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Kamal MAM, Kaoud HA, Salem HM, Alhotan RA, Hussein EO, Galik B, Saleh AA. Revolutionizing poultry hygiene: advanced electrostatic and cold fog disinfection strategies combat Mycoplasma gallisepticum in hatching eggs. Poult Sci 2024; 103:103732. [PMID: 38925079 PMCID: PMC11259725 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2024.103732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The incidence of chronic respiratory disease (CRD) due to Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) contamination in hatching eggs poses a serious threat to poultry health and hatchability. Implementing effective sanitization methods while safeguarding the hatching potential of embryos is crucial. This study aimed to explore novel techniques for sanitizing hatching-fertile eggs to prevent and manage MG-associated CRD. The primary objective was to assess the efficacy of acidic electrochemically stimulated water (ECS), focusing on MG disinfection. Additionally, the study investigated 2 application methods, 1) electrostatic disinfection (ED) and 2) cold fog (CF) disinfection, to evaluate their bactericidal effects against MG-contaminated eggs. Deliberately infected MG strains were used for the experimental design, which compared the disinfection efficacy of ECS with its acidic properties. The comparison involved ED, which applies an electrostatic charge to water particles, and CF disinfection, a cold mist technique. Both methods aimed to target MG without compromising egg-hatching potential. The results indicated a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in colony-forming units per milliliter (CFU/mL). However, both application methods demonstrated distinct bactericidal effects. Eggs treated with electrostatic disinfection showed a significant (p < 0.001) reduction in embryonic mortality during incubation (10%) compared to control untreated eggs (18%). Similarly, the CF method exhibited a significant (p < 0.001) decrease in embryonic mortality (13%). The ECS potential in reducing embryonic mortality within the pH range of 2.5 to 6.5 was noted. Both the ED and CF methods show promise for preventing MG-induced hatchery infection while maintaining egg-hatching potential. This study presents innovative techniques to control MG in hatching eggs, contributing to improved poultry health and reduced CRD incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A M Kamal
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Egypt
| | - Hussein A Kaoud
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Egypt
| | - Heba M Salem
- Department of Poultry Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt
| | - Rashed A Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Branislav Galik
- Institute of Nutrition and Genomics, Slovak University of Agriculture in Nitra, Nitra 94976, Slovakia
| | - Ahmed Ali Saleh
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, 33516 Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt.
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Sta. Cruz BG, Hong JS, Yu M, Oketch EO, Yun H, Jayasena DD, Heo JM. Xylanase supplementation in energy-deficient corn-based diets: impact on broiler growth, nutrient digestibility, chyme viscosity and carcass proximates. Anim Biosci 2024; 37:1246-1254. [PMID: 38575132 PMCID: PMC11222837 DOI: 10.5713/ab.23.0340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The goal of the current study was to investigate the impact of various concentrations of xylanase in energy-deficient corn-based diets on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and digesta viscosity in broilers from 7 to 35 days of age. METHODS A total of 280 seven-day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to one of the five dietary treatments following a completely randomized design with 8 replicates and 7 birds per cage. The treatments were: i) positive control (PC, without xylanase); ii) NC-1 (80 kcal/kg ME reduced from PC); iii) NC-2 (100 kcal/kg ME reduced from PC); iv) NCX-1 (NC-1 + 2,000 U/kg xylanase); and v) NCX-2 (NC-2 + 3,000 U/kg xylanase). Body weight, weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were determined weekly to evaluate growth performance. One bird per pen was sacrificed for ileal digesta collection to determine the viscosity and digestibility of energy, dry matter, crude protein on days 24 and 35, however breast and leg meat samples were obtained for proximate analysis (moisture, crude protein, fat, and ash) on day 35. RESULTS Birds fed diets supplemented with xylanase regardless of the amount had higher (p<0.05) body weights, daily gains, and improved feed efficiency compared to NC diets all throughout the experimental period. Feed intake was not affected (p>0.05) by the addition of xylanase. Moreover, lowered (p<0.05) viscosity of the ileal digesta were observed upon xylanase inclusion in the diets compared to the birds fed NC diets on day 24. Ileal nutrient digestibility and meat proximate composition were not affected (p>0.05) by xylanase. CONCLUSION The present study indicated that the xylanase at 2,000 U/kg and 3,000 U/kg levels compensates for the 80 kcal/kg and 100 kcal/kg dietary energy levels, respectively, without having adverse effects on the growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and digesta viscosity of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jun Seon Hong
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Myunghwan Yu
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Elijah Ogola Oketch
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
| | - Hyeonho Yun
- Technical Marketing, Protein Solution Division, CJ CheilJedang Bio, Seoul 04560,
Korea
| | - Dinesh D. Jayasena
- Department of Animal Science, Uva Wellassa University, Badulla 90000,
Sri Lanka
| | - Jung-Min Heo
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134,
Korea
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Ramatsui L, Sithole T, Gandla ML, Jönsson LJ, Edkins AL, Malgas S, Pletschke BI. In vitro evaluation of the application of an optimized xylanase cocktail for improved monogastric feed digestibility. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:596-610. [PMID: 38169048 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Xylanases from glycoside hydrolase (GH) families 10 and 11 are common feed additives for broiler chicken diets due to their catalytic activity on the nonstarch polysaccharide xylan. This study investigated the potential of an optimized binary GH10 and GH11 xylanase cocktail to mitigate the antinutritional effects of xylan on the digestibility of locally sourced chicken feed. Immunofluorescence visualization of the activity of the xylanase cocktail on xylan in the yellow corn of the feed showed a substantial collapse in the morphology of cell walls. Secondly, the reduction in the viscosity of the digesta of the feed by the cocktail showed an effective degradation of the soluble fraction of xylan. Analysis of the xylan degradation products from broiler feeds by the xylanase cocktail showed that xylotriose and xylopentaose were the major xylooligosaccharides (XOS) produced. In vitro evaluation of the prebiotic potential of these XOS showed that they improved the growth of the beneficial bacteria Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus bulgaricus. The antibacterial activity of broths from XOS-supplemented probiotic cultures showed a suppressive effect on the growth of the extraintestinal infectious bacterium Klebsiella pneumoniae. Supplementing the xylanase cocktail in cereal animal feeds attenuated xylan's antinutritional effects by reducing digesta viscosity and releasing entrapped nutrients. Furthermore, the production of prebiotic XOS promoted the growth of beneficial bacteria while inhibiting the growth of pathogens. Based on these effects of the xylanase cocktail on the feed, improved growth performance and better feed conversion can potentially be achieved during poultry rearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lebogang Ramatsui
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Tariro Sithole
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | | | | | - Adrienne L Edkins
- Biomedical Biotechnology Research Unit (BioBRU), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
| | - Samkelo Malgas
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics, and Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Hatfield, South Africa
| | - Brett I Pletschke
- Enzyme Science Programme (ESP), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Rhodes University, Makhanda, South Africa
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Long L, Lin Q, Wang J, Ding S. Microbial α-L-arabinofuranosidases: diversity, properties, and biotechnological applications. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 40:84. [PMID: 38294733 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-023-03882-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Arabinoxylans (AXs) are hemicellulosic polysaccharides consisting of a linear backbone of β-1,4-linked xylose residues branched by high content of α-L-arabinofuranosyl (Araf) residues along with other side-chain substituents, and are abundantly found in various agricultural crops especially cereals. The efficient bioconversion of AXs into monosaccharides, oligosaccharides and/or other chemicals depends on the synergism of main-chain enzymes and de-branching enzymes. Exo-α-L-arabinofuranosidases (ABFs) catalyze the hydrolysis of terminal non-reducing α-1,2-, α-1,3- or α-1,5- linked α-L-Araf residues from arabinose-substituted polysaccharides or oligosaccharides. ABFs are critically de-branching enzymes in bioconversion of agricultural biomass, and have received special attention due to their application potentials in biotechnological industries. In recent years, the researches on microbial ABFs have developed quickly in the aspects of the gene mining, properties of novel members, catalytic mechanisms, methodologies, and application technologies. In this review, we systematically summarize the latest advances in microbial ABFs, and discuss the future perspectives of the enzyme research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangkun Long
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qunying Lin
- Nanjing Institute for the Comprehensive Utilization of Wild Plants, China CO-OP, Nanjing, 211111, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaojun Ding
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Green Biomass-Based Fuels and Chemicals, Nanjing, 210037, People's Republic of China
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Saleh AA, Mousa A, Amber K, Badwi N, Shoukry M, Khairy M, Nusairat B, Odetallah N, Lin YMA, Selim S. Effect of endo-1,4-beta-xylanase supplementation to low-energy diets on performance, blood constituents, nutrient digestibility, and gene expressions related growth of broiler chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:99-110. [PMID: 37587735 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The presence of soluble and insoluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) was reported to reduce nutrient utilisation, and adversely impact the broilers' growth performance; accordingly, NSP-degrading enzymes are essential supplements to cereal-based diets. Therefore, the current trial was conducted to characterise the impacts of supplemental xylanase (Xyl) to diets with low-ME levels on performance, carcass traits, blood parameters, nutrient digestibility and some genes expressions in broiler chickens. A total of 600 1-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 6 treatments with 10 replications of 10 birds each per group in a completely randomised design. The 6 treatments were as follow: (1) basal diets with balanced ME content served as control (positive control, PC), (2) low-energy diet (negative control 1 [NC1]; ME content reduced by 70 kcal/kg compared with PC), (3) low-energy diet (negative control 2 [NC2]; ME content reduced by 140 kcal/kg compared with PC), (4) NC1 + 100 g/ton xylanase (NC1 + 100Xyl), (5) NC2 + 100 g/ton xylanase (NC2 + 100Xyl), and (6) NC1 + 50 g/ton xylanase (NC1 + 50Xyl). At the end of the experiment (35 days of age), the reduction of energy in the NC diets yielded lower live body weight (BW) and total body weight gain (BWG) (p ˂ 0.001); however, it significantly increased feed intake (p ˂ 0.05), leading to worst feed conversion ratio (FCR) and European production efficiency factor (EPEF) (p ˂ 0.01) than PC. There was non-significant variation in final BW, BWG, FCR, or EPEF between the PC group and the NC groups supplemented with Xyl. Carcass yield, gizzard, liver and, muscle relative weights were not influenced by dietary treatments; while broilers fed diet with low-energy diets with or without Xyl addition had lower abdominal fat (p ˂ 0.01) than PC. Furthermore, broilers fed on low-ME diets supplemented with Xyl showed a reduction in plasma total cholesterol (p ˂ 0.05) and low density lipoprotein (p ˂ 0.01) levels. Greater antibody titre against Newcastle disease (p ˂ 0.05) was recorded in the NC1 + 100Xyl and NC2 + 100Xyl groups. The addition of Xyl to low-energy diets significantly improved (p ˂ 0.05) fibre digestibility compared to the PC group. Moreover, enzyme supplementation increased muscle total lipids content and decreased muscle thiobarbituric acid retroactive substance content. In addition, enzyme supplementation increased gene expression related to growth and gene expression related to fatty acid synthesis. It was concluded that a low-ME diet might diminish broiler performance, whereas Xyl supplementation to low-ME diets beneficially affected growth performance, abdominal fat percentage, nutrient digestibility and immunity for broilers, and gene expressions related to growth and fatty acid synthesis in broiler chickens fed low-energy diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Ali Saleh
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Mousa
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Khairy Amber
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Nemat Badwi
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Shoukry
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | | | - Basheer Nusairat
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | | | - Yun-Mei Amy Lin
- BioResource International, Inc., Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shaimaa Selim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Menoufia, Shibin El-Kom, Egypt
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Alzawqari M, Shukry Atta M, Metwally A, Selim S, Wadaan M, Kim I, Cho S, Eltahan H, Alagawany M, Alhotan R, Al Sulaiman A, Hussein E, Saleh A. Growth performance, blood lipids, and fat digestibility of broilers fed diets supplemented with bile acid and xylanase. Arch Anim Breed 2023; 66:451-460. [PMID: 38205380 PMCID: PMC10776885 DOI: 10.5194/aab-66-451-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to show the effect of bile acid (BA) and xylanase (Xyl) supplementation on the growth, fat digestibility, serum lipid metabolites, and ileal digesta viscosity of broilers. A total of 720 1 d old male broilers were allocated to one of nine treatments with four replicates in each under a factorial design arrangement of three levels of BA (0 %, 0.25 %, and 0.50 %) and three levels of Xyl (0 %, 0.05 %, and 0.10 %) supplementation. The duration of the experiment was 35 d (7-42 d). Growth performance, blood lipids, fat digestibility, and ileal digesta viscosity were determined. The experimental treatments did not affect feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG). Supplementation of BA or Xyl did not significantly ameliorate the feed conversion rate (FCR) (p < 0.05 ). The addition of BA linearly increased fat digestibility. At 7-21 d of age, the addition of BA or Xyl had a significant (p < 0.05 ) increase in serum cholesterol (Chol) but no significant difference for other serum lipid parameters in broiler chickens fed with Xyl in the starter and grower periods. However, the supplementation of 0.5 % BA at 7-21 d of age significantly increased the Chol and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) levels. The results of this trial revealed that the supplementation of xylanases had a great effect on the degradation of arabinoxylan from wheat, which led to a relatively greater reduction in ileal digesta viscosity; it was also found that supplementation of BA significantly increased the concentration of serum lipid metabolites, whereas BA and Xyl supplementation linearly increased the fat digestibility of the birds fed wheat and tallow diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed H. Alzawqari
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 333516, Egypt
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Ibb University, Ibb 70270, Yemen
| | - Mustafa Shukry Atta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh 33516, Egypt
| | - Abdallah Metwally
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
| | - Shaimaa Selim
- Department of Nutrition and Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Menoufia, Shibin El-Kom 32514, Egypt
| | - Mohammad A. M. Wadaan
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - In Ho Kim
- Animal Resource and Science Department, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungbo Cho
- Animal Resource and Science Department, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Hossam M. Eltahan
- Animal Resource and Science Department, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Republic of Korea
- Animal Production Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Dokki 12611, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Alagawany
- Poultry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt
| | - Rashed A. Alhotan
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food & Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali R. Al Sulaiman
- Environmental Protection Technologies Institute, Sustainability and Environment Sector, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, P.O. Box 6086, Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Elsayed Osman Hussein
- Al-Khumasia For Feed and Animal Products Riyadh – Olaya – Al Aqareyah 2 – Office 705 P.O. Box 8344, Riyadh 11982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed A. Saleh
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 333516, Egypt
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Pirgozliev VR, Mansbridge SC, Whiting IM, Kljak K, Jozwik A, Rollinger JM, Atanasov AG, Rose SP. Feeding Black Pepper ( Piper nigrum) or Exogenous Xylanase Improves the Blood Lipid Profile of Broiler Chickens Fed Wheat-Based Diets. Vet Sci 2023; 10:587. [PMID: 37756109 PMCID: PMC10537681 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10090587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to determine the impact of dietary black peppercorn (BP) and xylanase (XYL) alone or in combination on growth performance, dietary energy, nutrient digestibility and blood lipid profile when fed to male Ross 308 broiler chickens from the ages of 7 to 21 d. A wheat-soy-based basal feed that was formulated to be 0.42 MJ lower in metabolizable energy (ME) was mixed. The basal feed was then split into four batches, with the first batch set aside as the basal control; the second batch was supplemented with freshly milled BP; the third batch was supplemented with XYL; the fourth batch was supplemented with both BP and XYL, as in the previous two batches. Each diet was fed to eight pens, with two birds in a pen, following randomization. Feeding BP reduced bird growth and most of the digestibility coefficients but increased blood high-density lipoprotein (p < 0.05). Dietary XYL increased bird growth, dietary ME and nutrient digestibility (p < 0.05). In addition, XYL increased hepatic carotenoids and coenzyme Q10, but reduced blood low-density lipoprotein (p < 0.05). There were no BP by XYL interactions (p > 0.05) observed. Further research is needed to identify the optimum level of BP in broiler diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasil Radoslavov Pirgozliev
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, UK; (S.C.M.); (I.M.W.); (S.P.R.)
| | - Stephen Charles Mansbridge
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, UK; (S.C.M.); (I.M.W.); (S.P.R.)
| | - Isobel Margaret Whiting
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, UK; (S.C.M.); (I.M.W.); (S.P.R.)
| | - Kristina Kljak
- Department of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Artur Jozwik
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; (A.J.); (A.G.A.)
| | - Judith Maria Rollinger
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Atanas Georgiev Atanasov
- Institute of Genetics and Animal Biotechnology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzebiec, 05-552 Magdalenka, Poland; (A.J.); (A.G.A.)
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Digital Health and Patient Safety, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen Paul Rose
- National Institute of Poultry Husbandry, Harper Adams University, Newport TF10 8NB, UK; (S.C.M.); (I.M.W.); (S.P.R.)
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Plouhinec L, Neugnot V, Lafond M, Berrin JG. Carbohydrate-active enzymes in animal feed. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 65:108145. [PMID: 37030553 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/10/2023]
Abstract
Considering an ever-growing global population, which hit 8 billion people in the fall of 2022, it is essential to find solutions to avoid the competition between human food and animal feed for croplands. Agricultural co-products have become important components of the circular economy with their use in animal feed. Their implementation was made possible by the addition of exogenous enzymes in the diet, especially carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes). In this review, we describe the diversity and versatility of microbial CAZymes targeting non-starch polysaccharides to improve the nutritional potential of diets containing cereals and protein meals. We focused our attention on cellulases, hemicellulases, pectinases which were often found to be crucial in vivo. We also highlight the performance and health benefits brought by the exogenous addition of enzymatic cocktails containing CAZymes in the diets of monogastric animals. Taking the example of the well-studied commercial cocktail Rovabio™, we discuss the evolution, constraints and future challenges faced by feed enzymes suppliers. We hope that this review will promote the use and development of enzyme solutions for industries to sustainably feed humans in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauriane Plouhinec
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Univ., UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France; ADISSEO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, INSA Toulouse, Hall Gilbert Durand, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Virginie Neugnot
- ADISSEO, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, INSA Toulouse, Hall Gilbert Durand, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Mickael Lafond
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Univ., UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Guy Berrin
- INRAE, Aix-Marseille Univ., UMR1163 Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Fongiques, 13009 Marseille, France.
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Lee J, Oh H, Kim Y, Song D, An J, Chang S, Go Y, Cho H, Lee B, Kim WK, Cho J. Effects of exogenous protease on performance, economic evaluation, nutrient digestibility, fecal score, intestinal morphology, blood profile, carcass trait and meat quality in broilers fed normal diets and diets considered with matrix value. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102565. [PMID: 37015140 PMCID: PMC10166708 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to estimate the effects of exogenous protease on performance, economic evaluation, nutrient digestibility, fecal score, intestinal morphology, blood profile, carcass traits, and meat quality in broilers fed normal diets and diets considered with matrix value. A total of 90, one-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chickens were randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments with 6 replicates and each replicate of 5 broiler chickens. Treatments were as follows: 1) Basal diet (positive control, PC), 2) Basal diet formulated with full ProAct 360 matrix at 50 g/MT without addition of ProAct 360 (negative control, NC), 3) NC + 50 g/MT ProAct 360 (PA). Supplementation of exogenous protease to nutrient deficient NC diet by matrix values (PA) tended to increase growth performance and significantly improved intestinal morphology compared with the NC group. The PA group had significantly lower fecal score, and higher ATTD of crude protein and amino acids than those of the NC group. Furthermore, supplementation of exogenous protease to NC diet decreased feed cost, resulting in improved profit margin. However, there was no significant difference on carcass yield and relative organ weight. In conclusion, supplementation of exogenous protease using matrix value could be used as economic additive to improve growth, profit margin, digestibility, and gut health in broiler chickens.
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In ovo feeding of nutraceuticals and its role in adjusting the gastrointestinal tract, antioxidative properties, immunological response, and performance in poultry: An updated review. CZECH JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.17221/201/2022-cjas] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Attia YA, Al-Khalaifah HS, Alqhtani AH, Abd El-Hamid HS, Alyileili SR, El-Hamid AEHEA, Bovera F, El-Shafey AA. The impact of multi-enzyme fortification on growth performance, intestinal morphology, nutrient digestibility, and meat quality of broiler chickens fed a standard or low-density diet. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:1012462. [PMID: 36504838 PMCID: PMC9731804 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.1012462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to study the impact of supplementation of three multi-enzyme levels (0, 0.1, and 0.2% of feed) and two levels of dietary treatments [standard diet (SD) and low-density diet (LDD)] on growth performance, carcass traits, digestibility, and meat quality of broilers from 1 to 38 days of age. A total of 216 1-day-old Arbor Acres broiler chicks were randomly assigned to a factorial experiment (2 × 3) comprising six dietary treatments, each with six replicates and each replicate with six chickens. The results showed that the LDD significantly reduced body weight gain by 5.0%, compared with the SD. Multi-enzymes significantly improved body weight gain and the production index (PI) relative to the SD. The feed conversion ratio was significantly enhanced with increased multi-enzymes from 1 to 21 days. A significant relation between the multi-enzyme concentration and type of dietary treatment was observed in body weight gain and feed conversion ratio from 1 to 21 days of age. Nitrogen-free extract digestibility was significantly increased by using the SD diet compared with using the LDD. Multi-enzyme supplementation improved the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract in the LDD. A significant relationship was found between the multi-enzyme concentration and type of dietary treatment on the pancreas, liver, and intestinal length percentages. The meat dry matter concentration was significantly higher in the LDD group than in the SD group. The low-density diet significantly reduced the total revenue compared with the SD, whereas broilers fed the SD recorded significantly higher total revenue and economic efficiency than those fed the LDD. The low-density diet significantly increased economic efficiency compared with the SD. Multi-enzymes significantly increased the total revenue, net revenue, and economic efficiency than the standard set. In conclusion, using multi-enzymes in broiler diets improved body weight gain. The LDD with multi-enzymes showed enhanced body weight gain compared with the SD without multi-enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef A. Attia
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Hanan S. Al-Khalaifah
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, Shuwaikh, Kuwait
| | - Abdulmohsen H. Alqhtani
- Department of Animal Production, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hatem S. Abd El-Hamid
- Department of Poultry and Fish Disease, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | - Salem R. Alyileili
- Department of Integrative Agriculture, College of Food and Agriculture, United Arab Emirates University, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | | | - Fulvia Bovera
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Production, University of Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ali A. El-Shafey
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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Hashem MA, Hassan AEA, Abou-Elnaga HMM, Abdo W, Dahran N, Alghamdi AH, Elmahallawy EK. Modulatory effect of dietary probiotic and prebiotic supplementation on growth, immuno-biochemical alterations, DNA damage, and pathological changes in E. coli-infected broiler chicks. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:964738. [PMID: 36337201 PMCID: PMC9631445 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.964738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli is one of the principal causes of heavy economic losses to the poultry industry. Little is known about the underlying mechanisms, particularly the potential role of immunoglobulin A and the DNA damage, involving the beneficial effects of dietary supplementation of probiotics and prebiotics in avian colibacillosis. The current study investigated the potential effects of probiotic and prebiotic dietary supplementation on E. coli-infected broiler chicks. A total of 120 1-day-old unsexed Hubbard chicks were divided into six groups: Group 1 was considered as a negative control; Group 2 was supplemented with 1 g/kg feed of Lactobacillus plantarum; Group 3 was supplemented with amylase enzyme; Group 4 served as a positive control infected orally by E. coli O78; Group 5 was supplemented with L. plantarum from 1-day-old chicken and then infected orally with E. coli O78; and Group 6 was supplemented with amylase enzyme from 1-day old chicken and then infected orally with E. coli O78. For all examined groups, the experimental period lasted for 42 days. The E. coli-infected group revealed a decrease in body performance parameters with a significant increase in the liver enzymes and renal function tests. The same group recorded a significant decrease in serum total proteins, albumins, and globulins, and the alteration of immunological parameters, antioxidant enzymes, oxidative stress parameters, and comet assay revealed highly damaged DNA in the liver and the intestine. By histopathological examination, a series of histopathological changes in the liver, the kidney, and the intestine were observed. The infected chick pretreated with probiotics or prebiotics demonstrated an improvement in body performance parameters besides a significant decrease in the hepatic enzymes and renal function tests. We noticed that, in treated groups, there was a significant increase in serum total proteins in the serum albumin and globulin levels, immunological parameters, and antioxidant enzymes. Furthermore, DNA damage and histopathological changes within hepatic, renal, and intestinal tissues were markedly diminished in the treated groups compared with the infected group. We concluded that the adverse effects of E. coli could be modulated through the chemopreventive administration of probiotics and prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A. Hashem
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Azza E. A. Hassan
- Department of Biochemistry, Animal Health Institute, Mansoura, Egypt
| | | | - Walied Abdo
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Naief Dahran
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Jeddah, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali H. Alghamdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Albaha University, Al Aqiq, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ehab Kotb Elmahallawy
- Department of Zoonoses, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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Javaid A, Younas F, Ullah I, Yasinzai M. Impact of an indigenously produced multi-enzyme complex from Bacillus subtilis KT004404 on growth and blood parameters in broiler chicken. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0271445. [PMID: 35895628 PMCID: PMC9328567 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0271445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A 42-days experiment was conducted on a day old birds (n = 400) to evaluate the effect of enzyme supplements in feed on the growth, blood parameters, phosphorous content in bones, and nitrogen retention. Different treatments included: control (C) without enzyme supplement, while the other three groups included enzyme mixture T1 and T2 with two commercially available enzyme mix, and T3 with indigenously produced multi-enzyme complex from Bacillus subtilis KT004404. Birds that were fed with indigenously produced multi-enzyme complex showed significant weight gain as compared to other groups. The total feed intake of the birds fed with enzyme supplements was higher than the birds in the control group. The feed conversion ratio was significantly improved (p < 0.05) in treatment groups (T1, T2, T3) as compared to the control. The blood parameters which were analyzed included uric acid, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and serum proteins i.e. globulin and albumin. Birds fed with the enzyme in the group T1, T2 and T3 exhibited higher (p < 0.05) body weight gain. Tibia ash content was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in T1, T2, and T3 as compared to the control. The results of the current study indicate that supplementing poultry feed with the exogenous multi-enzyme produced from Bacillus subtilis KT004404 improved the growth of the birds, feed utilization, and exhibited beneficial effects on the blood parameters, phosphorous and nitrogen retention in broiler chicken.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aqsa Javaid
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Farhan Younas
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ikram Ullah
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Masoom Yasinzai
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, International Islamic University, Islamabad, Pakistan
- * E-mail:
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Dietary Soluble Non-Starch Polysaccharide Level Influences Performance, Nutrient Utilisation and Disappearance of Non-Starch Polysaccharides in Broiler Chickens. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12050547. [PMID: 35268116 PMCID: PMC8908838 DOI: 10.3390/ani12050547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of dietary soluble non-starch polysaccharides (sNSP) on performance and nutrient utilisation in broilers from d 0 to 35. Cobb 500 broilers (n = 480, 80 birds per treatment) were fed either wheat- or corn-soybean meal-based diets formulated to contain either a high, medium, or low sNSP content, in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement, fed as Starter (d 0−14) and Grower (d 14−35). Birds fed the low sNSP level presented greater BWG at d 0−14 and lower feed intake at d 14−35 compared to birds fed the medium sNSP level (p < 0.005). At d 14, birds fed the high sNSP level presented greater ileal and total tract starch digestibility and total tract sNSP degradability and insoluble NSP degradability, compared to feeding the low sNSP level. At d 35, total tract DM and metabolisability of gross energy was greater in birds fed the medium sNSP level compared to those fed the high or low sNSP level (p < 0.005). Generally, bird performance and nutrient utilisation was greater in birds fed the corn-based diets compared to the wheat-based diets. These results illustrate that dietary sNSP level and composition influences bird performance and nutrient digestibility.
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Soybean Oil Replacement by Poultry Fat in Broiler Diets: Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Plasma Lipid Profile and Muscle Fatty Acids Content. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11092609. [PMID: 34573575 PMCID: PMC8472471 DOI: 10.3390/ani11092609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The effect of partial or complete substitution of soybean oil (SO) by poultry fat (PF) on growth, nutrient digestibility, plasma lipids, and the pectoral muscle content of fatty acids (FAs) was examined in this study. Dietary PF supplementation improved breast muscle FA profile but did not affect muscle vitamin E content and liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS). By adding PF to the diet, economic efficiency was greatly improved in a dose-dependent manner. Therefore, the results of this study revealed that PF could be used as a partial or total replacement of SO in broiler nutrition without affecting their performance or physiological response with a tendency to improve their meat products. Abstract Continuous genetic improvements of commercial broiler strains has led to the necessity of using fats in their rations to fulfill a large portion of the energetic requirements. Several fat sources have been introduced in poultry nutrition, such as rendering poultry fat (PF) an available and cheap lipid source compared to conventional sources such as soybean oil (SO). The present study investigated the effect of partial or full replacement of SO by PF on performance, nutrient digestibility, blood lipids, and fatty acids (FAs) content of pectoral muscle. Four hundred and eighty one-day-old male Ross-308 chicks were distributed into four experimental groups (12 replicates each): the first group (control) was fed a diet formulated with soybean oil as a fat source while the second to fourth groups (PF25, PF50, and PF100) were fed diets formulated with 25, 50 and 100% of PF as a fat source instead of SO. Results revealed no synergistic effect between SO and PF in any of the studied parameters. Replacing SO by PF did not alter birds’ growth, carcass characteristics, and plasma indices of birds. Abdominal fat% was increased (p < 0.01) in PF50 and PF100. Dry matter digestibility was improved (p < 0.05) in PF50 and PF100, while crude fat and protein digestibility was not affected. Contents of palmitic and docosahexaenoic acids in the pectoral muscle of PF50 and PF100 were reduced (p < 0.01) while concentrations of oleic and linolenic acids, total unsaturated FAs, and polyunsaturated FAs/Saturated FAs ratio were elevated (p < 0.05) in the same groups. Liver thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and muscle vitamin E contents were not altered. The dietary addition of PF greatly improved economic parameters. In conclusion, PF can be used as a lipid source in broiler diets to produce inexpensive meat while maintaining its growth performance.
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Nusairat B, Wang JJ. The Effect of a Modified GH11 Xylanase on Live Performance, Gut Health, and Clostridium perfringens Excretion of Broilers Fed Corn-Soy Diets. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:678536. [PMID: 34164456 PMCID: PMC8215141 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.678536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylanase enzymes and other feed additives are being used more commonly in poultry feed to reduce feed cost, improve performance, and maintain gut health. Five corn-soy-based dietary treatments were designed to compare the effect of different inclusion levels of high-efficiency GH11 xylanase on live performance, gut lesions, and Clostridium perfringens excretion in littler samples of broiler chickens. Diets were the standard diet (positive control; PC); a diet of reduced energy by 130 kcal/kg diet (negative control; NC); NC with xylanase at 10 XU/g of feed (NC + 10); NC with xylanase at 12.5 XU/g of feed (NC + 12.5); NC with xylanase at 15 XU/g of feed (NC + 15). Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA. At 42 d, birds fed NC + 12.5 and NC + 15 were heavier (P < 0.05) than NC and comparable improvement to birds fed PC. Significant Improvement in FCR (P = 0.0001) was observed from 1 to 42 d for NC + 12.5 and NC + 15 compared with NC. Supplementation of xylanase reduced (P < 0.005) 21 d intestinal lesion score at 21 d with further improvement (P < 0.0001) at 42 d. NC + 15 reduced lesion scores by 24% compared with NC. Xylanase supplementations reduced litter C. perfringens cell forming unit per gram (CFU/g) compared with NC with the highest reduction of NC + 15 treatment by ~27%. In conclusion, xylanase can be included in reduced-energy diets up to 15 XU/g of feed to improve live performance, energy digestibility, and reduce intestinal lesion scores in broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer Nusairat
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Jeng-Jie Wang
- BioResource International, Inc., Durham, NC, United States
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Musigwa S, Morgan N, Swick RA, Cozannet P, Kheravii SK, Wu SB. Multi-carbohydrase enzymes improve feed energy in broiler diets containing standard or low crude protein. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2021; 7:496-505. [PMID: 34258438 PMCID: PMC8245800 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2020.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of multi-carbohydrase (MC) on energy and nitrogen (N) balance and gene expression in broilers fed diets with different crude protein (CP) contents. The study employed a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors were presence or absence of MC, and standard (SCP) or low (LCP) dietary CP concentration. A 3-phase feeding program was used, including starter (0 to 7 d), grower (8 to 17 d) and finisher (18 to 28 d) phases. The study was undertaken in closed calorimetry chambers. Each of the 4 dietary treatments was replicated 8 times in total across 2 runs, with 2 birds per replicate (n = 64). Data for energy partitioning and N balance were collected from d 25 to 28. On d 28, birds were euthanized to collect muscle and intestinal tissue samples for gene expression. The results showed that the MC increased apparent metabolizable energy (AME, P < 0.01) and net energy (NE, P < 0.05), and reduced the feed conversion ratio (FCR, P < 0.01) in all diets. The proportion of energy retained as fat per total energy retention (REf/RE) was positively correlated with feed AME and NE (r = 0.541, P < 0.01 and r = 0.665, P < 0.001, respectively), suggesting that feed energy augmented with increased fat gain. Muscle ATP synthase subunit alpha (ATP5A1W) gene expression had a positive correlation with REf/RE and feed NE (r = 0.587, P < 0.001 and r = 0.430, P < 0.05, respectively). Similarly, muscle peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 alpha (PGC-1A) expression was negatively correlated with weight gain and positively correlated with FCR (r = −0.451, P < 0.05 and r = 0.359, P < 0.05, respectively). These correlations show that over-expressions of muscle genes related to energy production reduce bird performance. This study demonstrated that MC increase dietary energy utilization, regardless of dietary CP concentration. However, the energy released by the enzymes increases feed energy-to-CP ratio, meaning there is excess energy that is then deposited as body fat. This suggests that supplemental MC in broiler feeds is beneficial if diets are formulated to contain marginal energy levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sosthene Musigwa
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Natalie Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Robert A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | | | - Sarbast K Kheravii
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, 2351, Australia
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Rao SVR, Raju M, Nagalakshmi D, Prakash B, Paul S. Effect of supplementation of graded concentrations of xylanase and α-amylase on performance, slaughter variables, and energy digestibility in broiler chickens fed corn-soybean meal–based diet. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Use of Corn Silk Meal in Broiler Diet: Effect on Growth Performance, Blood Biochemistry, Immunological Responses, and Growth-Related Gene Expression. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11041170. [PMID: 33921779 PMCID: PMC8073180 DOI: 10.3390/ani11041170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Corn silk meal (CSM), the outer thread-like material found under corn husks, is a by-product of corn cultivation, which has been documented as a traditional medicine with multiple benefits for human health. Broilers cannot produce the enzymes needed to hydrolyze non-starch polysaccharide (NSP), which has been found to increase gut viscosity, and reduce the digestion and utilization of nutrients, thereby resulting in poor animal performance. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of diets supplemented with CSM and NSP on growth performance, blood biochemistry, immunological and growth-related gene expression in broiler chickens. A total of 270 broiler chickens were divided into six experimental groups: (1) basal diets (BD) as control; (2) BD supplemented with 0.5 g/kg feed NSP enzyme; (3) and (4) fed a diet containing 40 and 80 kg/ton of CSM; (5) and (6) fed a diet containing 40 and 80 kg/ton CSM and supplemented with 0.5 g/kg NSP enzyme. The results showed that the dietary inclusion of CSM with the NSP enzyme can improve growth performance, intestinal histopathology parameters, modify plasma lipids, and enhance immune response in broilers. Abstract The objective of this study was to examine the effects of diets supplemented with corn silk meal (CSM) and non-starch polysaccharide (NSP) enzyme on growth performance, blood biochemistry, immunological response, and growth-related gene expression in broiler chickens. A total of 270 broiler chickens were divided into six experimental groups: (1) basal diets (BD) as control; (2) BD supplemented with 0.5 g/kg feed NSP enzyme; the other four groups are CSM diets as following; (3) and (4) fed diet contain 40 and 80 kg/ton of CSM; (5) and (6) fed diet contain 40 and 80 kg/ton CSM and supplemented with 0.5 g/kg NSP enzyme. Body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein retention and fiber digestibility were synergistically improved (p < 0.05) when fed CSM supplemented with NSP enzyme. Moreover, a synergistic decrease (p < 0.05) in the serum glucose and total cholesterol were found. Immune organ weights and Newcastle disease virus titers were increased with CSM diets. Interestingly, the relative mRNAs of the growth hormone receptor (GHR) and insulin growth factor (IGF) were increased (p < 0.05) with the CSM and NSP enzyme: the relative mRNA expressions of cholecystokinin (CCK) and leptin were decreased by feeding CSM diets with the NSP enzyme. It could be concluded that the dietary inclusion of CSM with the NSP enzyme might improve growth performance, modify plasma lipids, and enhance immune response in broilers.
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The Secretomes of Aspergillus japonicus and Aspergillus terreus Supplement the Rovabio ® Enzyme Cocktail for the Degradation of Soybean Meal for Animal Feed. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7040278. [PMID: 33917144 PMCID: PMC8067802 DOI: 10.3390/jof7040278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the challenges of the 21st century will be to feed more than 10 billion people by 2050. In animal feed, one of the promising approaches is to use agriculture by-products such as soybean meal as it represents a rich source of proteins. However, soybean meal proteins are embedded in a complex plant cell wall matrix, mostly composed of pectic polysaccharides, which are recalcitrant to digestion for animals and can cause digestive disorders in poultry breeding. In this study, we explored fungal diversity to find enzymes acting on soybean meal components. An exploration of almost 50 fungal strains enabled the identification of two strains (Aspergillus terreus and Aspergillus japonicus), which improved the solubilization of soybean meal in terms of polysaccharides and proteins. The two Aspergilli strains identified in the frame of this study offer a promising solution to process industrial food coproducts into suitable animal feed solutions.
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Effect of Bacterial or Fungal Phytase Supplementation on the Performance, Egg Quality, Plasma Biochemical Parameters, and Reproductive Morphology of Laying Hens. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11020540. [PMID: 33669736 PMCID: PMC7921993 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The present study shows that 5000 FTU/kg dietary supplementation with bacterial (E. coli) or fungal (Aspergillus niger and Trichodermareesei) sources of phytase with less available phosphorus is capable of maintaining productive efficiency, reproductive morphology, and egg quality of laying hens. Eggshell consistency was increased while yolk cholesterol was decreased as a result of diets supplemented with bacterial or fungal phytase. All in all, our results clarify that feeding laying hens bacterial and fungal phytase at 5000 FTU/kg can be effective to replace inorganic phosphorus commercially. Abstract Catalytic and physicochemical properties of microbial phytase sources may differ, affecting phosphorus (P) release and subsequently the productive and reproductive performance of layers. The current study aimed to evaluate the impact of bacterial and fungal phytase sources on layer productivity, egg production, biochemical blood indices, and reproductive morphology. For this purpose, 360 Bovans brown hens at 42 weeks of age were randomly allocated into 4 experimental groups, each with 15 replicates of 6 hens. The first group (control) was fed a basal diet with 4.6 g/kg available P. In contrast, the second, third, and fourth groups were fed diets treated with 3.2 g/kg available P, supplemented with either 5000 FTU/kg of bacterial E. coli (QuantumTM Blue 5G), fungal Aspergillus niger (VemoZyme® F 5000 Naturally Thermostable Phytase (NTP)), or fungal Trichodermareesei (Yemzim® FZ100). Dietary supplementation of bacterial and fungal phytases did not affect the productive performance or egg quality criteria, except for increased shell weight and thickness (p < 0.05). Serum hepatic function biomarkers and lipid profiles were not altered in treated hens, while calcium and P levels were increased (p < 0.05) related to the controls. Ovary index and length, and relative weight of oviduct and its segments were not influenced. The contents of cholesterol and malondialdehyde in the yolks from treated birds were lower compared to control hens, while calcium and P content increased (p < 0.05). Conclusively, bacterial and fungal phytase sources can compensate for the reduction of available P in layers’ diets and enhance shell and yolk quality without affecting productive performance, and no differences among them were noticed.
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Nusairat B, Wang JJ. Xylanase and Direct-Fed Microbials (DFM) Potential for Improvement of Live Performance, Energy Digestibility, and Reduction of Environmental Microbial Load of Broilers. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:606415. [PMID: 33365337 PMCID: PMC7750451 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.606415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The challenge of identifying alternatives to subtherapeutic levels of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in animal feed has led to increased interest in feed additives such as exogenous enzymes and direct-fed microbials (DFM). Six corn soy-based dietary treatments were designed to investigate the effect of high-efficiency xylanase alone, Bacillus spp. probiotics alone, and their combination vs. a commonly used antibiotic growth promoter (bacitracin methylene disalicylate; BMD) on live performance and environmental Clostridium perfringens load of broiler chickens with eight replicate pens per treatment. Diets were as follows: standard diet (positive control; PC); 130 kcal/kg reduced-energy diet (negative control; NC); NC with xylanase (NC + Xy); NC with probiotics (NC + Pro); NC with xylanase and probiotics mix (NC + XyPro); and NC with BMD (NC + BMD). Data were analyzed as one-way ANOVA. At 35 and 42 days, birds fed with NC + XyPro and NC + BMD were heavier (P < 0.05) than birds fed with NC. Improvement in feed conversion ratio (FCR) (P = 0.0001) was observed from 1 to 42 days by ~3 points in both NC + XyPro and NC + BMD compared to NC. The NC + XyPro reduced lesion scores by 66% compared to PC and NC. Litter C. perfringens cell count was reduced by ~16% with supplementation of XyPro or BMD. It can be concluded that a blend of xylanase (10 XU/g feed) and Bacillus spp. [1 × 105 colony forming units (CFU)/g feed] can be used as an alternative to AGP in low-energy broiler diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basheer Nusairat
- Department of Animal Production, College of Agriculture, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Jeng-Jie Wang
- BioResource International, Inc., Durham, NC, United States
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Effect of supplemental serine-protease from Bacillus licheniformis on growth performance and physiological change of broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1732986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Saleh AA, Abudabos AM, Ali MH, Ebeid TA. The effects of replacing corn with low-tannin sorghum in broiler’s diet on growth performance, nutrient digestibilities, lipid peroxidation and gene expressions related to growth and antioxidative properties. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2019.1680377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed A. Saleh
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
| | - Alaeldein M. Abudabos
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mutahar H. Ali
- Department of Animal Production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tarek A. Ebeid
- Department of Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh, Egypt
- Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buraydah, Saudi Arabia
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