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Obianwuna UE, Chang X, Oleforuh-Okoleh VU, Onu PN, Zhang H, Qiu K, Wu S. Phytobiotics in poultry: revolutionizing broiler chicken nutrition with plant-derived gut health enhancers. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2024; 15:169. [PMID: 39648201 PMCID: PMC11626766 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-024-01101-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/05/2024] [Indexed: 12/10/2024] Open
Abstract
As the global population continues to expand, the demand for broiler chicken production to supply safe and high-quality meat is increasing. To meet this ever-growing demand, broiler chickens with enhanced growth performance are being developed, but they often face challenges related to oxidative stress, which can adversely affect gut health. Phytobiotics, which are plant-derived feed additives known for their antimicrobial, antioxidant, immune-modulating, and growth-promoting properties, have emerged as promising natural alternatives to synthetic antibiotics. This review consolidates recent advancements in the use of phytobiotics-derived products from leaves, roots, seeds, flowers, and their extracts in broiler diets reared under standard experimental conditions, without the introduction of stressors. The focus is on elucidating the key mechanisms through which phytobiotics improve gut health, including their effects on gut morphology, integrity, microflora composition, antioxidant capacity, and immune function. The review highlights the potential of phytobiotics to revolutionize broiler nutrition by acting as natural enhancers of gut health. Research findings reveal that phytobiotics significantly improve intestinal health, and boost growth performance, offering a sustainable approach to managing to gut dysfunction. These findings indicate a potential shift in how gut-health related challenges in broilers can be addressed, moving towards natural phytobiotic therapy. However, several challenges persist. Optimizing the dosage of phytobiotics, ensuring consistent performance, and overcoming the limitations related to their extraction and application are key areas requiring further investigation. The review emphasizes the importance of continued research to refine phytobiotic formulations, explore synergistic effects, and incorporate advanced technologies such as AI-driven methods and precision nutrition to tailor feeding strategies more effectively. Additionally, the development of innovative delivery systems, such as nanoencapsulation, is suggested as a way to enhance the effectiveness and reliability of phytobiotics. By highlighting the potential of phytobiotics to revolutionize broiler nutrition, this review supports the poultry industry's shift towards antibiotic-free and sustainable dietary solutions, offering new perspectives on the future of broiler chicken production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchechukwu Edna Obianwuna
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xinyu Chang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | | | - Patience N Onu
- Department of Animal Science, Ebonyi State University, Abakiliki, Ebonyi State, Nigeria
| | - Haijun Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Kai Qiu
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Shugeng Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Biological Feed, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
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Gao J, Wei W, Ji C, Pan X, Chang J, Zhang Q, Zhao X, Jiang X, Zhang R, Che L, Lin Y, Fang Z, Zhuo Y, Feng B, Li J, Hua L, Wu D, Xu S. Effects of Yucca Extract on Nutrient Digestibility, Antioxidant Status, Estrus and Faecal Microorganism in Gilts. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:3356. [PMID: 39682320 DOI: 10.3390/ani14233356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2024] [Revised: 11/09/2024] [Accepted: 11/15/2024] [Indexed: 12/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of yucca extract (YE) supplementation on estrus, nutrient digestibility, antioxidant capacity and fecal microorganisms of gilts. Twenty gilts were randomly divided into two groups: basal diet (CONT) and basal diet + 0.25 g/kg YE (YETG). The results showed that supplementing 0.25 g/kg YE in the diet of gilts significantly increased the apparent digestibility of dietary energy, crude fat and crude protein (p < 0.05). In addition, YE could also improve the antioxidant capacity of gilts, significantly increase the serum total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activity and decrease the malondialdehyde (MDA) content of gilts (p < 0.05). In terms of fecal microorganisms, YE significantly increased the Shannon index and Simpson index of fecal microorganisms of gilts (p < 0.05), decreased the abundance of Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota and Streptococcus sp., and increased the abundance of Muribaculaceae and Prevotalla sp. in the feces of gilts (p < 0.05). In conclusion, dietary YE increased the apparent digestibility of nutrients, improved the antioxidant status of gilts and increased the α diversity of fecal microorganisms. These results provide a reference for the application of YE in gilts production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Gao
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Wenyan Wei
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chao Ji
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xujing Pan
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junlei Chang
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Qianhou Zhang
- Shandong Huachang Animal Health Products Co., Ltd., Jinan 250000, China
| | - Xilun Zhao
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuemei Jiang
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ruinan Zhang
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lianqiang Che
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yan Lin
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Zhengfeng Fang
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yong Zhuo
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bin Feng
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jian Li
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lun Hua
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - De Wu
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Shengyu Xu
- Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
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Saddoris-Clemons K, Osho S, Garcia M, Humphrey B. Effects of Dietary Inclusion of a Proprietary Combination of Quillaja saponaria and Yucca schidigera on Intestinal Permeability and Immune Response in Broiler Chickens during a Coccidia Challenge. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1737. [PMID: 38929356 PMCID: PMC11200908 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the impact of Magni-Phi Ultra (MPU) inclusion on intestinal integrity and immunity in broiler chickens challenged with coccidia during peak and recovery phases. A total of 128 male Ross 708 broiler chicks were randomly allotted to one of four treatment groups (four chicks/cage). Treatments included an uninfected control (UUC); a coccidial challenge (CC) infected control (IUC); a CC fed salinomycin at 66 ppm (SAL); and a CC fed Magni-Phi Ultra at 0.11 g/kg of diet (MPU). At 16 days post-hatch, all birds in the CC groups were orally gavaged with a 3× dose of a live coccidia vaccine. At 5 dpi, the birds fed MPU and SAL showed decreased plasma FITC-d, oocyte shedding, and lesion scores and higher BWG compared to the IUC birds (p < 0.05). Jejunum IL-17, IL-10, and IFN-ϒ mRNA expression was higher in the IUC compared to the UUC (p < 0.05) group at 5 dpi. At 12 dpi, the birds fed MPU or SAL had lower plasma FITC-d and jejunum IFN-ϒ and IL-10 mRNA expression compared to the IUC birds (p < 0.05). This study indicates that MPU supports intestinal integrity and mucosal immune responses during the peak and recovery phases of infection, which may lead to improved health and performance.
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Fan X, Xiao X, Yu W, Yu B, He J, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo J, Luo Y, Yan H, Wang J, Wu A, Wang Q, Wang H, Mao X. Yucca schidigera purpurea-sourced arabinogalactan polysaccharides augments antioxidant capacity facilitating intestinal antioxidant functions. Carbohydr Polym 2024; 326:121613. [PMID: 38142074 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2023.121613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
This study isolated and purified a novel homogeneous arabinogalactan polysaccharide from Yucca schidigera extract (YSE), unveiled its unique structure and explored its antioxidant function. Firstly, the antioxidant potential of YSE was demonstrated in piglet trials. A homogeneous polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 24.2 kDa, designated as Yucca schidigera polysaccharide B (YPB), was isolated and purified from YSE. The monosaccharide composition of YPB was Rha, Araf, Galp, and Glcp, whose molar percentages were 2.8 %, 11.6 %, 45.5 %, and 40.0 %, respectively. Methylation analysis combined with 1D and 2D nuclear magnetic resonance showed that YPB was a complex polysaccharide with a main glycosidic linkage pattern of →2)-α-ʟ-Rha-(1 → 3)-β-ᴅ-Galp-(1→3)-β-ᴅ-Galp-(1 → 3)-β-ᴅ-Galp-(1 → 3)-β-ᴅ-Glcp-(1→, and branched Araf and Galp fragments were connected with the main chain through →3,6)-β-ᴅ-Galp-(1→, →3,4)-β-ᴅ-Glcp-(1→, and →2,4)-α-ʟ-Rha-(1→ linkages. Following the in vitro biochemical assays of bioactive components, YPB should be the contributor to the antioxidant activity in YSE. Based on the establishment of oxidative stress model, YPB exhibited strong antioxidant capacity and activated NRF2 pathway, and then provided protection against the damage induced oxidative stress in IPEC-J2 cells and rats. Further analysis with inhibitors found that this antioxidant effect was attributed to its interaction with epidermal growth factor receptor and mannose receptor, and stimulating PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqi Fan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangjun Xiao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangping Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Quyuan Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifen Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 611130, People's Republic of China.
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Deng Z, Wu B, Yi X, Ma J, Liu Y, Nussio LG, Meng Q, Zhou Z, Wu H. The Effect of Yucca schidigera Extract on Serum Metabolites of Angus Crossbreed Steers with Metabolomics. Metabolites 2024; 14:58. [PMID: 38248861 PMCID: PMC10818960 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14010058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to explore the potential effect of Yucca schidigera extract (YSE) on the metabolism of beef cattle. Thirty Angus crossbreed steers were selected, with an initial mean body weight of 506.6 ± 33.3 kg, and assigned to two treatments: a diet with no additives (CON group) and a diet supplemented with 1.75 g/kg of YSE (YSE group) (on a dry matter basis). The experiment lasted for 104 days, with 14 days for adaptation. The results showed that adding YSE could significantly improve the average daily gain (ADG) from 1 to 59 d (15.38%) (p = 0.01) and 1 to 90 d (11.38%) (p < 0.01), as well as dry matter digestibility (DMD) (0.84%) (p < 0.05). The contents of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and bilirubin and the total antioxidant capacity were increased and blood urea was reduced in the YSE group, compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). Both the glycerophospholipids and bile acids, including phosphocholine, glycerophosphocholine, PC(15:0/18:2(9Z,12Z)), PE(18:0/20:3(5Z,8Z,11Z)), PE(18:3(6Z,9Z,12Z)/P-18:0), LysoPC(15:0), LysoPC(17:0), LysoPC(18:0), LysoPC(20:5(5Z,8Z,11Z,14Z,17Z)), deoxycholic acid, glycocholic acid, and cholic acid, were upregulated by the addition of YSE. In summary, YSE may improve the ADG by increasing the blood total antioxidant capacity and glycerophospholipid synthesis, maintaining steers under a healthy status that is beneficial for growth. Furthermore, YSE may also increase the expression of bile acid synthesis, thereby promoting DMD, which, in turn, offers more nutrients available for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziqi Deng
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.D.)
| | - Baoyun Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.D.)
| | - Xin Yi
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.D.)
| | - Jinglei Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.D.)
| | - Yue Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.D.)
| | - Luiz Gustavo Nussio
- Department of Animal Science, Luiz de Queiroz College of Agriculture (Esalq), University of São Paulo, Av. Pádua Dias, 11- 13416490, Piracicaba 13418-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Qingxiang Meng
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.D.)
| | - Zhenming Zhou
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.D.)
| | - Hao Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, No. 2 Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China; (Z.D.)
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