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Effects of dietary supplementation with histidine and β-alanine on blood plasma metabolome of broiler chickens at different ages. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277476. [PMID: 36374928 PMCID: PMC9662743 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Histidine is an essential amino acid for broiler chickens and a precursor for the dipeptides carnosine and anserine, but little information is available about its metabolism in modern, fast-growing broilers. We used untargeted metabolomics to investigate the metabolic changes caused by the use of different standardized ileal digestible His:Lys ratios in broiler diets with and without β-alanine supplementation. A total of 2204 broilers were randomly divided into 96 pens of 23 birds each. The pens were divided into 16 blocks, each containing one pen for all six feeding groups (total of 16 pens per group). These feeding groups were fed three different His:Lys ratios (0.44, 0.54, and 0.64, respectively) without and with a combination of 0.5% β-alanine supplementation. Five randomly selected chickens of one single randomly selected pen per feeding group were slaughtered on day 35 or 54, blood was collected from the neck vessel, and plasma was used for untargeted metabolomic analysis. Here we show that up to 56.0% of all metabolites analyzed were altered by age, whereas only 1.8% of metabolites were affected by the His:Lys ratio in the diet, and 1.5% by β-alanine supplementation. Two-factor analysis and metabolic pathway analysis showed no interaction between the His:Lys ratio and β-alanine supplementation. The effect of the His:Lys ratio in the diet was limited to histidine metabolism with a greater change in formiminoglutamate concentration. Supplementation of β-alanine showed changes in metabolites of several metabolic pathways; increased concentrations of 3-aminoisobutyrate showed the only direct relationship to β-alanine metabolism. The supplementation of β-alanine indicated few effects on histidine metabolism. These results suggest that the supplements used had limited effects or interactions on both His and β-alanine metabolism. In contrast, the birds’ age has the strongest influence on the metabolome.
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Determination of the Optimal In-Feed Amino Acid Ratio for Japanese Quail Breeders Based on Utilization Efficiency. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12212953. [PMID: 36359076 PMCID: PMC9656694 DOI: 10.3390/ani12212953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Breeder reproductive responses are optimized if nutritional, environmental, and health requirements are adequately met. Thus, the ideal concentration of amino acids in the diet must be obtained to prevent excess or deficiency to the animal. This may occur due to the inefficiency in the production or excessive excretion of nitrogen. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the optimal relationship for this nutrient category. These results contribute to ensuring optimal ratios of essential amino acids in the diets of Japanese quail breeders based on amino acid efficiency. Abstract The description of the genetic potential is the first step to estimating amino acid requirements and the ideal amino acid relation (IAAR). The aim of this study was to estimate the parameters that describe the daily maximum theoretical nitrogen retention (NRmaxT, mg/BWkg0.67), daily nitrogen maintenance requirement (NMR, mg/BWkg0.67), protein quality (b), dietary efficiency of the limiting amino acid (bc−1) and determine the lysine requirement and the IAAR for Japanese quail breeders. Two nitrogen balance assays were performed, one assay using 49 quails distributed in seven treatments (protein levels between 70.1 and 350.3 g/kg) and seven replicates and other assay to determine the IAAR by the use of bc−1, 12 treatments and 10 replicate, with a control diet (CD) and 11 treatments that had limited essential amino acids by providing only 60% of the CD. The values obtained for NRmaxT, NMR, b and bc−1 were 3386.61, 0.000486 and 0.000101, respectively. The daily intake of Lys was 291 mg/bird day. Lys was set at 100% for determining the IAAR: 87, 67, 21, 117, 96, 66, 142, 39, and 133 for Met + Cys, Thr, Trp, Arg, Val, Ile, Leu, His, and Phr + Tyr, respectively, for Japanese quail breeders.
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Bondar A, Macari V, Rudic V, Pistol G, Putin V, Rotaru A, Chiriac T, Solcan G, Solcan C. Effects of ZooBioR2 product as feed supplement in laying hens on the morphofunctional state of intestinal mucosa. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Spirulina platensis is a microalga with biological activity used to produce nutritional supplements rich in proteins, essential fatty acids, vitamins, and minerals. The current study aims to prove the impact of the product ZooBioR2 (obtained from Spirulina platensis) on health, and on the histology of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, and cecum in laying hens. The experiment was performed in duplicate on 5 groups of hens (14 birds/group), one control and four experimental, in which the feed was supplemented with ZooBioR2 in different doses (5.0; 10.0; 15.0; 20.0mg active substance/kg of fodder). Inclusion of the supplement in the diet have determined a significant decrease of height of intestinal villi, the depth of the crypts and the thickness of muscular layer of mucosa in the experimental groups receiving 15.0 and 20.0mg/kg. The decrease of crypts depth is an indicator of a higher rate of turn-over of epithelial tissue. The morphological changes of intestinal mucosa could be involved in a better digestibility of the fodder.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Bondar
- University of Life Sciences, Romania
| | - V. Macari
- State Agrarian University from Moldova, Moldova
| | - V. Rudic
- Sciences Academy from Moldova, Moldova
| | - G. Pistol
- State Agrarian University from Moldova, Moldova
| | - V. Putin
- State Agrarian University from Moldova, Moldova
| | - A. Rotaru
- State Agrarian University from Moldova, Moldova
| | | | - G. Solcan
- University of Life Sciences, Romania
| | - C. Solcan
- University of Life Sciences, Romania
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Maqsood MA, Khan EU, Qaisrani SN, Rashid MA, Shaheen MS, Nazir A, Talib H, Ahmad S. Interactive effect of amino acids balanced at ideal lysine ratio and exogenous protease supplemented to low CP diet on growth performance, carcass traits, gut morphology, and serum metabolites in broiler chicken. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:186. [PMID: 35543886 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03184-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of amino acids balanced at a specific lysine ratio with exogenous protease supplementation and reduced CP levels in the broiler diet. In total, 480 straight-run broiler chicks (Ross-308) were used for the study. A completely randomized design in the factorial arrangement was applied, with 4 treatments of 6 replicates with 20 birds each. Treatments consisted of 2 lysine ratios (100% and 110%; factor 1) without or with exogenous protease supplementation (200 g/ton; factor 2). Twenty percent reduction of CP from standard requirements of Ross-308 (18.4% vs 23% in starter and 17.2% vs 21.5% in grower phase) was made in all the treatment diets. Growth performance (feed intake, weight gain, feed conversion ratio, livability), carcass traits (live and carcass weight, carcass yield, heart, liver, gizzard, leg quarter, breast weight, and abdominal fat percentage), gut morphology (villus height, crypt depth, and villus height and crypt depth ratio), and serum metabolites (total protein, albumin, and uric acid) were evaluated. A significant interaction (p ≤ 0.05) for lysine ratio and protease was noted in body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, carcass traits, and gut morphology throughout the experimental period yet a non-significant (p > 0.05) influence was observed on serum metabolites. It was concluded that the broiler diet with a net reduction of 20% CP from Ross-308 standards, balanced for amino acids at lysine ratio 110% and supplemented with exogenous protease, could be used to improve growth performance, intestinal health, and carcass traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adeel Maqsood
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Ehsaan Ullah Khan
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Shafqat Nawaz Qaisrani
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal Rashid
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shabir Shaheen
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Azhar Nazir
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Hammad Talib
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan
| | - Sohail Ahmad
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Animal Production and Technology, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
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Talpur MZ, Peng W, Zeng Y, Xie P, Li J, Zhang H, Shu G, Jiang Q. Effects of phenylpyruvate on the growth performance and intestinal microbiota in broiler chicken. Br Poult Sci 2022; 63:670-679. [PMID: 35382668 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2022.2061330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
1. The purpose of this study was to see how dietary supplementation with phenylpyruvate affected broiler growth, slaughter performance, gut health microbiota and immunity. This information can be used to develop alternative approaches to antibiotic replacement in modern poultry production and health.2. A total of 288, one-day-old broiler chickens were randomly assigned to one of four groups (six replicates each replicate has 12 chickens). A control basal diet (NC), basal diet plus antibiotic virginiamycin 15ppm (PC), basal diet plus phenylpyruvate 1 kg/t or 2 kg/t, respectively (LCP and HCP).3. Results showed that the birds in the PC group had higher ADFI during the first 21 d, and better FCR than the NC group. Feeding LCP and HCP improved broilers' FCR by 0.001 and 0.037% compared to the NC group respectively. The HCP-fed group has a higher all-eviscerated ratio than the NC group and less abdominal fat than the birds fed LCP. The birds fed HCP has increased villus length and crypt depth in the ileum compared to the NC group.4. The bursa index was lower in the HCP group whereas the thymus index was lower in LCP and PC groups. In contrast, birds fed HCP has lower pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1, as well as lower TLR4. Phenylpyruvate improved number in the Selenomonadaceae, genus Megamonas bacteroides spp., which are known for their beneficial effects on the maintenance of the cell surface structure, regulating aromatic amino acids and Clostridia jejuni-suppressive treatment respectively.5. It was concluded that phenylpyruvate can be utilised in feed to improve growth performance and positively modulate gut microbiota. However, this was less efficient than antibiotics in improving growth performance, although more efficient in improving productive performance and gut morphology. Moreover, a high dose of phenylpyruvate is more effective than a low dose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mir Zulqarnain Talpur
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou China
| | - Wentong Peng
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou China
| | - Yuxian Zeng
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou China
| | - Peipei Xie
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou China
| | - Jincheng Li
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou China
| | - Haijun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Shu
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou China
| | - Qingyan Jiang
- Guangdong Laboratory of Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutritional Regulation, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou China
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Soares L, César de Paula Dorigam J, da Silva Viana G, Balbino Leme B, Quintino do Nascimento M, Kochenborger Fernandes JB, Kazue Sakomura N. Determination of ideal protein ratios in growing pullets. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2021.115189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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Effects of feeding different histidine to lysine ratios on performance, meat quality, and the occurrence of breast myopathies in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 101:101568. [PMID: 34923231 PMCID: PMC8693462 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In modern fast-growing broiler chickens, meat quality becomes increasingly important due to the occurrence of novel breast myopathies such as white striping (WS), woody breast (WB), and spaghetti meat (SM), compromising the sustainability of the poultry industry. Therefore, strategies for reducing the incidence of those myopathies are needed. This study focuses on the impact of different standard ileal digestible (SID) His:Lys ratios on growth performance, meat quality variables like pH, drip loss and pale-soft-exudative (PSE) meat as well as the incidence and severity of breast myopathies (WS, WB, SM), including deep pectoral myopathies (DPM). Thus, 440 male Ross 308 chickens were divided into 5 treatment groups with SID His:Lys ratios of 0.41, 0.45, 0.49, 0.53, and 0.57 in the feed, respectively. Performance was assessed on d 1, 10, 20, 33, and 38 of life. From each treatment group, 22 representative birds were slaughtered on d 38, 39, 40, and 41, respectively. All right fillets were examined 24 h after slaughter by 6 trained testers to assess the outcome of breast myopathies (3-point scale) and PSE-meat (presence and absence). Fillet weight, pH, and drip loss were recorded for selected fillets at different time points. The results of this trial showed no influence of the SID His:Lys ratios on growth performance or drip loss, whereas pH was slightly affected. The study showed a correlation between the occurrence of WB and WS (P < 0.001, normalized contingency coefficient = 0.576). A lower incidence of WB (P = 0.008) was observed in the group fed an SID His:Lys ratio of 0.45 compared with the group fed the lowest ratio of 0.41. For WS, a higher incidence was observed in broilers fed an SID His:Lys ratio of 0.49 (P = 0.002) and 0.53 (P = 0.036) when compared to 0.41. The occurrence of PSE was increased by feeding SID His:Lys at 0.51 (P = 0.008) compared to the lowest ratio. This study showed that the level of His in broiler feed had an impact on the occurrence of breast myopathies, but only WB could be decreased.
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Lackner J, Albrecht A, Mittler M, Marx A, Kreyenschmidt J, Hess V, Sauerwein H. Effect of feeding histidine and β-alanine on carnosine concentration, growth performance, and meat quality of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101393. [PMID: 34530228 PMCID: PMC8445889 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The high growth rates of modern broiler breeds increased the risk for novel breast muscle myopathies as serious quality issue, relevant for the industry. In affected muscles, a depletion of the dipeptides carnosine and anserine was reported. Therefore, this study was performed to test whether a supplementation of the precursors histidine and β-alanine, alone or in combination can increase the dipeptide content in the breast muscle and improve meat quality. Ross 308 broiler chickens were supplemented with 3 different histidine:lysine ratios (0.44, 0.54, 0.64) of standardized ileal digestible amino acids (SID) combined with 0 or 0.5% β-alanine in total. The birds’ performance was recorded at different ages: birds were slaughtered in 2 batches after 33 and 53 d of life. Meat quality was tested at different time points after slaughter on breast fillets stored aerobically. The concentration of the dipeptides and amino acids in blood plasma and muscle tissue was tested postmortem at 35 and 54 d. All performance and meat quality data, as well as peptide and amino acid concentrations, of the 2 × 2 × 3 randomized block design were analyzed separately for the influence of both supplements and for slaughter age. Moreover, the influence of storage time was analyzed separately for meat quality parameters. At both slaughter ages, lesser feed intake (P ≤ 0.005) and breast yield (P ≤ 0.05) were observed in the birds receiving β-alanine. A greater SID histidine:lysine ratio increased the carnosine concentrations in blood plasma (P < 0.001) and in skeletal muscle (P < 0.001), whereas β-alanine increased carnosine in plasma at 35 d only (P = 0.004). Anserine was increased in plasma and muscle of older birds (P = 0.003), whereas carnosine was reduced in muscle tissue (P < 0.001). The main impact on meat quality parameters was seen for the age of the birds and storage time of the fillets. In conclusion, the supplementation of histidine increased carnosine in breast muscle but both supplements showed only minor effects on meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lackner
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany; Institute of Animal Science, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9 53115 Bonn, Germany.
| | - A Albrecht
- Institute of Animal Science, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - M Mittler
- Institute of Animal Science, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - A Marx
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - J Kreyenschmidt
- Institute of Animal Science, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9 53115 Bonn, Germany; Department of Fresh Produce Logistics, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Von-Lade-Straße 1 65366 Geisenheim, Germany
| | - V Hess
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Rodenbacher Chaussee 4, 63457 Hanau-Wolfgang, Germany
| | - H Sauerwein
- Institute of Animal Science, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Katzenburgweg 7-9 53115 Bonn, Germany
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Macelline SP, Chrystal PV, Liu SY, Selle PH. The Dynamic Conversion of Dietary Protein and Amino Acids into Chicken-Meat Protein. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:2288. [PMID: 34438749 PMCID: PMC8388418 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This review considers the conversion of dietary protein and amino acids into chicken-meat protein and seeks to identify strategies whereby this transition may be enhanced. Viable alternatives to soybean meal would be advantageous but the increasing availability of non-bound amino acids is providing the opportunity to develop reduced-crude protein (CP) diets, to promote the sustainability of the chicken-meat industry and is the focus of this review. Digestion of protein and intestinal uptakes of amino acids is critical to broiler growth performance. However, the transition of amino acids across enterocytes of the gut mucosa is complicated by their entry into either anabolic or catabolic pathways, which reduces their post-enteral availability. Both amino acids and glucose are catabolised in enterocytes to meet the energy needs of the gut. Therefore, starch and protein digestive dynamics and the possible manipulation of this 'catabolic ratio' assume importance. Finally, net deposition of protein in skeletal muscle is governed by the synchronised availability of amino acids and glucose at sites of protein deposition. There is a real need for more fundamental and applied research targeting areas where our knowledge is lacking relative to other animal species to enhance the conversion of dietary protein and amino acids into chicken-meat protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shemil P. Macelline
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter V. Chrystal
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Sonia Y. Liu
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
| | - Peter H. Selle
- Poultry Research Foundation, Department of Animal Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia; (S.P.M.); (P.V.C.); (S.Y.L.)
- Sydney School of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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He W, Furukawa K, Toyomizu M, Nochi T, Bailey CA, Wu G. Interorgan Metabolism, Nutritional Impacts, and Safety of Dietary L-Glutamate and L-Glutamine in Poultry. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1332:107-128. [PMID: 34251641 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-74180-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
L-glutamine (Gln) is the most abundant amino acid (AA) in the plasma and skeletal muscle of poultry, and L-glutamate (Glu) is among the most abundant AAs in the whole bodies of all avian tissues. During the first-pass through the small intestine into the portal circulation, dietary Glu is extensively oxidized to CO2, but dietary Gln undergoes limited catabolism in birds. Their extra-intestinal tissues (e.g., skeletal muscle, kidneys, and lymphoid organs) have a high capacity to degrade Gln. To maintain Glu and Gln homeostasis in the body, they are actively synthesized from branched-chain AAs (abundant AAs in both plant and animal proteins) and glucose via interorgan metabolism involving primarily the skeletal muscle, heart, adipose tissue, and brain. In addition, ammonia (produced from the general catabolism of AAs) and α-ketoglutarate (α-KG, derived primarily from glucose) serve as substrates for the synthesis of Glu and Gln in avian tissues, particularly the liver. Over the past 20 years, there has been growing interest in Glu and Gln metabolism in the chicken, which is an agriculturally important species and also a useful model for studying some aspects of human physiology and diseases. Increasing evidence shows that the adequate supply of dietary Glu and Gln is crucial for the optimum growth, anti-oxidative responses, productivity, and health of chickens, ducklings, turkeys, and laying fowl, particularly under stress conditions. Like mammals, poultry have dietary requirements for both Glu and Gln. Based on feed intake, tissue integrity, growth performance, and health status, birds can tolerate up to 12% Glu and 3.5% Gln in diets (on the dry matter basis). Glu and Gln are quantitatively major nutrients for chickens and other avian species to support their maximum growth, production, and feed efficiency, as well as their optimum health and well-being.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang He
- Departments of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Kyohei Furukawa
- Departments of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.,Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaaki Toyomizu
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomonori Nochi
- Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Christopher A Bailey
- Departments of Poultry Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Guoyao Wu
- Departments of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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11
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Altmann BA, Wigger R, Ciulu M, Mörlein D. The effect of insect or microalga alternative protein feeds on broiler meat quality. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:4292-4302. [PMID: 32378214 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In order to combat environmental and food security concerns associated with the increasing demand for soymeal related to increasing meat consumption, this study determines the chicken meat quality derived when soymeal is substituted for either partially de-fatted Hermetia illucens larval meal or spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) in broiler diets. Physicochemical parameters, sensory traits, and fatty acid composition of the meat are investigated, as well as an experiment to evaluate the impact of highly oxygenated atmosphere versus vacuum-bag packaging on shelf life was conducted. RESULTS Hermetia illucens did not compromise quality; meat was slightly more yellow (higher b*), had a slightly decreased pH, and was less adhesive during chewing compared to the soy-fed control. Furthermore, Hermetia illucens resulted in higher saturated fatty acids proportions in thigh meat. Spirulina resulted in redder (higher a*) and more yellow (higher b*) meat with a slightly increased umami and chicken flavour. Spirulina-fed chicken meat had higher lipid oxidation levels compared to the control after being packaged in a highly oxygenated atmosphere; although, differences between the spirulina-fed and control fatty acid composition in thigh meat were minor. CONCLUSION Both alternative protein feeds show potential to replace soymeal in broiler diets; however, they do result in moderately altered products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne A Altmann
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ruth Wigger
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Marco Ciulu
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Mörlein
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Göttingen, Goettingen, Germany
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12
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Harding HR, Gordon TAC, Eastcott E, Simpson SD, Radford AN. Causes and consequences of intraspecific variation in animal responses to anthropogenic noise. Behav Ecol 2019; 30:1501-1511. [PMID: 31723315 PMCID: PMC6838653 DOI: 10.1093/beheco/arz114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic noise is a recognized global pollutant, affecting a wide range of nonhuman animals. However, most research considers only whether noise pollution has an impact, ignoring that individuals within a species or population exhibit substantial variation in responses to stress. Here, we first outline how intrinsic characteristics (e.g., body size, condition, sex, and personality) and extrinsic factors (e.g., environmental context, repeated exposure, prior experience, and multiple stressors) can affect responses to environmental stressors. We then present the results of a systematic search of the anthropogenic-noise literature, identifying articles that investigated intraspecific variation in the responses of nonhuman animals to noise. This reveals that fewer than 10% of articles (51 of 589) examining impacts of noise test experimentally for intraspecific variation in responses; of those that do, more than 75% report significant effects. We assess these existing studies to determine the current scope of research and findings to-date, and to provide suggestions for good practice in the design, implementation, and reporting of robust experiments in this field. We close by explaining how understanding intraspecific variation in responses to anthropogenic noise is crucial for improving how we manage captive animals, monitor wild populations, model species responses, and mitigate effects of noise pollution on wildlife. Our aim is to stimulate greater knowledge and more effective management of the harmful consequences of this global pollutant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry R Harding
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
- Marine Scotland Science, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Timothy A C Gordon
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
- Australian Institute of Marine Science, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Emma Eastcott
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Stephen D Simpson
- Biosciences, College of Life & Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew N Radford
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
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Li Y, Bi Y, Diao Q, Piao M, Wang B, Kong F, Hu F, Tang M, Sun Y, Tu Y. The Limiting Sequence and Appropriate Amino Acid Ratio of Lysine, Methionine, and Threonine for Seven- to Nine-Month-Old Holstein Heifers Fed Corn-Soybean M-Based Diet. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E750. [PMID: 31574931 PMCID: PMC6827085 DOI: 10.3390/ani9100750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
An "Amino acid (AA) partial deletion method" was used in this experiment to study the limiting sequences and appropriate ratio of lysine (Lys), methionine (Met), and threonine (Thr) in the diets of 7- to 9-month-old Holstein heifers. The experiment was conducted for three months with 72 Holstein heifers (age = 22 ± 0.5 weeks old; BW = 200 ± 9.0 kg; mean ± standard deviation). Following an initial two weeks adaptation period, heifers were allocated to one of four treatments: a theoretically balanced amino acid diet (positive control [PC]; 1.00% Lys, 0.33% Met, and 0.72% Thr), a 30% Lys deleted diet (partially deleted Lys [PD-Lys]; 0.66% Lys, 0.33% Met, and 0.72% Thr), a 30% Met deleted diet (partially deleted Met, [PD-Met]; 1.00% Lys, 0.22% Met, and 0.72% Thr), and a 30% Thr deleted diet (partially deleted Thr [PD-Thr]; 1.00% Lys, 0.33% Met, and 0.45% Thr). Experimental animals were fed a corn-soybean meal-based concentrate and alfalfa hay. In addition, the animals were provided with supplemental Lys, Met, and Thr (ruminal bypass). The results found no differences in the growth performance and nitrogen retention between PD-Thr treatment and PC treatment (p > 0.05). The average daily gain (p = 0.0013) and feed conversion efficiency (p = 0.0057) of eight- to ninr-month-old heifers were lower in both PD-Lys and PD-Met treatment than those in PC treatment. According to growth performance, Lys was the first limiting AA, followed by Met and Thr. Moreover, nine-month-old Holstein heifers in PD-Lys treatment and PD-Met treatment had higher levels of serum urea nitrogen (p = 0.0021), urea nitrogen (p = 0.0011) and total excreted N (p = 0.0324) than those in PC treatment, which showed that nitrogen retention significantly decreased (p = 0.0048) as dietary Lys and Met levels decreased. The limiting sequence based on nitrogen retention was the same as that based on growth performance. The appropriate ratio of Lys, Met, and Thr in the diet based on nitrogen retention was 100:32:57. In summary, the limiting sequence and appropriate amino acid ratio of Lys, Met, and Thr for seven- to nine-month-old Holstein heifers fed a corn-soybean meal-based diet were Lys > Met > Thr and 100:32:57, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Yanliang Bi
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Qiyu Diao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Minyu Piao
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Bing Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Fanlin Kong
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Fengming Hu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Mengqi Tang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yu Sun
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agriculture University, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Yan Tu
- Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/ Sino-US Joint Lab on Nutrition and Metabolism of Ruminants, Beijing 100081, China.
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Watts ES, Rose SP, Mackenzie AM, Pirgozliev VR. The effects of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction and cold-pressed hexane extraction on the chemical composition and feeding value of rapeseed meal for broiler chickens. Arch Anim Nutr 2019; 74:57-71. [PMID: 31544513 DOI: 10.1080/1745039x.2019.1659702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The chemical characteristics of rapeseed meal (RSM) produced from two cultivars of UK-grown rapeseed, by both supercritical carbon dioxide extraction (ScCO2) and cold-pressed hexane extraction (CpHe) were examined. Their nutritional value, with and without protease, was then assessed in a broiler digestibility trial. Basal feed was substituted with one of four RSM batches (200 g/kg) following adjustments for dry matter (DM) and ether extract (EE) content. Half of each diet was supplemented with a mono-component protease derived from Bacillus subtilis (Axtra®PRO, Danisco Animal Nutrition, Malborough, UK) giving a total of eight test diets. Two control diets, with and without protease were also fed. At 13 d age male Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to seven replicate pens (five birds per pen) and assigned to one of 10 diets. Total excreta were collected from 17 to 21 d age and feed intake was recorded. Pre-caecal protein digestibility (pcPd) was determined using TiO2 as an indigestible marker. Colourimetrically CpHe RSM was substantially darker than ScCO2 counterparts. The influence of oil recovery method (ORM) was also evident in DM, EE, ash free neutral detergent fibre (aNDFom), neutral detergent insoluble crude protein (NDICP) and glucosinolate content (GLS). The content of DM, EE and GLS was higher in ScCO2 RSM whereas aNDFom and NDICP levels were greater in CpHe RSM. Protein solubility in KOH was greater in ScCO2 RSM whilst levels of NDICP were lower. Collectively these results suggest that less heat damage was incurred to the RSM during ScCO2 extraction. There was no significant main effect of cultivar nor were any significant interactions observed between treatment factors. Rapeseed meal ScCO2 produced greater metabolisable energy, pcPd, nitrogen retention and energy metabolisability (p < 0.05). Protease supplementation increased pcPd (p < 0.05) irrespective of ORM and cultivar. The key implications of these findings are that by adopting oil recovery methods that minimise the exposure of RSM to thermal treatments and by adding a compatible protease there is scope to increase the nutritional value of RSM for broilers and increase its utilisation in modern poultry production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilea Sarah Watts
- The National Institute of Poultry Husbandry (NIPH), Harper Adams University, Shropshire, UK
| | - Stephen Paul Rose
- The National Institute of Poultry Husbandry (NIPH), Harper Adams University, Shropshire, UK
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Soares L, Sakomura NK, Dorigam JCDP, Liebert F, Sunder A, Nascimento MQD, Leme BB. Optimal in-feed amino acid ratio for laying hens based on deletion method. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2018; 103:170-181. [PMID: 30478953 PMCID: PMC6924275 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A total of 56 Hy‐line W‐36 hens from 28 to 30 weeks were used on nitrogen balance (NB) trial to estimate daily N maintenance requirements (NMR) and the genetic potential for daily N retention (NRmaxT). The treatments consisted of six graded levels of nitrogen in the diets (N1 = 8; N2 = 16; N3 = 24; N4 = 32; N5 = 40; and N6 = 48 g N/kg of feed), formulated using the dilution technique. The regression analyses between nitrogen intake and excretion were performed to fit the exponential function and to determine the NMR = 292 mg/BWkg0.67, which was applied for further calculation of NRmaxT = 1,883 mg/BWkg0.67. A second NB trial was conducted, and a total of 96 Hy‐line W‐36 hens were used in the same period to estimate the ideal amino acid ratio (IAAR). Twelve treatments with eight replicates and one bird per cage were used. A balanced diet (BD) was formulated to meet the IAAR and the requirement of other nutrients for pullets. The limiting diets were formulated diluting BD with cornstarch and refilled with synthetic AAs and other feed ingredients, except for the AA under study. In each trial, the data of nitrogen intake, excretion, deposition and retention were obtained in a NB trial. The IAAR determined by Goettingen approach was Lys 100, Met+Cys 88, Trp 21, Thr 69, Arg 109, Val 90, Ile 75, Leu 127, Phe+Tir 110, Gly+Ser 73 and His 29%. The IAAR determined by Louvain approach was Lys 100, Met+Cys 88, Trp 21, Thr 69, Arg 104, Val 91, Ile 78, Leu 121, Phe+Tir 119, Gly+Ser 77 and His 29%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Soares
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nilva Kazue Sakomura
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Frank Liebert
- Animal Nutrition, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Angela Sunder
- Animal Nutrition, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Mariana Quintino do Nascimento
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Balbino Leme
- Department of Animal Science, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", São Paulo, Brazil
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16
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Brede A, Wecke C, Liebert F. Does the Optimal Dietary Methionine to Cysteine Ratio in Diets for Growing Chickens Respond to High Inclusion Rates of Insect Meal from Hermetia illucens? Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E187. [PMID: 30360513 PMCID: PMC6262416 DOI: 10.3390/ani8110187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The dietary methionine:cysteine (Met:Cys) ratio (MCR) is an important factor influencing the optimal growth of chickens. Therefore, this study aimed to contribute to the assessment of the optimal dietary MCR in diets with the complete replacement of soybean meal (SBM) by a partly defatted larvae meal of Hermetia illucens (HM). A growth study with 240 male meat-type chickens (Ross 308) was conducted, also assessing the body nutrient deposition both at the end of the starter (day 21) and the grower (day 35) period. Birds were fed experimental diets based on wheat, maize, and insect meal (23%/21% HM in starter/grower diets). Sulfur amino acids were created as the limiting AA in diets with graded MCR (40:60; 45:55; 50:50; 55:45; 60:40). The control diet contained SBM instead of HM with a MCR of 50:50. The current results based on growth parameters, dietary protein quality, and Met efficiency data gave support to the previous assumption of an ideal MCR of 50:50, which was also valid in diets with a high proportion of insect meal. The lowest MCR of 40:60 led to significantly impaired feed intake and growth of the birds, while the response to the highest MCR (60:40) was moderate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Brede
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition Physiology, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Christian Wecke
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition Physiology, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Frank Liebert
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division of Animal Nutrition Physiology, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
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17
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Neumann C, Velten S, Liebert F. N Balance Studies Emphasize the Superior Protein Quality of Pig Diets at High Inclusion Level of Algae Meal ( Spirulina platensis) or Insect Meal ( Hermetia illucens) when Adequate Amino Acid Supplementation Is Ensured. Animals (Basel) 2018; 8:E172. [PMID: 30282918 PMCID: PMC6210745 DOI: 10.3390/ani8100172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two age-dependent nitrogen (N) balance studies (average body mass 25 and 60 kg) utilized 16 male castrated piglets and 16 barrows to measure N utilization parameters of diets with complete substitution of SBM by alternative protein sources (SM, HM), but different AA fortifications. Lysine supplementation up to 80% of the recommended lysine (Lys) supply in diets HM (A) and SM (A) yielded similar protein quality data (63.6 ± 2.1 and 63.7 ± 3.4). Surprisingly, only in piglet diet HM (AA) did the extended AA supplementation (Lys, methionine (Met), threonine (Thr)) enhance protein quality (72.8 ± 6.7) significantly (p = 0.004). Similar trends were observed in growing pigs. However, when the level of histidine (His) in diet SM (AA) was increased, feed protein quality (71.8 ± 1.3) was significantly (p < 0.001) improved indicating the importance of adequate His supply in diets with a complete substitution of SBM by the algae meal (SM) under study. AA efficiency data extend the possibilities to explain the observed responses on protein quality. When an adequate AA balancing in the diet is guaranteed, from nutritional point of view both of the alternative proteins may replace SBM in pig diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Neumann
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division Animal Nutrition Physiology, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Susanne Velten
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division Animal Nutrition Physiology, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Frank Liebert
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division Animal Nutrition Physiology, Georg-August-University of Goettingen, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
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18
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Altmann BA, Neumann C, Velten S, Liebert F, Mörlein D. Meat Quality Derived from High Inclusion of a Micro-Alga or Insect Meal as an Alternative Protein Source in Poultry Diets: A Pilot Study. Foods 2018. [PMID: 29518048 PMCID: PMC5867549 DOI: 10.3390/foods7030034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects on meat quality resulting from alternative dietary protein sources (Spirulina and Hermetia meal) in poultry diets are studied to determine the overall suitability of these ingredients considering state-of-the-art packaging practices—highly oxygenated modified atmosphere packaging (HiOx MAP). We monitored standard slaughterhouse parameters, such as live weight, carcass weight, dressed yield, and pH at 20 min and 24 h post mortem. In addition, we studied the effects that 3 and 7-day storage in HiOx MAP has on the overall product physico-chemical and sensory properties. In addition to previously supported effects of HiOx MAP, we found that meat quality could be improved when Spirulina replaces 50% of the soy protein in broiler diets; however, this substitution results in a dark reddish-yellowish meat colour. On the other hand, the substitution with Hermetia larval meal results in a product that does not differ from the standard fed control group, with the exception that the breast filet has a more intense flavour that decreases over storage time. All-in-all Spirulina and Hermetia meal have the potential to replace soybean meal in broiler diets without deteriorating meat quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianne A Altmann
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division Animal Product Quality, University of Göttingen, 37075 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Carmen Neumann
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Susanne Velten
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Frank Liebert
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Daniel Mörlein
- Department of Animal Sciences, Division Animal Nutrition Physiology, University of Göttingen, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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Neumann C, Velten S, Liebert F. The Graded Inclusion of Algae (<i>Spirulina platensis</i>) or Insect (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) Meal as a Soybean Meal Substitute in Meat Type Chicken Diets Impacts on Growth, Nutrient Deposition and Dietary Protein Quality Depending on the Extent of Amino Acid Supplementation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2018.82012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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20
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Velten S, Neumann C, Bleyer M, Gruber-Dujardin E, Hanuszewska M, Przybylska-Gornowicz B, Liebert F. Effects of 50 Percent Substitution of Soybean Meal by Alternative Proteins from <i>Hermetia illucens</i> or Spirulina platensis in Meat-Type Chicken Diets with Graded Amino Acid Supply. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2018.82009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Velten S, Neumann C, Schäfer J, Liebert F. Effects of the Partial Replacement of Soybean Meal by Insect or Algae Meal in Chicken Diets with Graded Amino Acid Supply on Parameters of Gut Microbiology and Dietary Protein Quality. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2018.83020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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22
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Neumann C, Velten S, Liebert F. Improving the Dietary Protein Quality by Amino Acid Fortification with a High Inclusion Level of Micro Algae (<i>Spirulina platensis</i>) or Insect Meal (<i>Hermetia illucens</i>) in Meat Type Chicken Diets. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2018.81002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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23
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Franco SM, Tavernari FDC, Maia RC, Barros VRSM, Albino LFT, Rostagno HS, Lelis GR, Calderano AA, Dilger RN. Estimation of optimal ratios of digestible phenylalanine + tyrosine, histidine, and leucine to digestible lysine for performance and breast yield in broilers. Poult Sci 2017; 96:829-837. [PMID: 27647929 PMCID: PMC5444564 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments were carried out to estimate the optimal ratios of digestible phenylalanine + tyrosine (Phe + Tyr), histidine (His), and leucine (Leu) relative to digestible lysine (Lys) for performance and carcass criteria of Cobb-500 broilers from 8 to 17 d of age. In each experiment, 160 male chicks were allocated to a completely randomized experimental design with eight replicate pens, each receiving five dietary treatments. A common, semi-purified basal diet was formulated to meet all dietary recommendations except for those of the tested amino acids (i.e., Phe + Tyr, His, and Leu). Growth performance and carcass characteristics data were analyzed using various requirement-estimation models, including 95% of the quadratic regression, linear response plateau (LRP; i.e., stepwise regression), LRP-to-quadratic regression ratio; and quadratic broken line (QBL). Graded digestible Phe + Tyr ratios elicited a quadratic response (P < 0.05) in body weight gain and linear responses (P < 0.05) in breast and breast fillet weights. Linear effects (P < 0.05) were also observed when graded ratios of digestible His were fed for feed intake and weight gain, and quadratic responses (P < 0.05) were noted for feed conversion ratio and breast and breast fillet weights and yields. Graded Leu ratios elicited quadratic responses (P < 0.05) in feed intake, weight gain, and breast and breast fillet weight and yield. Based on growth and carcass parameters, the estimated ideal digestible ratios of Phe + Tyr, His, and Leu relative to digestible Lys were 112, 38, and 104%, respectively, for broiler chicks raised from 8 to 17 d of age.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rosana C Maia
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Victor R S M Barros
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Luiz F T Albino
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Horacio S Rostagno
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme R Lelis
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Arele A Calderano
- Department of Animal Science, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Ryan Neil Dilger
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
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Liebert F. Invited review: Further progress is needed in procedures for the biological evaluation of dietary protein quality in pig and poultry feeds. Arch Anim Breed 2017. [DOI: 10.5194/aab-60-259-2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract. Recently, biological procedures for feed protein evaluation in pig and poultry diets have been based on the amino acid composition of feed ingredients considering the animal's losses during processes of digestion or total protein utilization in a different manner. Such a development towards individual amino acids (AAs) was inevitable according to the disadvantage of traditional protein quality measures, like biological value (BV) or net protein utilization (NPU), to be non-additive in complex animal diets. In consequence, such measures are generally not suitable for predicting the final protein quality of protein mixtures from the individual protein value of feed ingredients. Otherwise, recent measures of AA disappearance from the small intestine up to the end of the ileum (ileal AA digestibility) also do not provide a true reflection of the biological availability of individual feed AAs independent of the extent of taking into account endogenous AA losses during digestion processes. Sophisticated procedures for protein evaluation are needed considering the AA losses, both during absorption and utilization after absorption. Advantages and limitations of important developments in procedures are discussed. Accordingly, the development of an exponential modelling approach is described (the Göttingen approach), which overcomes some of the traditional disadvantages by measuring the individual AA efficiency. Connecting feed protein evaluation, the modelling of quantitative AA requirements, and improved ideal protein concepts offers different fields of application. In addition, as demonstrated by example, the modelling of nitrogen losses per unit protein deposition and the minimizing of this parameter yields a further interesting tool for lowering the nitrogen burden from protein utilization processes. Finally, it is pointed out that traditional laboratory procedures also need to be updated, adapted to current knowledge, and validated according to the increasing hurdles for animal studies from the viewpoint of animal welfare. Modelling is a procedure with the potential to reduce the number of experimental animals significantly. This development needs more attention, higher acceptance, and wider application in the future of protein evaluation.
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Wecke C, Pastor A, Liebert F. Validation of the Lysine Requirement as Reference Amino Acid for Ideal In-Feed Amino Acid Ratios in Modern Fast Growing Meat-Type Chickens. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ojas.2016.63024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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26
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Khan DR, Wecke C, Liebert F. Does the Naked Neck Meat Type Chicken Yield Lower Methionine Requirement Data? Animals (Basel) 2015; 5:151-60. [PMID: 26479226 PMCID: PMC4494416 DOI: 10.3390/ani5020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary It was hypothesized that naked neck chickens could have a lower methionine requirement according to their reduced feather coverage. The hypothesis was examined by nitrogen balance studies and non-linear model application for estimating methionine requirement data of naked neck chickens. It was concluded that naked neck birds do not require less methionine than normally-feathered birds. Abstract Methionine (Met) requirement studies with homozygous (Na/Na) and heterozygous (Na/na) naked neck meat type chicken utilized 144 birds of average weight (50% each genotype and sex) within two N balance experiments involving both the starter (d10–20) and grower period (d25–35). The birds were randomly allotted to five experimental diets with graded protein supply and Met as the limiting amino acid. The proportion of native feed protein sources (soy protein concentrate, maize, wheat, fishmeal and wheat gluten) was kept constant to ensure a uniform protein quality in all diets. The Met requirement depending on genotype, sex, age period and growth performance (protein deposition) was estimated using a non-linear modeling procedure of N utilization in monogastric animals. On average, 0.47% (Na/Na) and 0.45% (Na/na) dietary Met was established as adequate in the starter diet, as well as 0.37% (Na/Na) and 0.36% (Na/na) Met in the grower diet for both of the sexes. In conclusion, the Met requirement of the naked neck chicken is not significantly different from its normally-feathered counterparts. In addition, the low feather production was not reflected by reduced requirement for Met in naked neck birds. However, these conclusions are valid only at the given Met:Cys ratio (1:1) in the experimental diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daulat R Khan
- Division Animal Nutrition Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Christian Wecke
- Division Animal Nutrition Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Frank Liebert
- Division Animal Nutrition Physiology, Department of Animal Sciences, Georg-August-University, Kellnerweg 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.
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Evaluating the Age-Dependent Potential for Protein Deposition in Naked Neck Meat Type Chicken. Animals (Basel) 2015; 5:56-70. [PMID: 26479137 PMCID: PMC4494337 DOI: 10.3390/ani5010056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Growth rates of fast-growing chickens are reduced by a higher ambient temperature (AT) because of difficulties in dissipating heat through the feather coverage. Naked neck meat type genotypes could be helpful in increasing the tolerance for high AT. However, basic model parameters of this genotype necessary to further assess amino acid requirements are as yet unavailable. The experiments were conducted to estimate both the daily nitrogen maintenance requirement (NMR) and the potential for daily nitrogen retention NRmaxT). These observed model parameters provide the basic information to characterize the growth potential of the genotype for further application in modeling of individual amino acid requirements of naked neck meat type chicken. Abstract The introduction of the naked neck gene (Na) into modern meat type chicken is known to be helpful in increasing the tolerance for a high ambient temperature (AT) by reducing the feather coverage which allows for a higher level of heat dissipation compared to normally feathered (na/na) birds. In addition, reduced feather coverage could affect requirements for sulfur containing amino acids. As a prerequisite for further modeling of individual amino acid requirements, the daily N maintenance requirement (NMR) and the threshold value of daily N retention (NRmaxT) were determined. This was carried out using graded dietary protein supply and exponential modeling between N intake (NI) and N excretion (NEX) or N deposition (ND), respectively. Studies with homozygous (Na/Na) and heterozygous (Na/na) naked neck meat type chicken utilized 144 birds of average weight (50% of each genotype and sex) within two N balance experiments during both the starter (days 10–20) and the grower period (days 25–35). Birds were randomly allotted to five diets with graded dietary protein supply but constant protein quality. The observed estimates depending on genotype, sex and age varied for NMR and NRmaxT from 224 to 395 and 2881 to 4049 mg N/BWkg0.67/day, respectively.
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Pastor A, Wecke C, Liebert F. Assessing the age-dependent optimal dietary branched-chain amino acid ratio in growing chicken by application of a nonlinear modeling procedure. Poult Sci 2013; 92:3184-95. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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