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Kivrak MB, Turk S, Takci A, Bolukbas B, Agaoglu RT, Coskun A. Pulse wave Doppler ultrasound of umbilical cord in experimentally induced pregnancy toxemia in sheep. Res Vet Sci 2023; 160:18-25. [PMID: 37235922 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2023.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 05/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Contrary to its widespread use in human cases, the use of Doppler ultrasonography is only recently becoming prevalent in farm animals. This study aimed to determine the effects of maternal metabolic and clinical changes on fetal hemodynamics during pregnancy toxemia with the doppler examination of umbilical cord. In the study twenty ewes with a single healthy fetus were included in the study. At the end of the 120th day of pregnancy, 20 single-bearing pregnant ewes were randomly categorized into two groups. Ewes in the control group were fed to meet all nutritional requirements. On the other contrary, the experimental ewes were fed to meet equivalent to 50 % of the daily needs and then fasted for 96 h. Doppler ultrasonographic examinations of umbilical cord were performed once every two days and once a day during fasting. Beta hydroxybutyric acid (BHBA) concentration was measured by taking blood from sheep on examination days. Pulse systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), PSV/EDV, pulsatility index (PI), resistance index (RI), and fetal heart rate (FHR) as well as BHBA values and how those parameters has changed over time (time by treatment effect) due to energy deprivation during pregnancy were evaluated using repeated measure analysis of variance. No clinical signs were observed in both toxemia and control groups during restricted feeding. BHBA concentration increased and there was a significant time, time by treatment and main effect of treatment effect between groups. No significant main effect of treatment and time by treatment interaction was observed in the changes of PI, RI, FHR, and systolic/diastolic velocity values over time in both groups. FHR was reduced over time, and there was a significant time effect in FHR in both groups. Although doppler indices didn't increase, both PSV and EDV values increased significantly in the pregnancy toxemia group compared with the controls (Time P = 0.03, time by treatment interaction P < 0.05) and the main effect of treatment P < 0.05). The marked increase in blood velocities (PSV and EDV) in the umbilical cord is probably due to the compensatory functioning for excessive energy deprivation of the fetus. Therefore, PSV and EDV might be a valuable indicator for evaluating the fetus's health status during the management of the PT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Bugra Kivrak
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Türkiye.
| | - Sefer Turk
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Abdurrahman Takci
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Türkiye
| | - Bora Bolukbas
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Nutritional Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Türkiye
| | - Recep Taha Agaoglu
- Perinatology Department, University of Health Sciences, Ankara City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye
| | - Alparslan Coskun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sivas Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Türkiye
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Bayne JE. Pregnancy Toxemia Therapeutic Options. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract 2023; 39:293-305. [PMID: 37032296 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvfa.2023.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This review covers the treatment options for pregnancy toxemia in small ruminants. Clinical assessment and detection of underlying metabolic and electrolyte derangements direct resuscitation efforts and provide prognostic indications. Treatment programs are dependent on producer goals and case specifics. Options include oral glucogenic precursors (eg, propylene glycol, glycerol), intravenous glucose solutions, insulin, and other supportive care measures. Induction of parturition or C-section is often carried out to minimize ongoing energy deficits, with variable survival rates. Prolonging gestation to maximize fetal viability often requires intensive care in a hospital setting and carries significant risk to both dam and offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna E Bayne
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, 1500 Wire Road, Auburn, AL, USA.
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3
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Pregnancy Toxemia in Ewes: A Review of Molecular Metabolic Mechanisms and Management Strategies. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020149. [PMID: 36837768 PMCID: PMC9961611 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy toxemia is a nutritional metabolic disease during late gestation in small ruminants. The condition is characterized by disorders in carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Obese and multiparous ewes are particularly susceptible to pregnancy toxemia, which may lead to maternal death, abortion, or premature birth. Highly productive multiparous meat ewes are major breeding animals, which has led to an increased incidence of the disease. However, the pathogenesis of pregnancy toxemia remains unclear and adequate disease prevention and treatment strategies are absent. Investigating the pathogenesis of pregnancy toxemia, especially the metabolic pathways of hepatic lipids, is key to an improved understanding of the condition. This review provides a snapshot of the genes that are associated with lipid metabolism in the ovine liver, including genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, acetyl coenzyme metabolism, and triglyceride synthesis; describes the interrelationships between these genes; and summarizes the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of pregnancy toxemia.
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4
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Yakan A, Özkan H, Kaya U, Keçeli HH, Dalkiran S, Karaaslan I, Ünal N, Akçay A, Arslan K, Akyüz B, Güngör G, Çamdeviren B, Küçükoflaz M, Sariözkan S, Özbeyaz C. Effects of propylene glycol used at different doses in Akkaraman lambs rations on metabolism-related parameters and liver gene and protein expression during different feeding periods. Anim Sci J 2023; 94:e13886. [PMID: 37963598 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the metabolic effects of propylene glycol (PG) over 60, 90, and 120 days in lambs. Seventy-two weaned male lambs were allocated into three groups: control (Con), PG1.5 (1.5 mL/kg live weight0.75 ), and PG3 (3 mL/kg live weight0.75 ). Blood samples were collected at the beginning and slaughter days. Biochemical parameters (glucose, triglycerides, ALT, AST, LDH, BUN, and insulin) and gene and protein levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), diacylglycerol o-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1), carbohydrate responsive element binding protein (ChREBP), and sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1c (SREBP-1c) in the liver were determined. Glucose in PG1.5 was increased on Day 60, while significant differences were observed in biochemical parameters except for insulin on the 60, 90, and 120 days. Biochemical parameters such as ALT, AST, LDH, and BUN increased over time, while triglycerides decreased. DGAT1 gene and protein levels were lower, while SREBP-1c and PPARγ were higher in PG groups on Day 60. While SREBP-1c was lower in PG1.5, ChREBP was higher in PG3 on Day 90. PPARγ, DGAT1, and ChREBP were upregulated in PG3 on Day 120. Positive correlations were found between proteins. The long-term use of PG in lambs did not have detrimental effects on metabolism. The study provides valuable insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the metabolic effects of PG in lambs, shedding light on its potential applications in lamb production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akın Yakan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Hüseyin Özkan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Ufuk Kaya
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Hasan Hüseyin Keçeli
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Sevda Dalkiran
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Irem Karaaslan
- Technology and Research & Development Center (MARGEM), Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Necmettin Ünal
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Aytaç Akçay
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkiye
| | - Korhan Arslan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Bilal Akyüz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Genetics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Güven Güngör
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Biostatistics, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Baran Çamdeviren
- Institute of Health Sciences, Department of Molecular Biochemistry and Genetics, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Antakya, Hatay, Turkiye
| | - Mehmet Küçükoflaz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health Economics and Management, Kafkas University, Kars, Turkiye
| | - Savaş Sariözkan
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Health Economics and Management, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkiye
| | - Ceyhan Özbeyaz
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Science, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkiye
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Endocrine-metabolic adaptations in Dorper ewes: comparison between single and twin pregnancies during gestation, parturition, and postpartum. Trop Anim Health Prod 2022; 54:307. [DOI: 10.1007/s11250-022-03306-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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6
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Besharati M, Giannenas I, Palangi V, Ayasan T, Noorian F, Maggiolino A, Lorenzo JM. Chitosan/Calcium-Alginate Encapsulated Flaxseed Oil on Dairy Cattle Diet: In Vitro Fermentation and Fatty Acid Biohydrogenation. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:1400. [PMID: 35681864 PMCID: PMC9179567 DOI: 10.3390/ani12111400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of using chitosan nanoparticles and calcium alginate in the encapsulation of flaxseed oil on the biohydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids and in vitro fermentation. The experiments were performed in a completely randomized design with 7 treatments. The experimental treatments included: diets without oil additive (control), diet containing 7% flaxseed oil, diet containing 14% flaxseed oil, diet containing 7% oil encapsulated with 500 ppm chitosan nanocapsules, diet containing 14% flaxseed oil encapsulated with 1000 ppm chitosan nanocapsules, diet containing 7% of flaxseed oil encapsulated with 500 ppm of calcium alginate nanocapsules, diet containing 14% flaxseed oil encapsulated with 1000 ppm calcium alginate nanocapsules. The results showed that encapsulation of flaxseed oil with calcium alginate (14%) had a significant effect on gas production (p < 0.05). The treatment containing calcium alginate (14%) increased the digestibility of dry matter compared to the control treatment, but the treatments containing chitosan caused a significant reduction (p < 0.05). The results indicated that the percentage of ruminal saturated fatty acids decreased by encapsulation of flaxseed oil with chitosan (14% and 7%). The percentage of oleic unsaturated fatty acid by encapsulating flaxseed oil with chitosan (14%) had a significant increase compared to the control treatment (p < 0.05). As a result, encapsulating flaxseed oil with chitosan (14%) reduced the unsaturated fatty acids generated during ruminal biohydrogenation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maghsoud Besharati
- Department of Animal Science, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tabriz, Ahar 5451785354, Iran;
| | - Ilias Giannenas
- Laboratory of Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
| | - Valiollah Palangi
- Department of Animal Science, Agricultural Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey;
| | - Tugay Ayasan
- Department of Organic Farming Business Management, Kadirli Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Korkut Ata, Osmaniye 80000, Turkey;
| | - Fatemeh Noorian
- Department of Animal Science, Ahar Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tabriz, Ahar 5451785354, Iran;
| | - Aristide Maggiolino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari A. Moro, 70010 Valenzano, Italy;
| | - Jose Manuel Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Avd. Galicia 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, 32900 Ourense, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Universidade de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
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7
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Margolis DS, Figueroa G, Barron Villalobos E, Smith JL, Doane CJ, Gonzales DA, Szivek JA. A Large Segmental Mid-Diaphyseal Femoral Defect Sheep Model: Surgical Technique. J INVEST SURG 2022; 35:1287-1295. [DOI: 10.1080/08941939.2022.2045393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Margolis
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Gerardo Figueroa
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - Jordan L. Smith
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | | | - David A. Gonzales
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - John A. Szivek
- Orthopedic Research Laboratory, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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8
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Kalyesubula M, Mopuri R, Rosov A, Bommel GV, Dvir H. Metabolic Effects of Vitamin B1 Therapy under Overnutrition and Undernutrition Conditions in Sheep. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13103463. [PMID: 34684464 PMCID: PMC8540229 DOI: 10.3390/nu13103463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a precursor for a universal metabolic coenzyme, vitamin B1, also known as thiamine, is a vital nutrient in all living organisms. We previously found that high-dose thiamine therapy prevents overnutrition-induced hepatic steatosis in sheep by enhancing oxidative catabolism. Based on this capacity, we hypothesized that thiamine might also reduce whole-body fat and weight. To test it, we investigated the effects of high-dose thiamine treatment in sheep under overnutrition and calorie-restricted undernutrition to respectively induce positive energy balance (PEB) and negative energy balance (NEB). Eighteen mature ewes were randomly assigned to three treatment groups (n = 6 each). The control group (CG) was administered daily with subcutaneous saline, whereas the T5 and T10 groups were administered daily with equivoque of saline containing 5 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg of thiamine, respectively. Bodyweight and blood biochemistry were measured twice a week for a period of 22 days under PEB and for a consecutive 30 days under NEB. Surprisingly, despite the strong effect of thiamine on liver fat, no effect on body weight or blood glucose was detectable. Thiamine did, however, increase plasma concentration of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) during NEB (575.5 ± 26.7, 657.6 ± 29.9 and 704.9 ± 26.1 µEqL−1 for CG, T5, and T10, respectively: p < 0.05), thereby favoring utilization of fatty acids versus carbohydrates as a source of energy. Thiamine increased serum creatinine concentrations (p < 0.05), which paralleled a trending increase in urea (p = 0.09). This may indicate an increase in muscle metabolism by thiamine. Reduction of fat content by thiamine appears more specific to the liver than to adipose tissue. Additional studies are needed to evaluate the potential implications of high-dose vitamin B1 therapy in muscle metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugagga Kalyesubula
- Agricultural Research Organization—Volcani Institute, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeZion 7552809, Israel; (M.K.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (G.V.B.)
- Department of Animal Science, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Ramgopal Mopuri
- Agricultural Research Organization—Volcani Institute, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeZion 7552809, Israel; (M.K.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (G.V.B.)
| | - Alexander Rosov
- Agricultural Research Organization—Volcani Institute, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeZion 7552809, Israel; (M.K.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (G.V.B.)
| | - Guy Van Bommel
- Agricultural Research Organization—Volcani Institute, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeZion 7552809, Israel; (M.K.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (G.V.B.)
| | - Hay Dvir
- Agricultural Research Organization—Volcani Institute, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeZion 7552809, Israel; (M.K.); (R.M.); (A.R.); (G.V.B.)
- Correspondence:
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10
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Impact of supplementing feed restricted ewes’ diet with propylene glycol, monensin sodium and rumen-protected choline chloride during late pregnancy on blood biochemical indices, body condition score and body weight. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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11
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Orellana Rivas RM, Gutierrez-Oviedo FA, Komori GH, Beihling VV, Marins TN, Azzone J, Bernard JK, Tao S. Effect of supplementation of a mixture of gluconeogenic precursors during the transition period on performance, blood metabolites and insulin concentrations and hepatic gene expression of dairy cows. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2020.114791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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12
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Mopuri R, Kalyesubula M, Rosov A, Edery N, Moallem U, Dvir H. Improved Folch Method for Liver-Fat Quantification. Front Vet Sci 2021; 7:594853. [PMID: 33511163 PMCID: PMC7835396 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.594853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty liver represents a significant metabolic pathology of excess intrahepatic fat in domestic animals and humans. Quantification of hepatic-fat content is therefore essential for diagnosis and investigation of liver and metabolic disease. However, the reproducibility of hepatic steatosis analysis is often low due to subjective and technical factors. We hypothesized that improvement in tissue-lipids extraction efficiency would contribute to the accuracy and precision of liver-fat determination. To test it, we investigated the effect of standardized tissue sonication on liver-fat quantification by the Folch method in sheep. Liver samples from grownup lambs of lean (n = 16) and fatty (n = 15) livers, and from pregnant ewes (n = 6) who died from pregnancy toxemia (PT), were used for hepatic-fat content determination with or without tissue sonication. In the grown lambs, an average hepatic-fat content of 6.6% was determined in sonicated compared to 5.1% in non-sonicated specimens (P = 0.0002). Similarly, in ewes with PT, an average of 12.5% was determined with sonication compared to 10.8% without it (P = 0.0006), and the reproducibility was higher with sonication (CV of 3.1 vs. 6.1%, respectively). Thus, tissue sonication improved the efficiency of liver-lipids extraction and was significant to the accuracy and precision of hepatic-fat determination. Enzymatic quantification of triglycerides was moderately correlated with the results obtained gravimetrically (r = 0.632, P < 0.005). The reported data provide reliable reference values for pregnancy toxemic sheep. The significant improvement in liver-fat quantification observed with the reported revised protocol is likely applicable to most mammals and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramgopal Mopuri
- Volcani Center-Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Mugagga Kalyesubula
- Volcani Center-Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeZion, Israel.,Department of Animal Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alexander Rosov
- Volcani Center-Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Nir Edery
- Pathology Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Services, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Uzi Moallem
- Volcani Center-Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Hay Dvir
- Volcani Center-Agricultural Research Organization, Institute of Animal Science, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Alon T, Rosov A, Lifshitz L, Dvir H, Gootwine E, Moallem U. The distinctive short-term response of late-pregnant prolific ewes to propylene glycol or glycerol drenching. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:10245-10257. [PMID: 32921457 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-18227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy toxemia is the most frequent metabolic disorder of ewes in late pregnancy. Although propylene glycol (PG) and glycerol (GLY) are common glucogenic supplements for treating pregnancy toxemia in ewes, the relative benefit of these 2 supplements is not entirely clear. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to determine the changes during 24 h in key blood metabolites and insulin in response to PG or GLY drenching in prolific ewes. To this end, 36 multiparous late-pregnant Afec-Assaf ewes (∼132.4 d pregnant) bearing 2 to 4 fetuses, divided into 2 blocks (18 ewes in each block), with a blood β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) concentration of 0.5 to 1.6 mmol/L were included. Ewes were divided into 3 groups (12 ewes each; 6 ewes in each experimental day), according to their BHB levels, expected litter size, body weight, and body condition score, and were drenched with the following: (1) control group (CTL), 55 mL of water; (2) PG, 106 mL of PG (100% PG, 448 calories); or (3) GLY, 108 mL of Koforin 80 (80% GL; 448 calories). Blood samples were taken before drenching and every hour after drenching for 24 h. Plasma concentration of glucose, BHB, nonesterified fatty acids, lactate, glycerol, and insulin were determined. Because there were no effects of treatments after 12 h in the first block, the data were analyzed for 12 h after drenching rather than 24 h. The plasma glucose concentration during the first 5 h after drenching was the highest in the GLY, BHB concentration was the lowest in the PG, and the nonesterified fatty acid levels were lower in the PG compared with the CTL ewes during the first 5 h after drenching. However, glucose concentration was higher in the PG ewes at 9, 11, and 12 h after drenching than in CTL or GLY ewes. The mean lactate concentration in plasma for 12 h was 2.5- and 1.9-fold higher in the PG compared with the CTL and GLY ewes, respectively, and except at 11 h after drenching, it was significantly higher at each time point. The insulin concentration was higher in the GLY than in both other groups at 2 to 5 h after drenching. These results suggest that during the first few hours after drenching the effect of PG was more effective in reducing the BHB concentration, whereas the GLY effect was more effective in enhancing glucose concentration. The increased concentration in lactate following PG treatment suggests that the PG contribution to gluconeogenesis is mediated through its metabolism to lactate. In contrast, the lack of an effect on lactate, and the faster increase in blood glucose in response to GLY suggest that GLY has a more advanced entry point to gluconeogenesis, which influences the immediate response in enhancing the glucose blood concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Alon
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel; Department of Animal Science, the Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - A Rosov
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - L Lifshitz
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - H Dvir
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - E Gootwine
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel
| | - U Moallem
- Department of Ruminant Science, Institute of Animal Sciences, The Volcani Center, 68 HaMaccabim Road, Rishon LeZion 7505101, Israel.
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14
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Kalyesubula M, Mopuri R, Rosov A, Alon T, Edery N, Moallem U, Dvir H. Hyperglycemia-stimulating diet induces liver steatosis in sheep. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12189. [PMID: 32699301 PMCID: PMC7376193 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68909-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatic steatosis is strongly associated with chronic liver disease and systemic metabolic disorder. Adipose lipolysis is a recognized principal source of intrahepatic fat in various metabolic disorders, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. We hypothesized that, in the premorbid state, hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL) driven by excess carbohydrates abundance might play a more significant role. We employed a novel nutritional model in sheep of two distinct carbohydrates abundances. During 4 months of the dietary treatment, lambs were monitored for metabolic and terminal liver parameters. Lambs grown on the high-calorie (HC) diet were consistently more hyperglycemic and hyperinsulinemic than lambs grown on the lower-calorie (LC) diet (P < 0.0001). As a result, the HC lambs developed systemic- (HOMA-IR of 7.3 vs. 3.1; P < 0.0001), and adipose- (ADIPO-IR of 342.7 vs. 74.4; P < 0.0001) insulin resistance, significant adiposity (P < 0.0001), and higher plasma triglycerides (P < 0.05). Circulating leukocytes in the HC lambs had higher mRNA expression levels of the proinflammatory markers CCL2 (P < 0.01) and TNF-alpha (P < 0.04), and IL1B trended higher (P < 0.1). Remarkably, lambs on the HC diet developed substantial liver steatosis (mean fat content of 8.1 vs. 5.3% in the LC group; P < 0.0001) with a higher histological steatosis score (2.1 vs. 0.4; P < 0.0002). Hepatic steatosis was most-strongly associated with blood glucose and insulin levels but negatively correlated with circulating fatty acids-indicating a more significant contribution from hepatic DNL than from adipose lipolysis. Sheep may prove an attractive large-animal model of fatty liver and metabolic comorbidities resulting from excess carbohydrate-based energy early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mugagga Kalyesubula
- Institute of Animal Science, Volcani Center - ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Animal Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Ramgopal Mopuri
- Institute of Animal Science, Volcani Center - ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Alexander Rosov
- Institute of Animal Science, Volcani Center - ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Tamir Alon
- Institute of Animal Science, Volcani Center - ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
- Department of Animal Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Nir Edery
- Pathology Laboratory, Kimron Veterinary Institute, Veterinary Services, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Uzi Moallem
- Institute of Animal Science, Volcani Center - ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Hay Dvir
- Institute of Animal Science, Volcani Center - ARO, Rishon LeZion, Israel.
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15
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El-Kasrawy NI, Swelum AA, Abdel-Latif MA, Alsenosy AEWA, Beder NA, Alkahtani S, Abdel-Daim MM, Abd El-Aziz AH. Efficacy of Different Drenching Regimens of Gluconeogenic Precursors during Transition Period on Body Condition Score, Production, Reproductive Performance, Subclinical Ketosis and Economics of Dairy Cows. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10060937. [PMID: 32485796 PMCID: PMC7341492 DOI: 10.3390/ani10060937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A total of 108 Holstein cows were used to evaluate the effect of drenching propylene glycol (PG) either individually or in combination with glycerol (G) on body condition score (BCS), production, reproductive performance, protection against subclinical ketosis and economic benefit of dairy cows during the transition period. The six groups (n = 18/group) were; Control group, cows received no treatment; PG300, cows were drenched 300 mL PG for 7 days pre-expected day of calving and 21 days post-calving; PG400, cows were drenched 400 mL PG for 7 days pre-and 7 days post-calving; PG500, cows were drenched 500 mL PG for 10 days pre-and 10 days post-calving; GPG150, cows were drenched a mixture of 150 mL G and 150 mL PG for 21 days pre-and 21 days post-calving; GPG250, cows were drenched a mixture of 250 mL G and 250 mL PG for 21 days pre-and 21 days post-calving. BCS at 30 days in milk (DIM) was significantly higher in all treated groups in comparison to the control one and the best values were observed in GPG250, GPG150 and PG500 groups. Lactation length (LL) was significantly (p < 0.001) shorter in GPG250, GPG150 and PG500 groups than control group. There was a significant increment in 305 milk yield (p < 0.001) and average daily milk yield (p < 0.001) in GPG250 and PG500 groups than other groups except for PG300 with the lowest values for control and PG400. Cows in all treatment groups were observed in heat and conceived earlier as well as had shorter open days and calving interval durations (p < 0.001) and low number of services per conception (p = 0.004) compared to control group with better results for PG500 and GPG250 groups. BHB level and percentage of cows suffered from subclinical ketosis at 7 DIM was significantly lower in GPG250, GPG150 and PG500 groups than control group. Cows in treatment groups had a significantly higher glucose level (p = 0.006) compared to control group. Regarding to economics, the control group showed the highest feed costs, insemination costs and total costs per animal. Additionally, control and PG400 groups had the highest cost per kilogram of milk from total and feed costs compared to other cows. PG300, PG500 and GPG250 groups recorded a greater net return and income over feed cost (IOFC). In conclusion, the continuous drenching of propylene glycol either individually or in combination with glycerol regimens for long duration (PG300, PG500, GPG150, GPG250) during the transition period of dairy cows may reduce the incidence of subclinical ketosis and consequently improve milk production, reproduction and economics compared to drenching for short duration (PG400).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa I. El-Kasrawy
- Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.I.E.-K.); (A.H.A.E.-A.)
| | - Ayman A. Swelum
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia 44519, Egypt;
- Department of Animal production, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mervat A. Abdel-Latif
- Department of Nutrition and Veterinary Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.-L.); (M.M.A.-D.)
| | - Abd El-Wahab A. Alsenosy
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Noha A. Beder
- Department of Animal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhur University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt;
| | - Saad Alkahtani
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: (M.A.A.-L.); (M.M.A.-D.)
| | - Ayman H. Abd El-Aziz
- Animal Husbandry and Animal Wealth Development Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt; (N.I.E.-K.); (A.H.A.E.-A.)
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16
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Araújo CASC, Minervino AHH, Sousa RS, Oliveira FLC, Rodrigues FAML, Mori CS, Ortolani EL. Validation of a handheld β-hydroxybutyrate acid meter to identify hyperketonaemia in ewes. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8933. [PMID: 32309049 PMCID: PMC7153552 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The end of pregnancy is the period with the highest risk of occurrences of ketosis and pregnancy toxemia due to fat mobilization and increasing non-esterified fatty acids in the liver which are converted in ketone bodies, mainly β-hydroxybutyrate acid (BHB). This ketone body may also become elevated in the bloodstream. The present study validates the use of a handheld meter for determining the blood concentration of BHB and ascertaining the predictive value and accuracy of BHB measurements in diagnosing hyperketonaemia in ewes. Methods A total of 19, non-pregnant, crossbred ewes were subjected to 2 h of intravenous infusion of a saturated BHB solution. Over 6 h of evaluation, 247 blood samples were obtained in 13 sampling moments. The BHB concentration was measured by an enzymatic colorimetric method in an automated biochemical analyzer (gold-standard) and by a handheld meter using an electrochemical enzyme technique. Results There was a high correlation between both methods (r = 0.98; P < 0.001). Considering the blood BHB concentrations range 0.8–1.6 mmol/L for moderate ketosis the handheld meter presented sensitivity and specificity of 0.98 and 0.81, respectively. For severe ketosis (BHB ≥ 1.6 mmol/L) sensitivity and specificity were 0.99 and 0.75, respectively. Thus, the handheld device can be useful for diagnoses of cases of mild or severe pregnancy toxemia at field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rejane Santos Sousa
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, FMVZ, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Francisco Leonardo Costa Oliveira
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, FMVZ, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Clara Satsuki Mori
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, FMVZ, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Enrico Lippi Ortolani
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, FMVZ, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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