determine the safety and effectiveness of these compounds in conjunction with poultry vaccines. This review provides an overview of the various immune modulators known to enhance innate immunity against avian bacterial pathogens in chickens, and describes the mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R. G. Adams
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Avian Immunology, The Pirbright Institute, Woking, United Kingdom
| | - Jai Mehat
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Roberto La Ragione
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Huang J, Rao L, Zhang W, Chen X, Li H, Zhang F, Xie J, Wei Q. Effect of crossbreeding and sex on slaughter performance and meat quality in Xingguo gray goose based on multiomics data analysis. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102753. [PMID: 37267641 PMCID: PMC10244692 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we examined the effects of crossbreeding and sex on growth performance, slaughter performance, and meat quality in Xingguo gray (XG) goose, using transcriptomic and metabolomic techniques. The experiment was conducted using 400 goslings (1-day old) of 2 genotypes: the XG breed and its ternary hybrids [F2 geese; (XG Goose♂ × Yangzhou Goose♀)♀ × Shitou Goose♂]. The goslings were divided into 4 groups: female XG, male XG, female F2 geese, and male F2 geese, and growth parameters were examined at 70 d of age, using 30 birds from each group. Following slaughter, samples of breast and thigh muscles were collected from each group for chemical, metabolome, and transcriptome analyses. Growth rate, live body and slaughter weights, meat chemical composition, and muscle fiber diameter were affected by crossbreeding and sex. Crossbreeding significantly improved the dressing percentage, semieviscerated rate, eviscerated yield, and abdominal fat yield of XG geese. To clarify the potential regulatory network affected by crossbreeding and sex, we used RNA-seq and nontargeted metabolomics to detect changes in male and female goose breast muscle. The transcriptome results showed that there were 534, 323, 297, and 492 differently expressed genes (DEGs) among the 4 comparison groups (XG-Female vs. F2-Female, XG-Male vs. F2-Male, F2-Male vs. F2-Female, and XG-Male vs. XG-Female, respectively) that were mainly related to muscle growth and development and fatty acid metabolism pathways. A total of 141 significantly differentially accumulated metabolites (DAMs) were enriched in serine and threonine, propionate, and pyruvate metabolism. Finally, we comprehensively analyzed the metabolome and transcriptome data and found that many DEGs and DAMs played crucial roles in lipid metabolism and muscle growth and development. In summary, crossbreeding can improve XG goose production performance and affect breast muscle gene expression and metabolites in both female and male geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangnan Huang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Linjie Rao
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Weihong Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Xiaolian Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Haiqin Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Fanfan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Jinfang Xie
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China
| | - Qipeng Wei
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Jiangxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanchang 330200, China.
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Choi J, Kong B, Bowker BC, Zhuang H, Kim WK. Nutritional Strategies to Improve Meat Quality and Composition in the Challenging Conditions of Broiler Production: A Review. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13081386. [PMID: 37106949 PMCID: PMC10135100 DOI: 10.3390/ani13081386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Poultry meat is becoming one of the most important animal protein sources for human beings in terms of health benefits, cost, and production efficiency. Effective genetic selection and nutritional programs have dramatically increased meat yield and broiler production efficiency. However, modern practices in broiler production result in unfavorable meat quality and body composition due to a diverse range of challenging conditions, including bacterial and parasitic infection, heat stress, and the consumption of mycotoxin and oxidized oils. Numerous studies have demonstrated that appropriate nutritional interventions have improved the meat quality and body composition of broiler chickens. Modulating nutritional composition [e.g., energy and crude protein (CP) levels] and amino acids (AA) levels has altered the meat quality and body composition of broiler chickens. The supplementation of bioactive compounds, such as vitamins, probiotics, prebiotics, exogenous enzymes, plant polyphenol compounds, and organic acids, has improved meat quality and changed the body composition of broiler chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janghan Choi
- US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Byungwhi Kong
- US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Brian C Bowker
- US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Hong Zhuang
- US National Poultry Research Center, USDA-ARS, Athens, GA 30605, USA
| | - Woo Kyun Kim
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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8
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Abdulameer Y, Ajafar M, Rabee R. Effect of dietary nano α-tocopherol acetate plus selenium on productivity, immune status, intestinal morphometry and carcass traits of broiler chicken. REV COLOMB CIENC PEC 2023. [DOI: 10.17533/udea.rccp.v36n4a3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
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Kunej T, Horvat S, Salobir J, Stres B, Mikec Š, Accetto T, Avguštin G, Matijašić BB, Cividini A, Majhenič AČ, Čepon M, Deutsch L, Djurdjevič I, Erjavec E, Gorjanc G, Holcman A, Jordan D, Juvančič L, Kavčič S, Kermauner A, Klopčič M, Kocjančič T, Kovač M, Kuhar A, Lavrenčič A, Leskovec J, Levart A, Malovrh Š, Marinšek-Logar R, Lorbeg PM, Narat M, Obermajer T, Paveljšek D, Pirman T, Potočnik K, Rac I, Rezar V, Rogelj I, Simčič M, Snoj A, Bajec SS, Šumrada T, Terčič D, Treven P, Vodovnik M, Šemrov MZ, Žgajnar J, Žgur S, Dovč P. How Can We Advance Integrative Biology Research in Animal Science in 21st Century? Experience at University of Ljubljana from 2002 to 2022. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2022; 26:586-588. [PMID: 36315198 PMCID: PMC9700370 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2022.0133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In this perspective analysis, we strive to answer the following question: how can we advance integrative biology research in the 21st century with lessons from animal science? At the University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Department of Animal Science, we share here our three lessons learned in the two decades from 2002 to 2022 that we believe could inform integrative biology, systems science, and animal science scholarship in other countries and geographies. Cultivating multiomics knowledge through a conceptual lens of integrative biology is crucial for life sciences research that can stand the test of diverse biological, clinical, and ecological contexts. Moreover, in an era of the current COVID-19 pandemic, animal nutrition and animal science, and the study of their interactions with human health (and vice versa) through integrative biology approaches hold enormous prospects and significance for systems medicine and ecosystem health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Kunej
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Simon Horvat
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Janez Salobir
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Blaž Stres
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Špela Mikec
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Accetto
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Gorazd Avguštin
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | | | - Angela Cividini
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | | | - Marko Čepon
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Leon Deutsch
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Ida Djurdjevič
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Emil Erjavec
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Gregor Gorjanc
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Antonija Holcman
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Dušanka Jordan
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Luka Juvančič
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Stane Kavčič
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Ajda Kermauner
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Marija Klopčič
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Tina Kocjančič
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Milena Kovač
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Kuhar
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Andrej Lavrenčič
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Jakob Leskovec
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Alenka Levart
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Špela Malovrh
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Romana Marinšek-Logar
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Petra Mohar Lorbeg
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Narat
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Obermajer
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Diana Paveljšek
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Pirman
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Klemen Potočnik
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Ilona Rac
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Vida Rezar
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Irena Rogelj
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Mojca Simčič
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Aleš Snoj
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Simona Sušnik Bajec
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Šumrada
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Dušan Terčič
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Primož Treven
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Maša Vodovnik
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
- Department of Microbiology, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Manja Zupan Šemrov
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Jaka Žgajnar
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Silvester Žgur
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
| | - Peter Dovč
- Department of Animal Science, University of Ljubljana, Biotechnical Faculty, Slovenia
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