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Chan OSK, Lam W, Zhao S, Tun H, Liu P, Wu P. Why prescribe antibiotics? A systematic review of knowledge, tension, and motivation among clinicians in low-, middle- and high-income countries. Soc Sci Med 2024; 345:116600. [PMID: 38394944 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Medical professionals such as physicians and veterinarians are responsible for appropriate antimicrobial prescription (AMP) and use. Although seemingly straightforward, the factors influencing antibiotic prescription, a category of antimicrobials, are complex. Many studies have been conducted in the past two decades on this subject. As a result, there is a plethora of empirical evidence regarding the factors influencing clinicians' AMP practices. AIM A systematic review of AMR studies on AMP was conducted, condensing findings according to a combination of the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) and Capacity, Opportunity, Motivation-Behavior (COM-B) models. Review findings were then synthesized and analyzed for policy implementation according to the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR). DESIGN AND METHODOLOGY A systematic literature review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines to identify peer-reviewed papers indexed in pre-determined medical science, social sciences, and humanities databases that apply the KAP model in their investigations. Antimicrobial prescription factors were compared and contrasted among low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs). FINDINGS The KAP model is a heuristic and structured framework for identifying and classifying respondents' knowledge. However, other than medical knowledge, factors that influence prescription decision-making can be expanded to include attitudes, perception, personal affinities, professional circumstances, relational pressure, and social norms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia S K Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Wendy Lam
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Shilin Zhao
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Hein Tun
- Jockey Club School of Public Health and Primary Care, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Ping Liu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Peng Wu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
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2
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Wierup M. The Importance of Hazard Analysis by Critical Control Point for Effective Pathogen Control in Animal Feed: Assessment of Salmonella Control in Feed Production in Sweden, 1982-2005. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2023; 20:545-552. [PMID: 37815556 PMCID: PMC10698795 DOI: 10.1089/fpd.2023.0067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This study is the first to show that Hazard Analysis by Critical Control Point (HACCP)-based monitoring can be an effective tool for ensuring Salmonella-safe feed, by virtually eliminating feedborne Salmonella infection even in broiler production. Data from the control of Salmonella in feed and food animal production during 1982-2005, showed that conventional endpoint testing in feed mills did not ensure a Salmonella-safe feed, and in one feed mill failed to detect Salmonella contamination, resulting in the feed infecting 80 out of 197 (40.6%) recipient broiler flocks. Following implementation in 1991 of a HACCP-based control in feed mills, the annual number of samples tested at specified critical control points during a 15-year period increased from ∼4400 to 10,000, while the proportion of Salmonella-contaminated samples decreased from 2.0% to 0.3%. Thus, introduction of HACCP was followed by a dramatic decrease, from 40 to <5, in the annual number of Salmonella-infected broiler flocks identified by preslaughter monitoring. Incidence has generally remained at that low level, despite production since 1980 increasing from 39 to 112 million chickens per year. Feed mills start using soymeal with an unsafe Salmonella status and possibly with a suboptimal HACCP control, increased their level of Salmonella-contaminated HACCP samples, and their feed subsequently infected 78 swine-producing herds. The results also show that the HACCP concept can be an effective tool to supply feed mills with Salmonella-safe feed ingredients as demonstrated for a soybean crushing plant, which produced Salmonella-safe soymeal over a 19-year period despite frequent (34%) and highly varied (92 different serovars) Salmonella contamination in samples from incoming soybean. Similar results are reported for a plant producing rapeseed meal. It is emphasized that the achievements described through use of the HACCP required interventions of relevant preventive biosecurity measures and corrective actions when the HACCP-based monitoring identified Salmonella contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Wierup
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health (BVF), Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala, Sweden
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3
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Guenin MJ, Studnitz M, Molia S. Interventions to change antimicrobial use in livestock: A scoping review and an impact pathway analysis of what works, how, for whom and why. Prev Vet Med 2023; 220:106025. [PMID: 37776605 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a public health threat responsible for 700,000 deaths per year worldwide. Antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock contributes to AMR in animal and public health. Therefore, it is essential to implement effective interventions towards better AMU in livestock. However, there is a lack of evidence to inform decision-makers of what works, how, for whom and why and how effective interventions can be adapted to different contexts. We conducted a scoping review and an impact pathway analysis to systematically map the research done in this area and to inform evidence-based and context-appropriate policies. We followed the PRISMA-ScR requirements and searched Web of Science, PubMed and Scopus databases to identify studies in English or French languages, in open access and published between 2000 and 2022. We selected thirty references addressing twenty-eight different interventions that were successful in changing AMU in livestock. We used an impact pathway logic model as an analytic framework to guide the technical aspects of the scoping review process and to identify the complex relationships between outputs, outcomes, impacts and contextual factors. A majority of interventions managed to improve AMU by changing herd and health management practices (ni=18). We identified intermediate outcomes including change in the veterinarian-farmer relationship (ni=7), in knowledge and perception (ni=6), and in motivation and confidence (ni=1). Twenty-two studies recorded positive impacts on animal health and welfare (ni=11), technical performances (ni=9), economic performances (ni=4) and AMR reduction (ni=4). Interventions implemented different strategies including herd and health management support (ni=20), norms and standards (ni=11), informational and educational measures (ni=10), economic support (ni=5). Studies were mainly in European countries and in pig and large ruminants farming. Most interventions targeted farmers or veterinarians but we identified other major and influential actors including authority and governmental organizations, academics and research, organization of producers or veterinarians, herd advisors and technicians, laboratories, and public opinion. Key success factors were knowledge and perception (ni=14), social factors (ni=13), intervention characteristics (ni=11), trajectory and ecosystem of change (ni=11), economic factors (ni=9), herd and health status (ni=8), data access and monitoring (ni=4). This review describes a paucity of impact assessment of interventions towards better AMU in livestock. There is no one-size-fits-all transition pathway but we inform decision-makers about the most successful interventions that work, how, for whom and why. The impact pathway analysis provided a holistic view of the successful change processes and the complex relationships between outputs, outcomes, impacts and contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Merete Studnitz
- International Centre for Research in Organic Food Systems, DK-8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Sophie Molia
- UMR ASTRE, Université de Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Montpellier, France
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4
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Pipoyan D, Beglaryan M, Chirkova V, Mantovani A. Exposure Assessment of Nitrofuran Metabolites in Fish and Honey Produced in Armenia: A Pilot Investigation. Foods 2023; 12:3459. [PMID: 37761168 PMCID: PMC10529666 DOI: 10.3390/foods12183459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In Armenia, the presence of nitrofuran residues in food products is unacceptable for both domestic sales and export. However, food may contain nitrofuran metabolites (NMs) due to the illegal use of these drugs in the agrofarming practice. This study aimed to identify NMs as the marker residues for nitrofurans in fish and honey produced in Armenia and assess the potential health risks associated with consuming these foods. The commodities studied were natural honey and three species of farmed fish produced by various regions nationwide. Concentrations of the marker metabolites (3-amino-2-oxazolidinone (AOZ), 3-amino-5-methylmorpholino-2-oxazolidinone (AMOZ), 1-aminohydantoin (AHD), and semicarbazide (SEM)) were determined through an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and verified using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Consumer groups were identified based on their average daily intake of foods. Health risk was assessed by calculating the margin of exposure (MOE). Reference values for health risk assessment were obtained from the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Results showed that 33.3% of fish samples and 44.4% of honey samples contained NMs, the mean concentrations ranging from 0.05 μg/kg to 0.52 μg/kg. All MOE values obtained were over 10,000, indicating that the detected concentrations of NMs in fish and honey produced in Armenia pose no health risk to consumers. However, these results highlight the illicit use of highly toxic substances and the need for improved control of farming practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davit Pipoyan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies, NAS RA, Abovyan Street 68, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; (D.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Meline Beglaryan
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies, NAS RA, Abovyan Street 68, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; (D.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Victoria Chirkova
- Center for Ecological-Noosphere Studies, NAS RA, Abovyan Street 68, Yerevan 0025, Armenia; (D.P.); (V.C.)
| | - Alberto Mantovani
- Italian National Food Safety Committee, Lungotevere Ripa 1, 00153 Rome, Italy;
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Cousins M, Parmley EJ, Greer AL, Neiterman E, Lambraki IA, Graells T, Léger A, Henriksson PJG, Troell M, Wernli D, Søgaard Jørgensen P, Carson CA, Majowicz SE. Is scientific evidence enough? Using expert opinion to fill gaps in data in antimicrobial resistance research. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0290464. [PMID: 37616319 PMCID: PMC10449168 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) is a global problem with large health and economic consequences. Current gaps in quantitative data are a major limitation for creating models intended to simulate the drivers of AMR. As an intermediate step, expert knowledge and opinion could be utilized to fill gaps in knowledge for areas of the system where quantitative data does not yet exist or are hard to quantify. Therefore, the objective of this study was to identify quantifiable data about the current state of the factors that drive AMR and the strengths and directions of relationships between the factors from statements made by a group of experts from the One Health system that drives AMR development and transmission in a European context. METHODS This study builds upon previous work that developed a causal loop diagram of AMR using input from two workshops conducted in 2019 in Sweden with experts within the European food system context. A secondary analysis of the workshop transcripts was conducted to identify semi-quantitative data to parameterize drivers in a model of AMR. MAIN FINDINGS Participants spoke about AMR by combining their personal experiences with professional expertise within their fields. The analysis of participants' statements provided semi-quantitative data that can help inform a future of AMR emergence and transmission based on a causal loop diagram of AMR in a Swedish One Health system context. CONCLUSION Using transcripts of a workshop including participants with diverse expertise across the system that drives AMR, we gained invaluable insight into the past, current, and potential future states of the major drivers of AMR, particularly where quantitative data are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Cousins
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - E. Jane Parmley
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amy L. Greer
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Elena Neiterman
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Irene A. Lambraki
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tiscar Graells
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anaïs Léger
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrik J. G. Henriksson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Max Troell
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Didier Wernli
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Peter Søgaard Jørgensen
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolee A. Carson
- Foodborne Disease and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Division, Centre for Foodborne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shannon E. Majowicz
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
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6
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Chenais E, Fischer K, Aliro T, Ståhl K, Lewerin SS. Co-created community contracts support biosecurity changes in a region where African swine fever is endemic – Part II: Implementation of biosecurity measures. Prev Vet Med 2023; 214:105902. [PMID: 36966659 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.105902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Smallholder subsistence pig production is common in Uganda and African swine fever (ASF) is endemic in the country, with its spread driven by human activities along the smallholder value chain. Previous research in the study area has revealed that many stakeholders are aware of how ASF is spread, its prevention and control, and have a generally positive attitude towards biosecurity. Despite this, even basic biosecurity is largely lacking. Costs, as well as a lack of adaptation to the local context, culture and traditions have been identified as factors hindering biosecurity implementation. Community engagement and local ownership of disease problems are increasingly recognised as important for improving disease prevention and control. The objective of this study was to investigate the capacity of participatory action at community level with broad inclusion of stakeholders to improve biosecurity in the smallholder pig value chain. Specific attention was paid to participants' perceptions and experiences of implementing the biosecurity measures included in their co-created community contracts. The study was conducted in Northern Uganda in villages purposively selected on the basis of previous occurrences of ASF. In each village, farmers and traders were also purposively selected. At a first meeting, basic information about ASF was shared and participants presented with a list of biosecurity measures adapted for farmers and traders respectively. Participants discussed each measure in farmer and trader subgroups, decided on the measures to implement for one year, and signed a community contract to this effect. The following year, interviews were again undertaken and implementation support given. Interview data were coded and thematically analysed. Each subgroup chose a minimum of three and a maximum of nine measures, with wide variations between villages in their selection of measures. At the follow-ups, none of the subgroups had fully implemented what had been agreed in their contract, but all had changed some of their biosecurity routines. Some frequently recommended biosecurity measures, such as not borrowing breeding boars, were not considered feasible. Relatively simple and cheap biosecurity measures were rejected for reasons of cost, highlighting the participants' general level of poverty and the relevance of poverty as a specific factor governing disease control results. The participatory methodology allowing for discussions, co-creation and the option to refuse measures seemed to facilitate the implementation of measures that had initially been thought to be controversial. The broad community approach was deemed to be positive for strengthening community identity, cooperation and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Chenais
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Klara Fischer
- Department of Urban and Rural Development, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tonny Aliro
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environment Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Karl Ståhl
- Department of Disease Control and Epidemiology, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanna Sternberg Lewerin
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Campylobacter is a major foodborne pathogen that infects the human intestinal tract. This review discusses the current status of antibiotic resistance, transmission of antibiotic resistance genes, and strategies to combat the global Campylobacter epidemic. RECENT FINDINGS Over the past 18 months, articles on Campylobacter antibiotic resistance have been published in ∼39 countries. Antibiotic-resistant Campylobacter have been detected in humans, livestock, poultry, wild animals, the environment, and food. Campylobacter spp. are resistant to a wide spectrum of antimicrobial agents, including the antibiotics quinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, and chloramphenicols. Multidrug resistance is a globally emerging problem. Continuous antibiotic pressure promotes the spread of drug-resistant Campylobacter spp. Additionally, Campylobacter is well adapted to acquiring foreign drug resistance genes, including ermB, optrA, fexA, and cfrC, which are usually acquired from gram-positive bacteria. SUMMARY The widespread use of antibiotics has caused a global epidemic of drug-resistant Campylobacter infections. Many countries are actively reducing the use of antibiotics and adopting alternatives in the livestock and poultry industries to control the spread of drug-resistant Campylobacter spp.
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8
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Gröndal H, Blanco-Penedo I, Fall N, Sternberg-Lewerin S. Trust, agreements, and occasional breakdowns: Veterinarians' perspectives on farmer-veterinarian relationships and use of antimicrobials for Swedish dairy cattle. J Dairy Sci 2023; 106:534-546. [PMID: 36460500 PMCID: PMC9793291 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2022-21834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that farmer-veterinarian relationships influence antimicrobial use (AMU) in livestock, though how they do so is unclear. On the one hand, research shows that well-established veterinarian-farmer relationships are positive for implementation of antibiotic stewardship and restrictive AMU. On the other hand, studies also show that farmer demands can increase antimicrobial prescribing and that prescribing antimicrobials can strengthen the veterinarian's relationship with farmer clients. In the present study, we focus on veterinarians' perspectives on the relationships between dairy cattle farmers and veterinarians in Sweden and explore what characterizes these relationships when restrictive AMU is described as unproblematic and when AMU becomes a matter of tension or conflict. The study draws on semistructured interviews with 21 veterinarians working with livestock in Sweden. Interviews were analyzed thematically. The study shows that from the perspectives of veterinarians, well-established veterinarian-farmer relationships generally facilitate restrictive AMU in 3 slightly different but related ways: (1) they create trust in the veterinarian and their prescribing decisions; (2) they create shared understanding concerning when antimicrobials are needed and not needed; and (3) they facilitate constructive discussions between veterinarians and farmers on AMU. To make the farmer feel listened to and to come to an agreement on AMU was described as central for the veterinarians. However, the veterinarians described agreements on restrictive AMU as sometimes requiring strategic work, such as discussions to motivate the farmer and leave the door open for antimicrobials later if needed. Such work takes time and energy and is easier within well-established relationships according to the veterinarians. We also identified examples where veterinarians explained that they occasionally make compromises with farmers concerning antimicrobials-compromises that, according to the veterinarians, facilitate the relationship with the farmer, which in turn facilities restrictive AMU in the longer term. The examples in our interviews where antimicrobials became a matter of tension and even conflict between veterinarians and farmers could, with a few exceptions, be traced to absence of well-established relationships. However, some veterinarians also described AMU as a matter of tension within well-established relationships, especially with older farmers who do not trust new treatment strategies. We also found a small number of examples where disagreements on antimicrobials made a relationship with specific farmers impossible. Thus, even though the interviewed veterinarians generally meant that their restrictive antimicrobial prescribing did not threaten the relationship with the farmer, our study also, to some extent, confirms research showing that restrictive AMU can harm the relationship with some clients who simply choose another, less restrictive, veterinarian. In summary, our study supports that decisions on AMU cannot be reduced to the individual prescriber's behavior, nor to a strict medical judgment. Antimicrobial use for dairy cattle needs to be understood as taking form in relationships in which both veterinarians and farmers are active parts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hedvig Gröndal
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 26, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden,Corresponding author
| | - Isabel Blanco-Penedo
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Epidemiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden,Department of Animal Science, University of Lleida, 191 E-25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Nils Fall
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Unit of Veterinary Epidemiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Susanna Sternberg-Lewerin
- Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Ulls väg 26, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden
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9
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Chan OS, Tun HM, Uchea C, Wu P, Fukuda K. What and where should the next antimicrobial resistance policies focus on? J Glob Antimicrob Resist 2022; 31:149-151. [PMID: 35948243 PMCID: PMC9357450 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgar.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Sk Chan
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China.
| | - Hein Min Tun
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Chibuzor Uchea
- Drug-Resistant Infections, Infectious Disease, Wellcome Trust, Gibbs Building, London NW1 2BE, United Kingdom
| | - Peng Wu
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Keiji Fukuda
- School of Public Health, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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10
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Lambraki IA, Cousins M, Graells T, Léger A, Abdelrahman S, Desbois AP, Gallagher R, Staaf Larsson B, Mattson B, Henriksson P, Troell M, Søgaard Jørgensen P, Wernli D, Carson CA, Parmley EJ, Majowicz SE. Governing Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) in a Changing Climate: A Participatory Scenario Planning Approach Applied to Sweden in 2050. Front Public Health 2022; 10:831097. [PMID: 35874997 PMCID: PMC9298947 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.831097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing global crisis with long-term and unpredictable health, social and economic impacts, with which climate change is likely to interact. Understanding how to govern AMR amidst evolving climatic changes is critical. Scenario planning offers a suitable approach. By envisioning alternative futures, stakeholders more effectively can identify consequences, anticipate problems, and better determine how to intervene. This study explored future worlds and actions that may successfully address AMR in a changing climate in a high-income country, using Sweden as the case. Methods We conducted online scenario-building workshops and interviews with eight experts who explored: (1) how promising interventions (taxation of antimicrobials at point of sale, and infection prevention measures) could each combat AMR in 2050 in Sweden given our changing climate; and (2) actions to take starting in 2030 to ensure success in 2050. Transcripts were thematically analyzed to produce a narrative of participant validated alternative futures. Results Recognizing AMR to be a global problem requiring global solutions, participants looked beyond Sweden to construct three alternative futures: (1) "Tax Burn Out" revealed taxation of antimicrobials as a low-impact intervention that creates inequities and thus would fail to address AMR without other interventions, such as infection prevention measures. (2) "Addressing the Basics" identified infection prevention measures as highly impactful at containing AMR in 2050 because they would contribute to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), which would be essential to tackling inequities underpinning AMR and climate change, and help to stabilize climate-induced mass migration and conflicts; and (3) "Siloed Nations" described a movement toward nationalism and protectionism that would derail the "Addressing the Basics" scenario, threatening health and wellbeing of all. Several urgent actions were identified to combat AMR long-term regardless which future un-folds, such as global collaboration, and a holistic approach where AMR and climate change are addressed as interlinked issues. Conclusion Our participatory scenario planning approach enabled participants from different sectors to create shared future visions and identify urgent actions to take that hinge on global collaboration, addressing AMR and climate change together, and achieving the SDGs to combat AMR under a changing climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Anna Lambraki
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Melanie Cousins
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Tiscar Graells
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anaïs Léger
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sara Abdelrahman
- School of Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew P Desbois
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, United Kingdom
| | | | - Birgitta Staaf Larsson
- Swedish Centre for Animal Welfare, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Bengt Mattson
- LIF, The Swedish Pharmaceutical Industry Association, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Henriksson
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,WorldFish, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Max Troell
- Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.,Beijer Institute of Ecological Economics, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Søgaard Jørgensen
- Global Economic Dynamics and the Biosphere, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden.,Stockholm Resilience Centre, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Didier Wernli
- Global Studies Institute, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carolee Anne Carson
- Centre for Food-Borne, Environmental and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Public Health Agency of Canada, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Jane Parmley
- Department of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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11
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Differences in Genotype and Antimicrobial Resistance between Campylobacter spp. Isolated from Organic and Conventionally Produced Chickens in Sweden. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10121630. [PMID: 34959585 PMCID: PMC8705472 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10121630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a major challenge worldwide and increased resistance to quinolones in Campylobacter is being reported. Analysis of antibiotic resistance was performed on 157 Campylobacter strains (123 C. jejuni and 34 C. coli) from conventional and organic chickens produced in Sweden. Susceptibility for tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, erythromycin, nalidixic acid, streptomycin, and gentamycin was determined by microdilution. All 77 isolates from organic chickens were sensitive to all antibiotics, except two C. jejuni that were resistant to tetracycline. Of the 80 isolates from conventional chickens, 22.5% of C. jejuni and 11.1% of C. coli were resistant to quinolones and 5.6% of C. jejuni were resistant to tetracycline. Whole-genome sequencing resulted in 50 different sequence types of C. jejuni and six of C. coli. Nine sequence types were found in both organic and conventional chickens. Two of these (ST-19 and ST-257) included isolates from conventional broilers with different resistance phenotypes to the remaining isolates from conventional and organic broilers. There are management differences between the production systems, such as feed, breed, use of coccidiostats, and access to outdoor area. It is unlikely that quinolone resistance has arisen due to use of antimicrobials, since fluoroquinolones are not permitted in Swedish broiler production.
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Brealey JC, Leitão HG, Hofstede T, Kalthoff DC, Guschanski K. The oral microbiota of wild bears in Sweden reflects the history of antibiotic use by humans. Curr Biol 2021; 31:4650-4658.e6. [PMID: 34437844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2021.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Following the advent of industrial-scale antibiotic production in the 1940s,1 antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has been on the rise and now poses a major global health threat in terms of mortality, morbidity, and economic burden.2,3 Because AMR can be exchanged between humans, livestock, and wildlife, wild animals can be used as indicators of human-associated AMR contamination of the environment.4 However, AMR is a normal function of natural environments and is present in host-associated microbiomes, which makes it challenging to distinguish between anthropogenic and natural sources.4,5 One way to overcome this difficulty is to use historical samples that span the period from before the mass production of antibiotics to today. We used shotgun metagenomic sequencing of dental calculus, the calcified form of the oral microbial biofilm, to determine the abundance and repertoire of AMR genes in the oral microbiome of Swedish brown bears collected over the last 180 years. Our temporal metagenomics approach allowed us to establish a baseline of natural AMR in the pre-antibiotics era and to quantify a significant increase in total AMR load and diversity of AMR genes that is consistent with patterns of national human antibiotic use. We also demonstrated a significant decrease in total AMR load in bears in the last two decades, which coincides with Swedish strategies to mitigate AMR. Our study suggests that public health policies can be effective in limiting human-associated AMR contamination of the environment and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaelle C Brealey
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala 75236, Sweden.
| | - Henrique G Leitão
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Thijs Hofstede
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala 75236, Sweden
| | - Daniela C Kalthoff
- Department of Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, PO Box 50007, Stockholm 10405, Sweden
| | - Katerina Guschanski
- Department of Ecology and Genetics/Animal Ecology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, Uppsala 75236, Sweden; Institute of Evolutionary Biology, School of Biological Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, The Kings Buildings, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK.
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Eriksen J, Björkman I, Röing M, Essack SY, Stålsby Lundborg C. Exploring the One Health Perspective in Sweden's Policies for Containing Antibiotic Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050526. [PMID: 34063697 PMCID: PMC8147834 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is considered to be a major threat to global health. The main driver of antibiotic resistance is antibiotic use. Antibiotics are used in humans, animals, and food production and are released into the environment. Therefore, it is imperative to include all relevant sectors in the work to contain antibiotic resistance, i.e., a One Health approach. In this study, we aimed to describe and analyse Sweden’s policies related to containing antibiotic resistance, from a One Health perspective. Twenty-three key policy documents related to containment of antibiotic resistance in Sweden were selected and analysed according to the policy triangle framework. Sweden started early to introduce policies for containing antibiotic resistance from an international perspective. Systematic measures against antibiotic resistance were implemented in the 1980s, strengthened by the creation of Strama in 1995. The policies involve agencies and organisations from human and veterinary medicine, the environment, and food production. All actors have clear responsibilities in the work to contain antibiotic resistance with a focus on international collaboration, research, and innovation. Sweden aims to be a model country in the work to contain antibiotic resistance and has a strategy for achieving this through international cooperation through various fora, such as the EU, the UN system, and OECD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaran Eriksen
- Department of Global Public Health—Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Improving the Use of Medicines, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Venhälsan, Södersjukhuset, 118 83 Stockholm, Sweden
- Correspondence:
| | - Ingeborg Björkman
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Health Services Research, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 22 Uppsala, Sweden; (I.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Marta Röing
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Health Services Research, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 22 Uppsala, Sweden; (I.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Sabiha Y. Essack
- Antimicrobial Research Unit, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4001, South Africa;
| | - Cecilia Stålsby Lundborg
- Department of Global Public Health—Health Systems and Policy (HSP): Improving the Use of Medicines, Karolinska Institutet, Tomtebodavägen 18A, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden;
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