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Laursen SF, Flint CA, Bahrndorff S, Tomberlin JK, Kristensen TN. Reproductive output and other adult life-history traits of black soldier flies grown on different organic waste and by-products. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 181:136-144. [PMID: 38608528 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
The interest in mass-rearing black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae for food and feed is rapidly increasing. This is partly sparked by the ability of the larvae to efficiently valorise a wide range of organic waste and by-products. Primarily, research has focused on the larval stage, hence underprioritizing aspects of the adult biology, and knowledge on reproduction-related traits such as egg production is needed. We investigated the impact of different organic waste and by-products as larval diets on various life-history traits of adult black soldier flies in a large-scale experimental setup. We reared larvae on four different diets: spent Brewer's grain, ground carrots, Gainesville diet, and ground oranges. Traits assessed were development time to pupa and adult life-stages, adult body mass, female lifespan, egg production, and egg hatch. Larval diet significantly impacted development time to pupa and adult, lifespan, body size, and egg production. In general, flies reared on Brewer's grain developed up to 4.7 d faster, lived up to 2.3 d longer, and produced up to 57% more eggs compared to flies reared on oranges on which they performed worst for these traits. There was no effect of diet type on egg hatch, suggesting that low-nutritious diets, i.e. carrots and oranges, do not reduce the quality but merely the quantity of eggs. Our results demonstrate the importance of larval diet on reproductive output and other adult traits, all important for an efficient valorisation of organic waste and by-products, which is important for a sustainable insect-based food and feed production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Frey Laursen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark.
| | - Casey A Flint
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Simon Bahrndorff
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
| | - Jeffery K Tomberlin
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, 2475 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Torsten Nygaard Kristensen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Fredrik Bajers Vej 7H, 9220 Aalborg East, Denmark
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2
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Kobelski A, Hempel AJ, Padmanabha M, Klüber P, Wille LC, Streif S. Model-based process optimization of black soldier fly egg production. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2024; 12:1404776. [PMID: 38840666 PMCID: PMC11150853 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2024.1404776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae (Hermetia illucens) serve as a valuable protein source for animal feed. Limiting factors in the industrial rearing of BSF are the reproduction process and egg output. Studies indicate the potential to shorten preoviposition time and increase egg output through better utilization of environmental variables, such as temperature and light, in industrial settings. Excessive stimulation, however, can lead to stress, elevated production costs, and reduced egg numbers, emphasizing the need for a delicate balance. This study addresses these challenges by investigating controlled manipulation of environmental variables to stimulate mating and enhance egg production, thereby developing a comprehensive model encompassing the adult fly life cycle, mating, and egg production. Model parameters were fitted using literature data, and the model's plausibility was tested through simulations. Using the model and optimal control methods, the calculated dynamic trajectories for environmental variables when compared to the standard approach in a constant environment demonstrated higher output and shorter production cycles at reasonable energy costs. Applications for this model-based optimization are demonstrated for various scenarios, highlighting the practical utility and versatility of the developed model. This study contributes valuable insights for improving rearing practices of BSF through environmental stimulation, offering potential advancements in egg production efficiency and overall sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kobelski
- Automatic Control and System Dynamics Lab, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Arne-Jens Hempel
- Automatic Control and System Dynamics Lab, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
- Lab for Digital Engineering, Staatliche Studienakademie Glauchau, Glauchau, Germany
| | - Murali Padmanabha
- Automatic Control and System Dynamics Lab, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Patrick Klüber
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Department of Bioresources, Gießen, Germany
| | - Luiz-Carlos Wille
- Automatic Control and System Dynamics Lab, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stefan Streif
- Automatic Control and System Dynamics Lab, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology, Department of Bioresources, Gießen, Germany
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3
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Ma C, Huang Z, Feng X, Memon FU, Cui Y, Duan X, Zhu J, Tettamanti G, Hu W, Tian L. Selective breeding of cold-tolerant black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae: Gut microbial shifts and transcriptional patterns. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2024; 177:252-265. [PMID: 38354633 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2024.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The larvae of black soldier fly (BSFL) convert organic waste into insect proteins used as feedstuff for livestock and aquaculture. BSFL production performance is considerably reduced during winter season. Herein, the intraspecific diversity of ten commercial BSF colonies collected in China was evaluated. The Bioforte colony was subjected to selective breeding at 12 °C and 16 °C to develop cold-tolerant BSF with improved production performance. After breeding for nine generations, the weight of larvae, survival rate, and the dry matter conversion rate significantly increased. Subsequently, intestinal microbiota in the cold-tolerant strain showed that bacteria belonging to Morganella, Dysgonomonas, Salmonella, Pseudochrobactrum, and Klebsiella genera were highly represented in the 12 °C bred, while those of Acinetobacter, Pseudochrobactrum, Enterococcus, Comamonas, and Leucobacter genera were significantly represented in the 16 °C bred group. Metagenomic revealed that several animal probiotics of the Enterococcus and Vagococcus genera were greatly enriched in the gut of larvae bred at 16 °C. Moreover, bacterial metabolic pathways including carbohydrate, lipid, amino acids, and cofactors and vitamins, were significantly increased, while organismal systems and human diseases was decreased in the 16 °C bred group. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that the upregulated differentially expressed genes in the 16 °C bred groups mainly participated in Autophagy-animal, AMPK signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, Wnt signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, Hippo signaling pathway at day 34 under 16 °C conditions, suggesting their significant role in the survival of BSFL. Taken together, these results shed lights on the role of intestinal microflora and gene pathways in the adaptation of BSF larvae to cold stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Ma
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Zhijun Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Xingbao Feng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Fareed Uddin Memon
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Ying Cui
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Xinyu Duan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Jianfeng Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China
| | - Gianluca Tettamanti
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Varese 21100, Italy; Interuniversity Center for Studies on Bioinspired Agro-environmental Technology (BAT Center), University of Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Wenfeng Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China; Laboratory of Applied Microbiology, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Ling Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Bioforte Biotechnology (Shenzhen) Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518118, China.
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4
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Zhao JH, Cheng P, Wang Y, Yan X, Xu ZM, Peng DH, Yu GH, Shao MW. Using kin discrimination to construct synthetic microbial communities of Bacillus subtilis strains impacts the growth of black soldier fly larvae. INSECT SCIENCE 2024. [PMID: 38494587 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.13356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Using synthetic microbial communities to promote host growth is an effective approach. However, the construction of such communities lacks theoretical guidance. Kin discrimination is an effective means by which strains can recognize themselves from non-self, and construct competitive microbial communities to produce more secondary metabolites. However, the construction of cooperative communities benefits from the widespread use of beneficial microorganisms. We used kin discrimination to construct synthetic communities (SCs) comprising 13 Bacillus subtilis strains from the surface and gut of black soldier fly (BSF) larvae. We assessed larval growth promotion in a pigeon manure system and found that the synthetic community comprising 4 strains (SC 4) had the most profound effect. Genomic analyses of these 4 strains revealed that their complementary functional genes underpinned the robust functionality of the cooperative synthetic community, highlighting the importance of strain diversity. After analyzing the bacterial composition of BSF larvae and the pigeon manure substrate, we observed that SC 4 altered the bacterial abundance in both the larval gut and pigeon manure. This also influenced microbial metabolic functions and co-occurrence network complexity. Kin discrimination facilitates the rapid construction of synthetic communities. The positive effects of SC 4 on larval weight gain resulted from the functional redundancy and complementarity among the strains. Furthermore, SC 4 may enhance larval growth by inducing shifts in the bacterial composition of the larval gut and pigeon manure. This elucidated how the SC promoted larval growth by regulating bacterial composition and provided theoretical guidance for the construction of SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Hui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Min Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dong-Hai Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, National Engineering Research Center of Microbial Pesticides, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, China
| | - Guo-Hui Yu
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Wei Shao
- Key Laboratory of Green Prevention and Control on Fruits and Vegetables in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong University Key Laboratory for Sustainable Control of Fruit and Vegetable Diseases and Pests, Innovative Institute for Plant Health, College of Agriculture and Biology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Gebiola M, Rodriguez MV, Garcia A, Garnica A, Tomberlin JK, Hopkins FM, Mauck KE. Bokashi fermentation of brewery's spent grains positively affects larval performance of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens while reducing gaseous nitrogen losses. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 171:411-420. [PMID: 37783136 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2023.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Digestion of waste feedstocks by larvae of the black soldier fly Hermetia illucens (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) (BSF) results in proteins for animal feed and organic fertilizer with a reduced environmental footprint, but it can still have negative environmental effects through greenhouse gas (GHG) and ammonia (NH3) emissions. Both biomass conversion by BSF larvae and associated GHG and NH3 emissions can depend on substrate properties that may be optimized through microbial inoculation pre-treatments, such as bokashi fermentation. Here, we quantified the effects of bokashi fermentation of brewery's spent grains on BSF rearing metrics and associated GHG and NH3 emissions at benchtop scale. We found that bokashi fermentation increased larval biomass by 40% and shortened development time by over two days on average, compared with unfermented spent grains. In line with increased larval growth, CO2 emissions in BSF larvae treatments were 31.0 and 79.0% higher in the bokashi fermented spent grains and Gainesville substrates, respectively, compared to the unfermented spent grains. Adding BSF larvae to the spent grains increased cumulative N2O emissions up to 64.0 mg N2O kg substratedry-1 but there were essentially no N2O emissions when larvae were added to fermented spent grains. Bokashi fermentation also reduced NH3 fluxes from the volatilization of substrate nitrogen in the BSF larvae treatment by 83.7-85.8% during days 7 and 9, possibly by increasing N assimilation by larvae or by reducing the transformation of substrate NH4+ to NH3. Therefore, bokashi fermentation may be applied to improve performance of BSF larvae on a common industrial waste stream and reduce associated emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Gebiola
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Michael V Rodriguez
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
| | - Alexandro Garcia
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Andrea Garnica
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | | | - Francesca M Hopkins
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Kerry E Mauck
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA
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6
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Shah P, Ruan X, van Loon JJA, Dicke M. Temperature-modulated host-pathogen interactions between Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) and Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5. J Invertebr Pathol 2023; 198:107934. [PMID: 37169329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2023.107934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Temperature is an important abiotic factor influencing the survival and fitness of pathogens as well as their hosts. We investigated the effect of three temperatures (18°C, 27°C and 37°C) on survival and performance of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens L., upon infection by an entomopathogenic Gram-negative bacterium, Pseudomonas protegens Pf-5. The effect of different temperatures on pathogen fitness was investigated both in vivo and in vitro. Pathogen performance under exposure to the insect antimicrobial peptide cecropin was investigated at the three temperatures using radial-diffusion plate assays. Higher rearing temperatures resulted in higher larval survival, increased larval weight, and higher inhibitory activity of cecropin against P. protegens Pf-5. At higher temperature, bacterial growth, both in vivo and in vitro, was reduced, resulting in increased BSFL survival. These observations collectively indicate the important effect of rearing temperature on host-pathogen interactions and the possibility to apply temperature treatment in reducing entomopathogen effects in BSFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parth Shah
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Xinyan Ruan
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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7
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Yakti W, Müller M, Klost M, Mewis I, Dannehl D, Ulrichs C. Physical Properties of Substrates as a Driver for Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae Growth. INSECTS 2023; 14:266. [PMID: 36975951 PMCID: PMC10054678 DOI: 10.3390/insects14030266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The growth and nutritional profile of the black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is usually investigated and compared when the larvae feed on substrates that differ in the chemical composition as well as physical properties. This study compares BSFL growth on substrates that differ primarily in physical properties. This was achieved by using various fibres in the substrates. In the first experiment, two substrates with 20% or 14% chicken feed were mixed with three fibres (cellulose, lignocellulose, or straw). In the second experiment, the growth of BSFL was compared with a 17% chicken feed substrate that additionally contained straw with different particle sizes. We show that the substrate texture properties values did not influence the BSFL growth, but the bulk density of the fibre component did. The substrate mixed with cellulose led to higher larvae growth over time in comparison to substrates with higher bulk density fibres. BSFL grown on the substrate mixed with cellulose reached their maximum weight in 6 days instead of 7. Neither the fibres nor the nutrient level changed the crude protein content of BSFL and the values ranged between 33.5% and 38.3%, but an interaction between the fibre and nutrient level was observed. The size of straw particles in the substrates influenced the BSFL growth and led to a 26.78% difference in Ca concentration, a 12.04% difference in Mg concentration, and a 35.34% difference in P concentration. Our findings indicate that the BSFL-rearing substrates can be optimised by changing the fibre component or its particle size. This can improve the survival rate, reduce the cultivation time needed to reach the maximum weight, and alter the chemical composition of BSFL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael Yakti
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina Klost
- Department of Food Technology and Food Material Science, Institute for Food Technology and Food Chemistry, Faculty III Process Sciences, Technische Universität Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 135, 10623 Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Mewis
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dennis Dannehl
- Division Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Albrecht-Thaer-Weg 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Ulrichs
- Urban Plant Ecophysiology Division, Faculty of Life Sciences, Thaer-Institute of Agricultural and Horticultural Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Lentzeallee 55, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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8
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Mahmood S, Ali A, Zurbrügg C, Dortmans B, Asmara DR. Rearing performance of black soldier fly ( Hermetia illucens) on municipal biowaste in the outdoor ambient weather conditions of Pakistan and Indonesia. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2023; 41:644-652. [PMID: 36134695 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x221123495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The availability and continuous supply of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) is crucial for efficient operation of a BSF biowaste recycling facility. Its rearing performance was for the first time investigated in Pakistan under outdoor ambient weather conditions. Comparison of the findings with the BSF rearing performance of Indonesia's facility highlights the life stages needing special attention. In Pakistan, mean BSF emergence, hatching and survival rate of 58.8% (SD 15.2), 44.5% (SD 21.8) and 91.4% (SD 1.68) were achieved respectively. A positive significant correlation was found between the number of emerged flies and prepupae (R = 0.75) and the number of eggs produced and hatched (R = 0.92). On average, BSF took 49.5 days (SD 3.20) to complete one life cycle (LC) under ambient temperature and relative humidity (RH) between (22-35 °C) and (24.7-89.3%) respectively. The mean duration of eclosion, pre-oviposition, egg hatching, larval feeding and pupation was 15.6 days (SD 1.6), 3.5 days (SD 0.5), 3 days (SD 0.6), 22 days (SD 2.5), 3.8 days (SD 1.2) respectively. In Pakistan, the LC duration was longer with a smaller number of eggs/fly, lower BSF emergence and hatching rates as compared to Indonesia. BSF tolerated the semiarid weather conditions of Pakistan, successfully developed into all instars and completed all LCs under observation. It is suggested to provide controlled environmental conditions at the nursery stage to improve BSFL rearing performance for sustainable biowaste management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Azhar Ali
- Solid Waste Management, AHT Group Germany, Mansehra, Pakistan
| | - Christian Zurbrügg
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Zurich, Switzerland
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Naser El Deen S, van Rozen K, Elissen H, van Wikselaar P, Fodor I, van der Weide R, Hoek-van den Hil EF, Rezaei Far A, Veldkamp T. Bioconversion of Different Waste Streams of Animal and Vegetal Origin and Manure by Black Soldier Fly Larvae Hermetia illucens L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). INSECTS 2023; 14:204. [PMID: 36835773 PMCID: PMC9968099 DOI: 10.3390/insects14020204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) are considered a commercially viable solution for global organic waste problems. The objective of this study was to assess the feasibility of rearing BSFL on a wide range of low-value waste streams and its potential to transform them into high-quality animal feed and fertilizer. Six waste streams of different origins were selected and each tested in triplicate. Several parameters were analysed: growth performance, waste reduction index (WRI), conversion efficiency (ECI) and larval composition. Frass composition was also analysed. Larvae reared on fast food waste (FFW) had the highest ECI and WRI and the lowest values when reared on pig manure slurry mixed with silage grass (PMLSG) and slaughter waste (SW). The highest protein content was found for larvae reared on mushroom stems (MS) although this substrate had the lowest protein content. Moreover, the frass nutritional profile was proportionally related to the substrate's nutritional profile: the protein-rich substrate (SW) resulted in protein-rich frass and the low-protein substrate (MS) resulted in protein-poor frass. The same was true for the lipid content. In conclusion, this study showed that BSFL can be successfully reared on a wide range of waste streams that can affect the larval and frass chemical compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Klaas van Rozen
- Wageningen Plant Research, Edelhertweg 1, 8219 PH Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Hellen Elissen
- Wageningen Plant Research, Edelhertweg 1, 8219 PH Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Piet van Wikselaar
- Wageningen Livestock Research, De Elst 1, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Istvan Fodor
- Wageningen Livestock Research, De Elst 1, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Arya Rezaei Far
- Wageningen Livestock Research, De Elst 1, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Teun Veldkamp
- Wageningen Livestock Research, De Elst 1, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Eriksen NT. Dynamic modelling of feed assimilation, growth, lipid accumulation, and CO2 production in black soldier fly larvae. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0276605. [PMID: 36288352 PMCID: PMC9605037 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF) is becoming a novel farm animal. BSF larvae can be reared on different substrates. Their performance is important but highly variable and different models have been employed to analyze their growth, so far without considering that metabolic rates, growth, and biochemical composition of the larvae are interrelated. This work develops a dynamic model, which describes general growth patterns of BSF larvae and predicts observed variability in larval performances. The model was tested against data from literature, which combines kinetic growth data with measurements of lipid or dry weight content, and CO2 production. The model combines the kinetics of the logistic model with principles from differential energy budget models and considers key events in larval life history, moulting and metamorphosis. Larvae are compartmentised into structural biomass, storage lipids, and a pool of assimilates. Feed assimilation is considered the overall rate limiting process and is reduced in relation to larval weight by a logistic function. A second logistic function further reduces the specific growth rate of structural biomass, causes imbalance between and feed assimilation and growth rates, and leaves a surplus of assimilates to be stored as lipids. Fluxes between compartments consider cost of synthesis of structural biomass and lipids, as well as maintenance. When assimilation falls below maintenance needs, storage lipids are recycled. The model is able to describe growth and lipid contents of BSF larvae reared on chicken feed, growth of feed limited BSF larvae, as well as growth, dry weight content, and CO2 production of BSF larvae reared on different substrate qualities and moisture contents. The model may be used for the analysis of growth and performance of BSF larvae under variable rearing conditions. It can deepen the analyses of experimental data and provide insight into the causes of variability of larval performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Thomas Eriksen
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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11
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Eggink KM, Lund I, Pedersen PB, Hansen BW, Dalsgaard J. Biowaste and by-products as rearing substrates for black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae: Effects on larval body composition and performance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0275213. [PMID: 36174084 PMCID: PMC9521838 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0275213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae can convert biowaste and by-products into body mass high in protein (~40% dry matter, DM) and lipid (~30% DM). However, the type of rearing substrate also affects the larval body composition and thus its nutritional value. Hitherto, it remains unclear how and to what extent the larval body composition can be altered by the substrate. This study was therefore performed to examine the possibilities of modifying larval body composition using different rearing substrates. To investigate this, 5-days old larvae were reared for seven days on different locally available waste and by-products: brewer’s spent grain, mitigation mussels (Mytilus edulis), rapeseed cake, and shrimp waste meal (Pandalus borealis). Larval composition and performance were compared to larvae reared on a commercial chicken feed as well as a mixed feed (mixture of chicken feed and by-products, with a similar macronutrient composition to chicken feed). Larval body weight was recorded daily to determine growth over time whereas larvae and substrates were sampled at the start and end of the trial and analysed for their nutritional composition. The type of rearing substrate affected both larval body composition and growth performance. There was a clear relation between the nutritional composition of the substrate and larvae for certain fatty acids. Larvae reared on marine-based waste substrates contained a higher share of omega-3 fatty acids than larvae reared on the other substrates, indicating an accumulation of omega-3 fatty acids from the substrate. There was a strong positive linear correlation between the ash content in the substrate and larvae whereas larval lipid, protein, amino acid, and chitin content seemed more affected by larval development. Overall, this study showed that the rearing substrate affects larval composition and development, and that larval composition of certain nutrients can be tailored depending on further food and feed applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kylian Manon Eggink
- Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea Research Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Hirtshals, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Ivar Lund
- Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea Research Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Hirtshals, Denmark
| | - Per Bovbjerg Pedersen
- Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea Research Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Hirtshals, Denmark
| | | | - Johanne Dalsgaard
- Section for Aquaculture, The North Sea Research Centre, Technical University of Denmark, Hirtshals, Denmark
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12
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Lu S, Taethaisong N, Meethip W, Surakhunthod J, Sinpru B, Sroichak T, Archa P, Thongpea S, Paengkoum S, Purba RAP, Paengkoum P. Nutritional Composition of Black Soldier Fly Larvae ( Hermetia illucens L.) and Its Potential Uses as Alternative Protein Sources in Animal Diets: A Review. INSECTS 2022; 13:insects13090831. [PMID: 36135532 PMCID: PMC9502457 DOI: 10.3390/insects13090831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The rapidly growing population has increased demand for protein quantities and, following a shortage of plant-based feed protein sources and the prohibition of animal-based feed protein, has forced the search for new sources of protein. Therefore, humans have turned their attention to edible insects. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia illucens L.) are rich in nutrients such as fat, protein and high-quality amino acids and minerals, making them a good source of protein. Furthermore, BSFL are easily reared and propagated on any nutrient substrate such as plant residues, animal manure and waste, food scraps, agricultural byproducts, or straw. Although BSFL cannot completely replace soybean meal in poultry diets, supplementation of less than 20% has no negative impact on chicken growth performance, biochemical indicators and meat quality. In pig studies, although BSFL supplementation did not have any negative effect on growth performance and meat quality, the feed conversion ratio (FCR) was reduced. There is obviously less research on the feeding of BSFL in pigs than in poultry, particularly in relation to weaning piglets and fattening pigs; further research is needed on the supplementation level of sows. Moreover, it has not been found that BSFL are used in ruminants, and the next phase of research could therefore study them. The use of BSFL in animal feed presents some challenges in terms of cost, availability and legal and consumer acceptance. However, this should be considered in the context of the current shortage of protein feed and the nutritional value of BSFL, which has important research significance in animal production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyong Lu
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Nittaya Taethaisong
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Weerada Meethip
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Jariya Surakhunthod
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Boontum Sinpru
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Thakun Sroichak
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Pawinee Archa
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Sorasak Thongpea
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Siwaporn Paengkoum
- Program in Agriculture, Faculty of Science and Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima Rajabhat University, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Rayudika Aprilia Patindra Purba
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
| | - Pramote Paengkoum
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Muang, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand or
- Correspondence:
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13
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Deng B, Zhu J, Wang G, Xu C, Zhang X, Wang P, Yuan Q. Effects of three major nutrient contents, compost thickness and treatment time on larval weight, process performance and residue component in black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) composting. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 307:114610. [PMID: 35093757 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The cellulose content in vegetable waste (VW) is high and cannot be directly digested by black soldier fly larvae (BSFL). In this study, in order to treat VW using BSFL composting, kitchen waste (KW) is used as the only nutritional supplement for VW to analyze the effects of the different contents of crude protein (CP), crude fat (EE), carbohydrate (3C), compost thickness (CT), and treatment time on the larval weight (LW), survival rate (SR), dry matter reduction rate (DMR), bioconversion rate (BCR), physical and chemical properties of BSFL sand and changes in the microbial community. Our results showed that when the average 3C content increased by 40%, the average LW increased by 47.6%, and the SR, DMR, BCR, and organic matter (OM) content increased by 16.82%, 8.5%, 4.77%, and 3.86%, respectively. In contrast, when the average compost thickness increased by 5 cm, the average weight of BSFL decreased by 22.64%, while the SR of larvae, DMR, BCR, OM, and total nutrients (TN + P2O5 + K2O) decreased by 5%, 5.2%, 4.42%, 9.6%, and 0.78%, respectively. Germination test showed that BSFL sand alone could not be used as soilless culture substrate. After BSFL treatment, we found that the dominant phyla in BSFL sand were Firmicutes (95.77%), Proteobacteria (2.54%), Actinobacteria (0.74%), and Chloroflexi (0.6%). Our results indicate that BSFL composting is an effective method of treating VW, and 3C content and CT have a significant effect on BSFL composting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Deng
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Junyu Zhu
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Guoqing Wang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Chao Xu
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Panpan Wang
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Qiaoxia Yuan
- College of Engineering, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Agricultural Equipment in Mid‒lower Yangtze River, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Siddiqui SA, Ristow B, Rahayu T, Putra NS, Widya Yuwono N, Nisa' K, Mategeko B, Smetana S, Saki M, Nawaz A, Nagdalian A. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and their affinity for organic waste processing. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2022; 140:1-13. [PMID: 35030456 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2021.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
There are two major problems that we are facing currently. Firstly, a growing human population continues to contribute to the increased food demand. Secondly, the volume of organic waste produced will threaten human health and the quality of the environment. Recently, there is an increasing number of efforts placed into farming insect biomass to produce alternative feed ingredients. Black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), Hermetia illucens have proven to convert organic waste into high-quality nutrients for pet foods, fish and poultry feeds, as well as residue fertilizer for soil amendment. However, better BSFL feed formulation and feeding approaches are necessary for yielding a higher nutrient content of the insect body, and if performed efficiently, whilst converting waste into higher value biomass. Lastly, this paper reveals that BSFL, in fact, thrives in various ranges of organic matter composition and with simple rearing systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahida Anusha Siddiqui
- Technical University of Munich Campus Straubing for Biotechnology and Sustainability, Essigberg 3, 94315 Straubing, Germany; German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-von-Klitzing-Straβe 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Bridget Ristow
- Nutritionhub (Pty) Ltd Consultancy Firm. Doornbosch Centre, R44, Strand Road, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Teguh Rahayu
- CV HermetiaTech, Voza Premium Office 20th Floor, Jl. HR. Muhammad No. 31A, Putat Gede, Surabaya 60189, Jawa Timur, Indonesia.
| | - Nugroho Susetya Putra
- Universitas Gadjah Mada, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Plant Protection, Jl. Flora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Nasih Widya Yuwono
- Universitas Gadjah Mada, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Soil Science, Jl. Flora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia.
| | - Khoirun Nisa'
- Sepuluh November Institute of Technology, Department of Environmental Engineering, Sukolilo, Surabaya 60111, Jawa Timur, Indonesia
| | - Bosco Mategeko
- Rwandan Society of Food Science and Technology (RFST), Rwanda
| | - Sergiy Smetana
- German Institute of Food Technologies (DIL e.V.), Prof.-von-Klitzing-Straβe 7, 49610 Quakenbrück, Germany.
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Asad Nawaz
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, PR China.
| | - Andrey Nagdalian
- Food Technology and Engineering Department, North-Caucasus Federal University, Pushkina Street 1, 355009 Stavropol, Russia; Saint Petersburg State Agrarian University, Peterburgskoe Highway 2, 196601, Pushkin, Saint Petersburg, Russia.
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15
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Singh A, Marathe D, Raghunathan K, Kumari K. Effect of Different Organic Substrates on Selected Life History Traits and Nutritional Composition of Black Soldier fly (Hermetia illucens). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:182-189. [PMID: 34864905 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvab135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens L. [Diptera: Stratiomyidae]) has gained huge popularity in different industrial and commercial sectors because of its excellent potential to treat organic waste and high biomass production. As the industrial application of BSF is expanding at accelerated rates, there is a need to optimize its mass scale production where the organic substrates play a very crucial role in optimal growth and development. The present study deals with the investigation of different life history attributes of BSF such as larval and adult weights, survival, pupation rate, and the development time as the function of different organic substrates [fruits and vegetable mix (T1); wheat bran, soy, and corn meal mix (T2); and the dairy manure (T3)]. The larval, pupal, and adult weights differed across all three treatments (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference in the survival rate of larvae among T1 and T2 however, T3 differed significantly from T1 and T2. Likewise, the pupation rate and the development time differed significantly between the three treatments. Results indicated that the BSF development was least in dairy manure treatment and therefore, higher percent mortality and higher development time were observed. However, to deal with the problems of waste management and treatment, BSF larvae can be successfully employed for the treatment of any type of waste since it showed significant treatment efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshika Singh
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur 440 020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Marathe
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur 440 020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Karthik Raghunathan
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur 440 020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201 002, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kanchan Kumari
- CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Kolkata Zonal Centre, Kolkata 700 107, India
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16
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Liu Z, Najar-Rodriguez AJ, Morel PCH, Minor MA. Reproduction of Black Soldier Fly (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Under Different Adult Densities and Light Regimes. JOURNAL OF ECONOMIC ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 115:37-45. [PMID: 34850041 DOI: 10.1093/jee/toab225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) has been recognized as a promising insect species for sustainable management of organic waste and by-products. Indoor breeding of BSF with artificial lighting has been proved successful, but efforts are still needed to optimize BSF reproductive output. Increasing adult density seems an option to exploit space, whereas decreasing artificial lighting duration may reduce unnecessary power consumption. This study aimed at investigating the effects of adult density (10, 25, and 50 pairs per 30 × 30 × 30 cm cage; i.e., 370, 926, and 1,852 pairs/m3), light regime (8:16, 12:12, and 16:8 [L:D] h), and their possible interactions, on some BSF life history traits relevant to reproduction. The results show that the overall BSF reproductive output increased with increasing adult density but was not affected by light regimes per se. With the highest BSF adult density tested, an average of more than 20,000 neonate larvae were produced from a cage within 10 d. At this density, increasing photoperiod increased neonate production, but also decreased the number of neonates per watt used for artificial illumination. The temporal oviposition patterns, mean individual female reproductive output, mating success, egg hatching rate, and insect survival rate were not affected by adult density or light regime as simple effects. However, the interaction between adult density and light regime was significant for the first oviposition peak, mean individual female reproductive output, and insect survival rate. The possible mechanisms behind our results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Liu
- Wildlife & Ecology Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Adriana J Najar-Rodriguez
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research, Canterbury Agriculture & Science Center, Lincoln 7608, New Zealand
| | - Patrick C H Morel
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Maria A Minor
- Wildlife & Ecology Group, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Private Bag 11 222, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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17
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The Effect of Rearing Scale and Density on the Growth and Nutrient Composition of Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) Larvae. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
With the worldwide industrialization of black soldier fly (BSF) production, it is necessary to better understand how the rearing scale and larvae density influence the performance of larvae and the quality of the final product. In this study, a factorial experiment was conducted to test the effect of rearing scale and density on the growth and composition of the BSF larvae. The larvae were grown in four different scales (box sizes), keeping the area and feed provided to each larva constant and in two different densities. The results reveal significant differences in the larval growth depending on the scale and density, which could be attributed to the higher temperatures achieved in the bigger scales with a temperature difference of more than 5 °C between the smallest and the biggest scale. Both the scale and the density influenced the composition of the larvae. The crude protein levels were higher on the smallest scale, and the lower density (ranging from 32.5% to 36.5%), and crude fat concentrations were the opposite (ranging from 31.7% to 20.1%). The density also influenced the concentrations of S, Mg, K, P, Fe, Zn, Cu, Al, B, and Co, in addition to the analyzed free amino acids PPS, ALA, CIT, and ANS. Furthermore, the rearing scale influenced the concentration of S, Zn, Cu, and Mo. The results provide further insight into the optimization of BSF production processes and the transfer of lab-scale results into big-scale production.
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18
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Van JCF, Tham PE, Lim HR, Khoo KS, Chang JS, Show PL. Integration of Internet-of-Things as sustainable smart farming technology for the rearing of black soldier fly to mitigate food waste. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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19
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Abstract
Black soldier fly (BSF) larvae may play a role in a circular economy by upcycling low-value organic streams into high value biomass. In this paper, the capacity of BSF larvae to process 12 organic side-streams (mono-streams) and two standard substrates (chicken start mash and Gainesville diet) was investigated. Survival, larval mass, feed conversion ratio, and waste reduction were evaluated in relation to the proximate composition of the side-streams used. Survival rates larger than 80% were observed for 10 of the organic mono-streams and the two standard substrates. Maximum mean larval weight ranged from 38.3 mg up to 176.4 mg regardless of high survival and was highly correlated with substrate crude protein content. Feed conversion ratio (range 1.58–8.90) and waste reduction (range 17.0–58.9%) were similar to values reported in other studies in the literature. On low protein substrates (e.g., apple pulp), survival rates remained high, however, possibly due to protein deficiency, limited larval growth was observed. It is concluded that several low value organic side-streams can successfully be processed by BSF larvae, thereby opening the possibility of lowering the costs of BSF farming. Potentially mixing nutritionally distinct mono-streams into a mixed substrate might improve BSF performance. However, more research is needed for optimizing diets to guarantee production of BSF larvae of constant yield and quality.
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Shumo M, Khamis FM, Ombura FL, Tanga CM, Fiaboe KKM, Subramanian S, Ekesi S, Schlüter OK, van Huis A, Borgemeister C. A Molecular Survey of Bacterial Species in the Guts of Black Soldier Fly Larvae ( Hermetia illucens) Reared on Two Urban Organic Waste Streams in Kenya. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:687103. [PMID: 34630342 PMCID: PMC8493336 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.687103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, the expansion of livestock and fisheries production is severely constrained due to the increasing costs and ecological footprint of feed constituents. The utilization of black soldier fly (BSF) as an alternative protein ingredient to fishmeal and soybean in animal feed has been widely documented. The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) used are known to voraciously feed and grow in contaminated organic wastes. Thus, several concerns about their safety for inclusion into animal feed remain largely unaddressed. This study evaluated both culture-dependent sequence-based and 16S rDNA amplification analysis to isolate and identify bacterial species associated with BSFL fed on chicken manure (CM) and kitchen waste (KW). The bacteria species from the CM and KW were also isolated and investigated. Results from the culture-dependent isolation strategies revealed that Providencia sp. was the most dominant bacterial species detected from the guts of BSFL reared on CM and KW. Morganella sp. and Brevibacterium sp. were detected in CM, while Staphylococcus sp. and Bordetella sp. were specific to KW. However, metagenomic studies showed that Providencia and Bordetella were the dominant genera observed in BSFL gut and processed waste substrates. Pseudomonas and Comamonas were recorded in the raw waste substrates. The diversity of bacterial genera recorded from the fresh rearing substrates was significantly higher compared to the diversity observed in the gut of the BSFL and BSF frass (leftovers of the rearing substrates). These findings demonstrate that the presence and abundance of microbiota in BSFL and their associated waste vary considerably. However, the presence of clinically pathogenic strains of bacteria in the gut of BSFL fed both substrates highlight the biosafety risk of potential vertical transmission that might occur, if appropriate pre-and-postharvest measures are not enforced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Shumo
- Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn, Germany
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
- Hermetia Baruth GmbH, Insect Technology Center (ITC), Berlin, Germany
| | - Fathiya M. Khamis
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Fidelis Levi Ombura
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Chrysantus M. Tanga
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komi K. M. Fiaboe
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
- IPM Department, The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- Plant Health Unit, International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (ICIPE), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Oliver K. Schlüter
- Leibniz-Institute for Agricultural Engineering Potsdam-Bornim (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Arnold van Huis
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Christian Borgemeister
- Department of Ecology and Natural Resources Management, Center for Development Research (ZEF), Bonn, Germany
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21
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Matos JS, de Aráujo LP, Allaman IB, Lôbo IP, de Oliva ST, Tavares TM, de Almeida Neto JA. Evaluation of the reduction of methane emission in swine and bovine manure treated with black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens L.). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:480. [PMID: 34240260 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluates Hermetia illucens larvae's ability to decrease direct methane emissions and nutrients from cattle and swine manure. Hermetia illucens larvae were put into fresh cattle and swine manure, and the same conditions, without larvae, for the control treatment were established. The methane emissions were measured until the first prepupae appeared. The methane emissions from the bioconversion of animal manure by Hermetia illucens larvae were up to 86% lower than in the control treatments (conventional storage). The cumulative methane emissions from cattle and swine manure bioconversion were 41.4 ± 10.5 mg CH4 kg-1 and 134.2 ± 17.3 mg CH4 kg-1, respectively. Moreover, Hermetia illucens larvae could reduce 32% of dry matter, 53% nitrogen, 14% phosphorus, and 42% carbon in swine manure. Meanwhile, in cattle manure, reductions of 17% of dry matter, 5% of nitrogen, 11% of phosphorus, and 15% of carbon and pH reductions in both swine and cattle manure were found. Thus, the production of larvae was higher in swine manure than cattle manure. Furthermore, the larvae frass from swine manure was appropriate for agricultural use, unlike the larvae frass from cattle manure requiring further processing. These results reveal the ability of Hermetia illucens larvae to mitigate methane emissions from animal manure and show it to be a promising technology for manure treatment, with great potential to promote a circular economy in the livestock sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joan Sanchez Matos
- Bioenergy and Environment Group, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilheus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Lara Pinto de Aráujo
- Bioenergy and Environment Group, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilheus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Ivan Bezerra Allaman
- Department of Exact and Technology Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilheus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Ivon Pinheiro Lôbo
- Bioenergy and Environment Group, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilheus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Sergio Telles de Oliva
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Institute (LAQUAM), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Campus Universitário de Ondina, R. Barão de Jeremoabo 147, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Tania Mascarenhas Tavares
- Laboratory of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Chemistry Institute (LAQUAM), Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Campus Universitário de Ondina, R. Barão de Jeremoabo 147, Salvador, BA, 40170-115, Brazil
| | - Jose Adolfo de Almeida Neto
- Bioenergy and Environment Group, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Jorge Amado Highway, Km 16, Ilheus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
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Orozco-Ortiz JM, Bauke SL, Borgemeister C, Lehndorff E, Amelung W. Bioturbation by black soldier fly larvae-Rapid soil formation with burial of ceramic artifacts. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0252032. [PMID: 34077440 PMCID: PMC8171933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bioturbation involves the incorporation of residues from the surface soil into the subsoil; however, common small soil 'bioengineers', such as earthworms or termites, are unlikely to transport human artifacts to deeper soil horizons. However, such artifacts occur in the deeper soil horizons within Amazonian Anthrosols (Terra Preta). Here we test the assumption that such tasks could be carried out by fly larvae, which could thus play a crucial role in waste decomposition and associated soil mixing under tropical conditions. We performed two greenhouse experiments with sandy substrate covered with layers of organic waste, ceramic fragments, and black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) (Hermetia illucens (L.) (Dipt.: Stratiomyidae)). We used in-situ images to assess the rate of bioturbation by BSFL, and then designed our main study to observe waste dissipation (reduction of organic carbon and phosphorus contents from waste model trials with and without charcoal) as related to larval-induced changes in soil properties. We found that the bioturbation of macroinvertebrates like BSFL was able to bury even large (> 5 cm) ceramic fragments within hours, which coincided with high soil growth rates (0.5 cm h-1). The sandy soil was subsequently heavily enriched with organic matter and phosphorus originating from organic waste. We conclude that BSFL, and possibly other fly species, are important, previously overlooked soil 'bioengineers', which may even contribute to the burial of artifacts in Anthrosols and other terrestrial waste dumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan M. Orozco-Ortiz
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Center for Development Research (ZEF), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Sara L. Bauke
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Eva Lehndorff
- Soil Ecology, Bayreuth University, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Wulf Amelung
- Institute of Crop Science and Resource Conservation (INRES), University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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23
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Use of Black Soldier Fly Larvae for Food Waste Treatment and Energy Production in Asian Countries: A Review. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9010161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Food waste accounts for a substantial portion of the organic waste generated at an increasing rate worldwide. Organic waste, including food waste, is largely subjected to landfill disposal, incineration, and anaerobic digestion; however, more sustainable methods are needed for treating it. Treatment of organic waste using black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae is an environmentally safe and cost-efficient method that has been attracting increasing attention worldwide. Black soldier fly decomposes various types of organic waste and converts them into high-value biomasses such as oils and proteins. This review introduces the trends in research related to the treatment of organic waste by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae (BSFL) and their bioconversion efficiencies in Asian countries. Perspectives on the growth of BSFL during waste treatment operation and optimal rearing conditions are provided. The trends in studies related to the application of BSFL as biofuel and animal feed are also discussed. Such use of BSFL would be beneficial in Asia, especially in countries where the technology for processing organic waste is not readily available. This review may provide further directions of investigations including culture techniques for industrial scale applications of BSFL in food waste treatment and resource production in Asian countries.
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24
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Padmanabha M, Kobelski A, Hempel AJ, Streif S. A comprehensive dynamic growth and development model of Hermetia illucens larvae. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239084. [PMID: 32946462 PMCID: PMC7500678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Larvae of Hermetia illucens, also commonly known as black soldier fly (BSF) have gained significant importance in the feed industry, primarily used as feed for aquaculture and other livestock farming. Mathematical models such as the Von Bertalanffy growth model and dynamic energy budget models are available for modelling the growth of various organisms but have their demerits for their application to the growth and development of BSF. Also, such dynamic models were not yet applied to the growth of the BSF larvae despite models proven to be useful for automation of industrial production process (e.g. feeding, heating/cooling, ventilation, harvesting, etc.). This work primarily focuses on developing a model based on the principles of the afore mentioned models from literature that can provide accurate mathematical description of the dry mass changes throughout the life cycle and the transition of development phases of the larvae. To further improve the accuracy of these models, various factors affecting the growth and development such as temperature, feed quality, feeding rate, moisture content in feed, and airflow rate are developed and integrated into the dynamic growth model. An extensive set of data was aggregated from various literature and used for the model development, parameter estimation and validation. Models describing the environmental factors were individually validated based on the data sets collected. In addition, the dynamic growth model was also validated for dry mass evolution and development stage transition of larvae reared on different substrate feeding rates. The developed models with the estimated parameters performed well, highlighting their potential application in decision-support systems and automation for large scale production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Padmanabha
- Automatic Control and System Dynamics Lab, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Alexander Kobelski
- Automatic Control and System Dynamics Lab, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Arne-Jens Hempel
- Automatic Control and System Dynamics Lab, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
| | - Stefan Streif
- Automatic Control and System Dynamics Lab, Technische Universität Chemnitz, Chemnitz, Germany
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25
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Liu C, Wang C, Yao H. Comprehensive Resource Utilization of Waste Using the Black Soldier Fly ( Hermetia illucens (L.)) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae). Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E349. [PMID: 31200503 PMCID: PMC6616655 DOI: 10.3390/ani9060349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), is a saprophytic insect that can digest organic wastes, such as animal manure, plant residues, and food and agricultural wastes. In the degradation process, organic wastes are converted into protein, grease, and polypeptides, which can be applied in medicine, the refining of chemicals, and the manufacturing of feedstuffs. After their conversion by the H. illucens, organic wastes not only become useful but also environmentally friendly. To date, the H. illucens has been widely used to treat food waste and to render manure harmless. The protein and grease obtained via this insect have been successfully used to produce livestock feed and biodiesel. In this article, the biological characteristics, resource utilization of protein and grease, and environmental functions of the H. illucens are summarized. This article provides a theoretical basis for investigating potential applications of the H. illucens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuncheng Liu
- Ecology and Biological Engineering, School of Environmental Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Cunwen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Process of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
- Key Laboratory of Novel Reactor and Green Chemical Technology of Hubei Province, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
| | - Huaiying Yao
- Ecology and Biological Engineering, School of Environmental Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
- Research Center for Environmental Ecology and Engineering, School of Environmental Ecology and Biological Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
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