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He J, Li J, Gao Q, Shen W, Liu W, Xia M, Xiao H, Xiao D. In Vitro Evaluation of Chito-Oligosaccharides on Disappearance Rate of Nutrients, Rumen Fermentation Parameters, and Micro-Flora of Beef Cattle. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1657. [PMID: 38891704 PMCID: PMC11170994 DOI: 10.3390/ani14111657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The study aimed to investigate the effect of dietary chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) meal levels on the nutrient disappearance rate, rumen fermentation, and microflora of beef cattle in vitro. A total of 24 fermentation tanks were randomly divided into four treatments containing 0% COS (CON), 0.02% COS, 0.04% COS, and 0.08% COS for an 8-day experiment period, with each treatment comprising six replicates. The disappear rates of DM, CP, EE, and total gas production were quadratically increased with increasing COS levels. The disappear rates of DM, CP, EE, and ADF were greatest, whereas the total gas production was lowest in the 0.08% COS group. The pH, NH3-N, MCP, the content of propionate, isobutyrate, butyrate, valerate, and the A/P were quadratically increased with increasing COS levels, while the A/P were linearly decreased. The pH, MCP, and the content of propionate, and butyrate were highest, whereas the NH3-N and the content of acetate, isobutyrate, valerate, and the A/P were lowest in the 0.08% COS group. Microbiomics analysis showed that the rumen microbial diversity was not altered between the CON and the 0.08% COS group. However, the relative abundance of Methanosphaera, Ruminococcus, Endomicrobium, and Eubacterium groups was increased, and the relative abundance of pathogenic bacteria Dorea and Escherichia-Shigella showed a decrease in the 0.08% COS group. Overall, the 0.08% COS was the most effective among the three addition levels, resulting in an increase in the disappearance rate of in vitro fermented nutrients and improvements in rumen fermentation indexes and microbial communities. This, in turn, led to the maintenance of rumen health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfu He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.H.); (J.L.); (Q.G.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (M.X.); (H.X.)
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.H.); (J.L.); (Q.G.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (M.X.); (H.X.)
| | - Qian Gao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.H.); (J.L.); (Q.G.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (M.X.); (H.X.)
| | - Weijun Shen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.H.); (J.L.); (Q.G.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (M.X.); (H.X.)
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Wenchang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.H.); (J.L.); (Q.G.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (M.X.); (H.X.)
| | - Min Xia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.H.); (J.L.); (Q.G.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (M.X.); (H.X.)
| | - Haixiang Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.H.); (J.L.); (Q.G.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (M.X.); (H.X.)
| | - Dingfu Xiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China; (J.H.); (J.L.); (Q.G.); (W.S.); (W.L.); (M.X.); (H.X.)
- Yuelushan Laboratory, Changsha 410128, China
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Rivi V, Batabyal A, Benatti C, Sarti P, Blom JMC, Tascedda F, Lukowiak K. A translational and multidisciplinary approach to studying the Garcia effect, a higher form of learning with deep evolutionary roots. J Exp Biol 2024; 227:jeb247325. [PMID: 38639079 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.247325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Animals, including humans, learn and remember to avoid a novel food when its ingestion is followed, hours later, by sickness - a phenomenon initially identified during World War II as a potential means of pest control. In the 1960s, John Garcia (for whom the effect is now named) demonstrated that this form of conditioned taste aversion had broader implications, showing that it is a rapid but long-lasting taste-specific food aversion with a fundamental role in the evolution of behaviour. From the mid-1970s onward, the principles of the Garcia effect were translated to humans, showing its role in different clinical conditions (e.g. side-effects linked to chemotherapy). However, in the last two decades, the number of studies on the Garcia effect has undergone a considerable decline. Since its discovery in rodents, this form of learning was thought to be exclusive to mammals; however, we recently provided the first demonstration that a Garcia effect can be formed in an invertebrate model organism, the pond snail Lymnaea stagnalis. Thus, in this Commentary, after reviewing the experiments that led to the first characterization of the Garcia effect in rodents, we describe the recent evidence for the Garcia effect in L. stagnalis, which may pave the way for future studies in other invertebrates and mammals. This article aims to inspire future translational and ecological studies that characterize the conserved mechanisms underlying this form of learning with deep evolutionary roots, which can be used to address a range of different biological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Rivi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Anuradha Batabyal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
- Department of Physical and Natural Sciences, FLAME University, Pune - 412115, Maharashtra, India
| | - Cristina Benatti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Pierfrancesco Sarti
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Johanna Maria Catharina Blom
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
| | - Fabio Tascedda
- Centre of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy
- CIB, Consorzio Interuniversitario Biotecnologie, 34148 Trieste, Italy
| | - Ken Lukowiak
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N 1N4
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Shafeek F, El-Kashef DH, Abu-Elsaad N, Ibrahim T. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate in combination with corticosteroids mitigates heat stress-induced acute kidney injury through modulating heat shock protein 70 and toll-like receptor 4-dependent pathways. Phytother Res 2023; 37:3559-3571. [PMID: 37092712 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Recently, recurrent heat stress (HS) and dehydration have been exhibited to give rise to kidney disease epidemic in hot regions. The current study was carried out to estimate a possible renoprotective effect of dexamethasone (Dexa) and epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) as a heat shock protein (HSP)-70 inhibitor on HS-induced nephropathy. In total, five groups of rats were used: control group, HS group (exposed to heat for 40 min), Dexa+HS group (rats were injected with Dexa i.p.15 mg/kg/day for 3 days followed by HS), EGCG+HS group (rats received EGCG 100 mg/kg/day, orally, for 7 days followed by HS), and EGCG+ Dexa +HS group (rats received EGCG 100 mg/kg/day, orally, for 7 days and injected Dexa as described along the last 3 days followed by HS). Kidney sections were stained with H&E and scored for tubular injury. A marked increase in creatinine, urea, malondialdehyde (MDA), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, HSP-70, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), toll-like receptor 4 (TLR-4) and Caspase-3 expression was observed after HS induction (p < 0.001). Treatment with EGCG combined with Dexa notably reduced tubular injury, MCP-1, HSP-70, NF-κB, and TLR-4 levels (p < 0.001). Moreover, it increased IL-10, antioxidant capacity and Bcl-2 expression levels in the kidney (p < 0.001). This renoprotective impact might be attributed to anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-apoptotic mechanisms besides interfering with TLR-4-mediated NF-κB activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Shafeek
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Dalia H El-Kashef
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nashwa Abu-Elsaad
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Tarek Ibrahim
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
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Recent progressions in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications of chitosan nanoparticles: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 231:123354. [PMID: 36681228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.123354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the most common approaches in the prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of diseases are along with undeniable limitations. Thus, the ever-increasing need for using biocompatible natural materials and novel practical modalities is required. Applying biomaterials, such as chitosan nanoparticles (CS NPs: FDA-approved long-chain polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine and D-glucosamine for some pharmaceutical applications), can serve as an appropriate alternative to overcome these limitations. Recently, the biomedical applications of CS NPs have extensively been investigated. These NPs and their derivatives can not only prepare through different physical and chemical approaches but also modify with various molecules and bioactive materials. The potential properties of CS NPs, such as biocompatibility, biodegradability, serum stability, solubility, non-immunogenicity, anti-inflammatory properties, appropriate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and so forth, have made them excellent candidates for biomedical applications. Therefore, CS NPs have efficiently applied for various biomedical applications, like regenerative medicine and tissue engineering, biosensors for the detection of microorganisms, and drug delivery systems (DDS) for the suppression of diseases. These NPs possess a high level of biosafety. In summary, CS NPs have the potential ability for biomedical and clinical applications, and it would be remarkably beneficial to develop new generations of CS-based material for the future of medicine.
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Jeong DY, Lee ET, Lee J, Shin DC, Lee YH, Park JK. Effect of chemical structural properties of chitooligosaccharides on the immune activity of macrophages. Macromol Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-023-00143-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
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Qu Q, Li H, Bai L, Zhang S, Sun J, Lv W, Ye C, Liu C, Shi D. Effects of Heat Stress on Gut Microbiome in Rats. Indian J Microbiol 2021; 61:338-347. [PMID: 34290462 PMCID: PMC8263838 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-021-00948-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiome, as the largest and most important micro-ecosystem, plays a critical role in health. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether heat stress modulates the composition and diversity of the gut microbiome in rats. The heat stress model was prepared in rats with the heating temperature maintained at 35–38°C. Cecum contents were collected after heat stress for 3 h and days 1, 3 and 7. Total DNA was extracted for 16 S rRNA sequencing and analysis of intestinal microbiome composition and diversity. The study showed that the composition of the intestinal microbiome of heat stress group was changed. And the heat stress modulated key phylotypes of gut microbiota at the level of phylum and genus. In particular, the genus of Lactobacillus and Bacteroides were significantly reduced, whereas the Oscillospira and Clostridium were increased by heat stress. Meanwhile, the rats under the heat stress encountered the change in carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and membrane transport to defense against stress. Taken together, the composition and structure of gut microbiome were affected by heat stress and some key phylotypes were also significantly altered. We conclude that the heat stress could impact multiple biological functions, via altering the gut microbiome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Li
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510260 People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Bai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 People's Republic of China
| | - Shiwei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaqi Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 People's Republic of China
| | - Weijie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 People's Republic of China
| | - Chunxin Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 People's Republic of China
| | - Cui Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 People's Republic of China
| | - Dayou Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642 People's Republic of China
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Zhou DY, Wu ZX, Yin FW, Song S, Li A, Zhu BW, Yu LL(L. Chitosan and Derivatives: Bioactivities and Application in Foods. Annu Rev Food Sci Technol 2021; 12:407-432. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-food-070720-112725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Chitosan is a biodegradable, biocompatible, and nontoxic aminopolysaccharide. This review summarizes and discusses the structural modifications, including substitution, grafting copolymerization, cross-linking, and hydrolysis, utilized to improve the physicochemical properties and enhance the bioactivity and functionality of chitosan and related materials. This manuscript also reviews the current progress and potential of chitosan and its derivatives in body-weight management and antihyperlipidemic, antihyperglycemic, antihypertensive, antimicrobial antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and immunostimulatory activities as well as their ability to interact with gut microbiota. In addition, the potential of chitosan and its derivatives as functional ingredients in food systems, such as film and coating materials, and delivery systems is discussed. This manuscript aims to provide up-to-date information to stimulate future discussion and research to promote the value-added utilization of chitosan in improving the safety, quality, nutritional value and health benefits, and sustainability of our food system while reducing the environmental hazards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da-Yong Zhou
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Zi-Xuan Wu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Fa-Wen Yin
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Shuang Song
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Ao Li
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Bei-Wei Zhu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Dalian Polytechnic University, Dalian 116034, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Seafood, Dalian 116034, China
| | - Liang-Li (Lucy) Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
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Wei L, Li Y, Chang Q, Guo G, Lan R. Effects of chitosan oligosaccharides on intestinal oxidative stress and inflammation response in heat stressed rats. Exp Anim 2021; 70:45-53. [PMID: 32921697 PMCID: PMC7887628 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.20-0085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was to verify the effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on intestinal integrity, oxidative status, and inflammatory response in a heat-stressed rat model. A total of 24 male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 treatment: CON, the control group; HS, the heat stress group; HSC, the heat stress group with 200 mg/kg COS. Rats in the HS and HSC group exposed to a cyclical heat stress for 7 consecutive days. The CON and HS group provided basal diet, and the HSC group provided the same diet with 200 mg/kg COS. Compared with the HS group, rats in the HSC group had lower serum diamine oxidase and D-lactate acid level, higher villus height of jejunum and ileum, lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum mucosa, higher glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) activity in duodenum mucosa, higher T-AOC activity in jejunum mucosa, and higher glutathione (GSH) level in ileum mucosa. Compared with the HS group, rats in the HSC group had higher interleukin-10 (IL-10) level, but lower tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) level in duodenum, jejunum, and ileum mucosa. These results indicated that COS may alleviate intestinal damage under heat stress condition, probably by modulating intestinal inflammatory response and oxidative status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Wei
- College of Coastal Agriculture Science, Guangdong Ocean University, No. 1 Haida Road, Mazhang District, Zhanjiang 524-088, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Yaxuan Li
- College of Coastal Agriculture Science, Guangdong Ocean University, No. 1 Haida Road, Mazhang District, Zhanjiang 524-088, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Qingqing Chang
- College of Coastal Agriculture Science, Guangdong Ocean University, No. 1 Haida Road, Mazhang District, Zhanjiang 524-088, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Guangzhen Guo
- College of Coastal Agriculture Science, Guangdong Ocean University, No. 1 Haida Road, Mazhang District, Zhanjiang 524-088, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Ruixia Lan
- College of Coastal Agriculture Science, Guangdong Ocean University, No. 1 Haida Road, Mazhang District, Zhanjiang 524-088, Guangdong, P.R. China
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The Protect Effects of Chitosan Oligosaccharides on Intestinal Integrity by Regulating Oxidative Status and Inflammation under Oxidative Stress. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19020057. [PMID: 33503912 PMCID: PMC7911331 DOI: 10.3390/md19020057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the dietary supplementation of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on intestinal integrity, oxidative status, and the inflammation response with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) challenge. In total, 30 rats were randomly assigned to three groups with 10 replications: CON group, basal diet; AS group, basal diet + 0.1% H2O2 in drinking water; ASC group, basal diet + 200 mg/kg COS + 0.1% H2O2 in drinking water. The results indicated that COS upregulated (p < 0.05) villus height (VH) of the small intestine, duodenum, and ileum; mucosal glutathione peroxidase activity; jejunum and ileum mucosal total antioxidant capacity; duodenum and ileum mucosal interleukin (IL)-6 level; jejunum mucosal tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α level; duodenum and ileum mucosal IL-10 level; the mRNA expression level of zonula occludens (ZO)-1 in the jejunum and ileum, claudin in the duodenum, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-like 2 in the jejunum, and heme oxygenase-1 in the duodenum and ileum; and the protein expression of ZO-1 and claudin in jejunum; however, it downregulated (p < 0.05) serum diamine oxidase activity and D-lactate level; small intestine mucosal malondialdehyde content; duodenum and ileum mucosal IL-6 level; jejunum mucosal TNF-α level; and the mRNA expression of IL-6 in the duodenum and jejunum, and TNF-α in the jejunum and ileum. These results suggested COS could maintain intestinal integrity under oxidative stress by modulating the intestinal oxidative status and release of inflammatory cytokines.
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Sun C, Liu M, Liu J, Zhang T, Zhang L, Li H, Luo Z. ShenmaYizhi Decoction Improves the Mitochondrial Structure in the Brain and Ameliorates Cognitive Impairment in VCI Rats via the AMPK/UCP2 Signaling Pathway. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:1937-1951. [PMID: 34168453 PMCID: PMC8218872 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s302355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ShenmaYizhi decoction (SMYZD) is an effective prescription of traditional Chinese medicine used to treat vascular dementia (VD). Modern research methods have identified its active ingredients clearly as gastrodin, ferulic acid, ginsenosides, and β-sitosterol. Chronic cerebral hypoperfusion is a driving factor or risk factor for VD, which leads to the disturbance of mitochondrial structure and function. PURPOSE To observe whether SMYZD improves cognitive impairment by improving mitochondrial structure and function. METHODS Forty adult rats with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) caused by the bilateral ligation of common carotid arteries were divided into four groups randomly, including the model group, donepezil group, and low-dose and high-dose SMYZD groups, with 10 rats in each group. Additionally, a sham group was established with 10 rats as the control group. The treatment groups were administered donepezil and two different dosages of SMYZD. The donepezil group was administered 0.45 mg/kg/d donepezil, and the SMYZ-L group was administered 2.97 g/kg/d SMYZ, which were equivalent to the clinical dosage. The SMYZ-H group was administered 11.88 g/kg/d SMYZ, which is 4 times higher than the clinically equivalent dosage. A sham-operated group was used as the control group and administered an equal volume of distilled water. The rats were treated by gavage for 8 consecutive weeks. Morris water maze (MWM) test was performed to evaluate the learning and memory ability. The mitochondria of brain tissue were extracted from brain for further test. Mitochondrial morphology and the signal path of AMPK/PPARα/PGC-1α/UCP2 in mitochondria were detected. RESULTS With the SMYZD intervention, behavioral performance of rats and pathological changes of mitochondria of brain tissue were significantly improved. In the serum, SOD, GSH-Px, and GSH activities were increased, and the MDA content was decreased. Moreover, the AMPK, PPARα, PGC-1α, UCP2, and ATP5A mRNA and protein expression levels were also reversed by SMYZD. CONCLUSION SMYZD may provide a potential therapeutic strategy via activating the AMPK/PPARα/PGC-1α/UCP2 signal pathway to improve mitochondrial structure and energy metabolism thereby alleviate vascular cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengcheng Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Meixia Liu
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangang Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics, College of First Clinical Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, ShanDong Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Geriatrics, Xiyuan Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100091, People's Republic of China
| | - Zenggang Luo
- Medical Administration Office, Beijing Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing, 100053, People's Republic of China
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Satitsri S, Muanprasat C. Chitin and Chitosan Derivatives as Biomaterial Resources for Biological and Biomedical Applications. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25245961. [PMID: 33339290 PMCID: PMC7766609 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25245961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chitin is a long-chain polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine, which is regularly found in the exoskeleton of arthropods including insects, shellfish and the cell wall of fungi. It has been known that chitin can be used for biological and biomedical applications, especially as a biomaterial for tissue repairing, encapsulating drug for drug delivery. However, chitin has been postulated as an inducer of proinflammatory cytokines and certain diseases including asthma. Likewise, chitosan, a long-chain polymer of N-acetyl-glucosamine and d-glucosamine derived from chitin deacetylation, and chitosan oligosaccharide, a short chain polymer, have been known for their potential therapeutic effects, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antidiarrheal, and anti-Alzheimer effects. This review summarizes potential utilization and limitation of chitin, chitosan and chitosan oligosaccharide in a variety of diseases. Furthermore, future direction of research and development of chitin, chitosan, and chitosan oligosaccharide for biomedical applications is discussed.
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Lan R, Wei L, Chang Q, Wu S, Zhihui Z. Effects of dietary chitosan oligosaccharides on oxidative stress and inflammation response in liver and spleen of yellow-feather broilers exposed to high ambient temperature. ITALIAN JOURNAL OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/1828051x.2020.1850215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruixia Lan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agriculture Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. China
| | - Linlin Wei
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agriculture Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. China
| | - Qingqing Chang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agriculture Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. China
| | - Shengnan Wu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agriculture Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Zhihui
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agriculture Science, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, P.R. China
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Dietary chitosan oligosaccharides alleviate heat stress-induced intestinal oxidative stress and inflammatory response in yellow-feather broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6745-6752. [PMID: 33248590 PMCID: PMC7705058 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) on intestinal permeability, morphology, antioxidant status, and inflammatory response in heat-stressed broilers. A total of 108 thirty-five-day-old Chinese yellow-feather broilers (body weight 470.31 ± 13.15 g) were randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments as follows: CON group, basal diet and raised under normal temperature (24°C); HS group, basal diet and raised under cycle heat stress (34°C from 10:00–18:00 and 24°C for the rest time); HSC group, basal diet with 200 mg/kg COS supplementation and raised under cycle heat stress. Each treatment had 6 replication pens and 6 broilers per pen. Compared with the CON group, heat stress decreased (P < 0.05) the relative weight of duodenum and jejunum; the relative length and villus height (VH) of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; the ileum VH to crypt depth ratio; duodenum mucosal catalase (CAT) activity; and jejunum mucosal glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and CAT activity, whereas it increased (P < 0.05) serum diamine oxidase (DAO) activity and D-lactate acid (D-LA) content, duodenum and jejunum mucosal malondialdehyde (MDA) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) content, and ileum mucosal tumor necrosis factor-α content. Compared to the HS group, dietary COS supplementation increased (P < 0.05) the relative length of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum; the VH of jejunum and ileum; and duodenum and jejunum mucosal GSH-Px activity, whereas it decreased (P < 0.05) serum DAO activity and D-LA concentration and duodenum and jejunum mucosal MDA and IL-1β content. These results suggested that dietary COS supplementation had beneficial effects on intestinal morphology by increasing jejunum and ileum VH; permeability by decreasing serum DAO activity and D-LA content; antioxidant capacity by decreasing duodenum and jejunum mucosal MDA content and by increasing duodenum and jejunum GSH-Px activity; and inflammatory response by decreasing duodenum and jejunum mucosal IL-1β content.
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Wu R, Zhong S, Ni M, Zhu X, Chen Y, Chen X, Zhang L, Chen J. Effects of Malania oleifera Chun Oil on the Improvement of Learning and Memory Function in Mice. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2020; 2020:8617143. [PMID: 33014116 PMCID: PMC7519201 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8617143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fruits of Malania oleifera Chun & S. K. Lee have been highly sought after medically because its seeds have high oil content (>60%), especially the highest known proportion of nervonic acid (>55%). Objective of the Study. The objective was to explore the effects of different doses of Malania oleifera Chun oil (MOC oil) on the learning and memory of mice and to evaluate whether additional DHA algae oil and vitamin E could help MOC oil improve learning and memory and its possible mechanisms. METHODS After 30 days of oral administration of the relevant agents to mice, behavioral tests were conducted as well as detection of oxidative stress parameters (superoxide dismutase, malondialdehyde, and glutathione peroxidase) and biochemical indicators (acetylcholine, acetyl cholinesterase, and choline acetyltransferase) in the hippocampus. RESULTS Experimental results demonstrated that MOC oil treatment could markedly improve learning and memory of mouse models in behavioral experiments and increase the activity of GSH-PX in hippocampus and reduce the content of MDA, especially the dose of 46.27 mg/kg. The addition of DHA and VE could better assist MOC oil to improve the learning and memory, and its mechanism may be related to the inhibition of oxidative stress and restrain the activity of AChE and also increase the content of ACh. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that MOC oil treatment could improve learning and memory impairments. Therefore, we suggest that MOC oil is a potentially important resource for the development of nervonic acid products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wu
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shaoqi Zhong
- West China Hospital Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Mengmei Ni
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhu
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yiyi Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xuxi Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Food Safety and Toxicology, West China School of Public Health and Healthy Food Evaluation Research Center, Food Safety Monitoring and Risk Assessment Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Chang Q, Lu Y, Lan R. Chitosan oligosaccharide as an effective feed additive to maintain growth performance, meat quality, muscle glycolytic metabolism, and oxidative status in yellow-feather broilers under heat stress. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4824-4831. [PMID: 32988519 PMCID: PMC7598338 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of dietary chitosan oligosaccharides (COS) supplementation on growth performance; corticosterone, growth hormone, and insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration; relative organ weight; liver function; meat quality; muscle glycolytic metabolism; and oxidative status in yellow-feather broilers under heat stress. A total of 108 35-day-old Chinese yellow-feather broilers (BW, 470.31 ± 13.15 g) was randomly allocated to 3 dietary treatments as follow: control group, basal diet and raised under normal temperature (24°C); HS group, basal diet and raised under cycle heat stress (34°C from 10:00 to 18:00 and 24°C for the rest time); and HSC group, basal diet with 200 mg/kg COS supplementation and raised under cycle heat stress. Each treatment had 6 replication pens and 6 broilers per pen. Results indicated that heat stress decreased ADG, ADFI, gain:feed ratio, the relative weight of thymus, bursa of Fabricius, pancreas, proventriculus, gizzard, and liver, growth hormone concentration, pH24h, muscle glycogen content, muscle superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, as well as increased corticosterone, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase level, cooking loss, muscle lactate and malondialdehyde content. Compared with the HS group, broilers in the HSC group had higher ADG, the relative weight of thymus, bursa of Fabricius, and liver, growth hormone concentration, pH24h, muscle glycogen content, muscle superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, and lower serum corticosterone, alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase level, cooking loss, and muscle lactate and malondialdehyde content. In conclusion, the results suggested that COS could be used as an effective feed additive to maintain growth performance, liver function, meat quality, muscle glycolytic metabolism, and oxidative status of yellow-feather broilers under heat stress. The improved meat quality is possibly through reducing muscle glycolysis metabolism and improving muscle oxidative status by dietary COS supplementation in broilers under heat stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Chang
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524-088, Guangdong P.R. China
| | - Yiqi Lu
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524-088, Guangdong P.R. China
| | - Ruixia Lan
- Department of Animal Science, College of Coastal Agriculture Sciences, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang 524-088, Guangdong P.R. China.
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