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Cao L, Sun F, Ren Q, Jiang Z, Chen J, Li Y, Wang L. Effects of dietary supplementation of Enterococcus faecium postbiotics on growth performance and intestinal health of growing male mink. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1409127. [PMID: 39051012 PMCID: PMC11266192 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1409127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that postbiotics possess bioactivities comparable to those of probiotics. Therefore, our experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of postbiotics derived from Enterococcus faecium on the growth performance and intestinal health of growing male minks. A total of 120 growing male minks were randomly assigned to 4 groups, each with 15 replicates of 2 minks. The minks in the 4 groups were fed a basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.05, 0.1, and 0.15% postbiotics derived from E. faecium (PEF), respectively. Compared to the control, PEF improved feed/gain (F/G) during the first 4 weeks and the entire 8 weeks of the study (p < 0.05); in addition, 0.1% PEF improved average daily gain (ADG) during the first 4 weeks and the entire 8 weeks of the study (p < 0.05), while 0.15% PEF improved ADG during the first 4 weeks of the study (p < 0.05). Consequently, 0.1% PEF minks displayed greater body weight (BW) at weeks 4 and 8 (p < 0.05), and 0.15% PEF minks had greater BW at week 4 (p < 0.05) than minks in the control. Furthermore, compared to the control, both 0.05 and 0.1% PEF enhanced the apparent digestibility of crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE) (p < 0.05) in the initial 4 weeks, while both 0.1 and 0.15% PEF enhanced the apparent digestibility of CP and DM in the final 4 weeks (p < 0.05). Additionally, trypsin activity was elevated in the 0.1 and 0.15% PEF groups compared to the control (p < 0.05). In terms of intestinal morphology, PEF increased the villus height and villus/crypt (V/C) in the jejunum (p < 0.05), and both 0.1 and 0.15% PEF decreased the crypt depth and increased the villus height and V/C in the duodenum (p < 0.05) compared to the control group. Supplementation with 0.1% PEF increased the SIgA levels but decreased the IL-2, IL-8, and TNF-α levels in the jejunum (p < 0.05). Compared to the control, E. faecium postbiotics decreased the relative abundances of Serratia and Fusobacterium (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the results indicate that the growth performance, digestibility, immunity, and intestine development of minks are considerably affected by E. faecium postbiotics. In particular, dietary supplementation with 0.1% E. faecium postbiotics provides greater benefits than supplementation with 0.05 and 0.15%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lihua Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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Ilyes I, Boariu M, Rusu D, Iorio-Siciliano V, Vela O, Boia S, Radulescu V, Șurlin P, Jentsch H, Lodin A, Stratul SI. Comparative Study of Systemic vs. Local Antibiotics with Subgingival Instrumentation in Stage III-IV Periodontitis: A Retrospective Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:430. [PMID: 38786158 PMCID: PMC11117343 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13050430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
To improve the clinical and microbiological outcomes of non-surgical mechanical periodontal therapy, the adjunctive use of antimicrobials has been utilized in treating moderate-to-severe periodontitis. In our study, the retrospective design included previously collected health-related patient data, obtained from the printed and digital charts of patients who received systemic or local antibiotic adjuncts to SI (subgingival instrumentation). A total of 34 patients (diagnosed with generalized Stage III/IV periodontitis) met the inclusion and exclusion criteria and were evaluated. The samples were tested for the following bacterial strains: Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. actinomycetemcomitans), Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis), Prevotella intermedia (P. intermedia), Tanererella forsythia (T. forsythia), and Treponema denticola (T. denticola). The inter-group comparisons of the bacterial species did not show statistically significant differences between groups. The present study aimed to evaluate the clinical effects after SI and the adjunctive use of systemically administered (SA) AMX (amoxicillin) + MET (metronidazole) (administered for 7 days), with locally delivered (LDD) piperacillin + tazobactam in step 2 of periodontal therapy. Results: Overall, all parameters were improved in the groups, with a significant difference in inter-group comparison regarding the full-mouth bleeding score (FMBS) (p < 0.05) in favor of the SA group, and the p-value < 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Statistically significant PPD (probing pocket depth) reductions and CAL (clinical attachment level) gains were observed in both groups at the 3-month follow-up. In conclusion, within the limitations, the outcomes of this study suggest that SI, with adjunctive local or systemic antibiotic therapy, provided comparable clinical improvements. Systemic AMX + MET protocols were more efficacious with regard to the reduction in FMBS. Follow-up studies with larger patient numbers are needed to further investigate this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Ilyes
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.I.); (D.R.); (O.V.); (S.B.); (V.R.); (S.-I.S.)
| | - Marius Boariu
- Department of Endodontics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, TADERP Research Center, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania
| | - Darian Rusu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.I.); (D.R.); (O.V.); (S.B.); (V.R.); (S.-I.S.)
| | | | - Octavia Vela
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.I.); (D.R.); (O.V.); (S.B.); (V.R.); (S.-I.S.)
| | - Simina Boia
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.I.); (D.R.); (O.V.); (S.B.); (V.R.); (S.-I.S.)
| | - Viorelia Radulescu
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.I.); (D.R.); (O.V.); (S.B.); (V.R.); (S.-I.S.)
| | - Petra Șurlin
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 200349 Craiova, Romania;
| | - Holger Jentsch
- Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Alexandru Lodin
- Department Basis of Electronics, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Technical University of Cluj-Napoca, 400114 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Stefan-Ioan Stratul
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Anton Sculean Research Center for Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases, “Victor Babes” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 300041 Timisoara, Romania; (I.I.); (D.R.); (O.V.); (S.B.); (V.R.); (S.-I.S.)
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Mariano LSS, Nakamura-Silva R, Macedo LMDD, Oliveira-Silva MD, Goulart RDS, Pelisson M, Vespero EC, Silva-Sousa YTC, Pitondo-Silva A. Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria isolated from primary endodontic infections. Braz Oral Res 2024; 38:e024. [PMID: 38597544 DOI: 10.1590/1807-3107bor-2024.vol38.0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify and characterize the antimicrobial susceptibility profile of bacteria found in primary endodontic infections in the teeth of patients treated at the Dental Clinic of the University of Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil. From September to December 2019, samples were obtained from 21 patients with primary endodontic infections. The collections were carried out in triplicate using paper cones placed close to the total length of the root canal. Bacterial isolation was performed in Brain Heart Infusion agar, Blood agar, and other selective culture media cultured at 37°C for up to 48 h under aerobiosis and microaerophilic conditions. The bacterial species were identified using the Vitek 2 automated system. The disk diffusion method on agar Müeller-Hinton was used to assess antimicrobial susceptibility with the recommended antimicrobials for each identified bacterial species. A total of 49 antibiotics were evaluated. Fifteen of the 21 samples collected showed bacterial growth, and 17 bacterial isolates were found. There were 10 different bacterial species identified: Enterococcus faecalis (four isolates), Streptococcus mitis/oralis (three isolates), Streptococcus anginosus (three isolates) being the most common, followed by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Enterococcus faecium, Streptococcus constellatus, Streptococcus alactolyticus, Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella variicola, and Providencia rettgeri (one isolate of each species). The analysis demonstrated significant susceptibility to most of the tested antibiotics. However, some Enterococcus isolates resisted the antibiotic's erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline. A Staphylococcus epidermidis isolate was characterized as multidrug-resistant. Five Streptococcus isolates were non-susceptible to all antibiotics tested.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rafael Nakamura-Silva
- Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | | | - Mariana de Oliveira-Silva
- Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Rafael da Silva Goulart
- Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Marsileni Pelisson
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | - Eliana Carolina Vespero
- Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Department of Pathology, Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Londrina, PR, Brazil
| | | | - André Pitondo-Silva
- Universidade de Ribeirão Preto, Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
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Melanie P, Niola C, Plataroti I, Mancini S, Fratini F. Use of Ozone in Veterinary Dentistry as an Alternative to Conventional Antibiotics and Antiseptics. Vet Sci 2024; 11:163. [PMID: 38668430 PMCID: PMC11053877 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci11040163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
This paper aims to assess the disinfecting capacity of a double-distilled ozonated water solution as an alternative to common antibiotic and antiseptic devices. Seventy-five dogs were subjected to the surgical procedures of scaling and dental extraction and included in three study groups: Group 1 subjected to antibiotic pre-treatment (association amoxicillin + clavulanic acid and ampicillin + metronidazole) and disinfection with chlorhexidine, and Group 2 and 3 devoid of preventive anti-microbial treatment in which disinfection was performed, respectively, with ozonated water and chlorhexidine. Sampling by bacteriological buffer was carried out to evaluate the bacterial count in the oral cavity. The analysis of the samples determined the total mesophilic bacterial count by seeding on the culture medium via the inclusion of PCA (Plate Count Agar). The results highlighted the anti-bacterial efficacy of intra-operative ozone as an alternative to pre-surgical antibiotic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre Melanie
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.M.); (S.M.); (F.F.)
| | - Carlotta Niola
- Veterinary Practiotioner, Ambulatorio Veterinario Associato “A.M.S”, 56127 Pisa, Italy
| | - Ilaria Plataroti
- Veterinary Practiotioner, VetPartners, Ospedale Veterinario “Leonardo da Vinci”, 50059 Spicchio-Sovigliana, Italy;
| | - Simone Mancini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.M.); (S.M.); (F.F.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
| | - Filippo Fratini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy; (P.M.); (S.M.); (F.F.)
- Interdepartmental Research Center “Nutraceuticals and Food for Health”, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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Takada K, Nakano S, Nishio R, Muku D, Mochizuki S, Inui I, Okita K, Koga A, Watanabe K, Yoshioka Y, Ariyoshi W, Yamasaki R. Medicinal herbs, especially Hibiscus sabdariffa, inhibit oral pathogenic bacteria. J Oral Biosci 2024; 66:179-187. [PMID: 38278302 DOI: 10.1016/j.job.2024.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Revised: 01/14/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Medicinal herbs are plants with potential medicinal and health benefits. In recent years, they are being increasingly used as a treatment alternative owing to their effectiveness against various diseases. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effects of 15 medicinal herbs on causative bacteria for dental caries and periodontal disease. METHODS This study evaluated the effects of the extracts of 15 medicinal herbs on growth and biofilm formation in five oral pathogenic bacterial strains. The herbs were processed into extracts, and bacterial strains were cultured. Then, bacterial growth and biofilm formation were assessed using various methods. Finally, the extract of the herb Hibiscus sabdariffa (hibiscus) was analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography. RESULTS Incubation of bacteria with the herbal extracts showed that hibiscus exerted a significant inhibitory effect on all the oral pathogenic bacterial strains evaluated in this study. In addition, the pigment delphinidin-3-sambubioside, which is found in hibiscus extract, was identified as a particularly important inhibitory component. CONCLUSIONS These results lay the ground work for the potential development of novel therapeutic or preventive agents against dental caries and periodontal disease, two major oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuya Takada
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan; Division of Developmental Stomatognathic Function Science, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Shizuki Nakano
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Reina Nishio
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Daichi Muku
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Shinichi Mochizuki
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Kitakyushu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 808-0135, Japan
| | - Inori Inui
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Kaede Okita
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Ayaka Koga
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Koji Watanabe
- Division of Developmental Stomatognathic Function Science, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Yoshie Yoshioka
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Wataru Ariyoshi
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan
| | - Ryota Yamasaki
- Division of Infections and Molecular Biology, Department of Health Promotion, Kyushu Dental University, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 803-8580, Japan; Collaborative Research Centre for Green Materials on Environmental Technology, Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka, 804-8550, Japan.
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Fenske F, Stoltze A, Neuhaus M, Zimmerer R, Häfner J, Kloss-Brandstätter A, Lethaus B, Sander AK. Evaluating the efficacy of single-shot versus prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis in alveolar cleft osteoplasty - A retrospective cohort study. J Craniomaxillofac Surg 2023; 51:644-648. [PMID: 37813773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcms.2023.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This retrospective cohort study aimed to compare the outcomes of alveolar cleft osteoplasty using single-shot antibiotic prophylaxis versus a prolonged antibiotic regimen. The primary endpoints assessed were the incidence of infection, failure of surgical correction, and antibiotic-related side effects. Patients with orofacial clefts affecting the alveolar ridge who underwent alveolar cleft osteoplasty at a tertiary care center between 2015 and 2021 were included. The prolonged antibiotic group received extended antibiotic treatment, while the single-shot group received preoperative antibiotics only. Among 83 patients (mean age 12.8 years), 51 interventions were performed under prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis (mean duration 5.82 days) whereas in 40 interventions only single-shot prophylaxis was administered. There were no significant differences in infection frequency, surgical correction failure, implant loss, or adverse events between the groups. However, after single-shot antibiotic regimen, patients had significantly shorter hospital stays, being discharged on average one day earlier. The study suggests that single-shot antibiotic prophylaxis does not have drawbacks compared to prolonged antibiotic treatment in alveolar cleft osteoplasty. Considering increasing antibiotic resistance and potential side effects, omitting prolonged antibiotic prophylaxis is recommended for patients undergoing alveolar cleft osteoplasty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Fenske
- Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Anette Stoltze
- Department of Children's and Youth Medicine, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Neuhaus
- Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Zimmerer
- Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Häfner
- Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anita Kloss-Brandstätter
- Faculty of Mathematics and Statistics, Carinthia University of Applied Sciences, Europastrasse 4, 9524, Villach, Austria
| | - Bernd Lethaus
- Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anna Katharina Sander
- Department of Oral- and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Liebigstr. 12, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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Cuevas-Gonzalez MV, Cuevas-Gonzalez JC, Espinosa-Cristóbal LF, Donohue-Cornejo A, Reyes López SY, Saucedo Acuña RA, García Calderón AG, Guzmán Gastelum DA. Use or abuse of antibiotics as prophylactic therapy in oral surgery: A systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e35011. [PMID: 37713865 PMCID: PMC10508532 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000035011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUD Antibiotics are a type of medication routinely prescribed by dental professionals; however, it is very common that the administration is not justified. Around 15% of dentists admit that they have administered antibiotics unnecessarily more than once a week. The objective of this project is to identify the effectiveness of the use of antibiotics as prophylactic therapy in oral surgery, and to carry out an analysis of the alternatives to pharmacological therapy. METHODS The search strategy was carried out in the PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect databases. For study selection, a first filter was carried out by title and abstract, which mentioned the use of prophylactic antibiotics in some type of oral surgery. To establish the risk of bias, the JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Randomized Controlled Trials was utilized. RESULTS The type of antibiotics most prescribed as prophylactic therapy were beta-lactams, which were indicated in 100% of the studies. Penicillins predominated, observing amoxicillin as the most indicated drug in 54.1% of the studies (n = 13) followed by the use of amoxicillin in conjunction with clavulanic acid in 33.3% of the studies (n = 8). Of the 21 studies included, 17 mention that there is insufficient evidence to support the use of antibiotics as prophylactic therapy in patients who will undergo some type of oral surgery. CONCLUSIONS Without a doubt, the biggest challenge is to develop academic update strategies aimed at dentists with active clinical practice and dental students from educational and government institutions to provide updated information about the correct use of prescription drugs.
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Galgano M, Pellegrini F, Mrenoshki D, Capozza P, Omar AH, Salvaggiulo A, Camero M, Lanave G, Tempesta M, Pratelli A, Buonavoglia A. Assessing Contact Time and Concentration of Thymus vulgaris Essential Oil on Antibacterial Efficacy In Vitro. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:1129. [PMID: 37508225 PMCID: PMC10376642 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12071129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The overuse and misuse of antibiotics can pose the risk of spreading mutant strains that show antimicrobial resistance (AMR), with negative impacts on the management of bacterial infections and economic implications for healthcare systems. The research and development of natural antibacterial agents could be a priority in the next years to improve a number of effective antibacterial molecules and to reduce the AMR phenomenon and its development. The present study identified the most effective concentration and contact time of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil (TEO) to obtain bactericidal effects in vitro against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Six clinically isolated (wild types) bacterial strains, (Citrobacter freundii, Enterococcus feciorum, Proteus mirabilis, Acinetobacter cioffi, Pseudomonas putrefaciens and Klebsiella pneumoniae) and two ATCCs (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) were tested after 1 min, 3 min and 5 min of contact with TEO. The preliminary results on S. aureus after 24 h of incubation revealed a TEO concentration of 9.28 mg/mL (w/v) that completely inhibited bacteria growth, keeping cell viability. The total suppression of bacterial growth at all tested contact times was observed for all tested bacterial strains, and the results were confirmed after 48 h of incubation. Bacterial growth suppression was confirmed even with the presence of organic components. These preliminary results showed the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of TEO against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. Future studies are necessary to confirm the reproducibility of these results even on other strains and to define the exact molecular mechanisms of EOs in order to consider TEO as a valid alternative to classic antibiotic therapies and subsequently to reduce the occurrence of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Galgano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Daniela Mrenoshki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Paolo Capozza
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Ahmed Hassan Omar
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Anna Salvaggiulo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, Valenzano, 70010 Bari, Italy
| | - Alessio Buonavoglia
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, Via Zamboni 33, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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9
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Galgano M, Mrenoshki D, Pellegrini F, Capozzi L, Cordisco M, Del Sambro L, Trotta A, Camero M, Tempesta M, Buonavoglia D, Laricchiuta P, Catella C, Pratelli A, Buonavoglia A, Corrente M. Antibacterial and Biofilm Production Inhibition Activity of Thymus vulgaris L. Essential Oil against Salmonella spp. Isolates from Reptiles. Pathogens 2023; 12:804. [PMID: 37375494 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12060804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonellosis is an infectious disease affecting both animals and humans. Antimicrobial resistant (AMR) and biofilm-producing Salmonella spp., frequently detected in reptiles (who can then act as asymptomatic carriers for warm-blooded animals), have developed resistance to biocides; this represents a warning for the emergence of biocide/antimicrobial cross-resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of Thymus vulgaris L. essential oil (TEO) in inhibiting bacterial growth and biofilm production of Salmonella spp., which had been isolated from wild reptiles housed in a Zoo in Italy. The resistance profile against different classes of antibiotics showed that all the isolates were susceptible to the tested antibiotics, despite the presence of several AMR genes. All the isolates were also tested with aqueous solutions of TEO at different dilutions (5% to 0.039%). Interestingly, TEO proved effective both in inhibiting bacterial growth at low dilutions, with MIC and MBC values ranging between 0.078% and 0.312%, and in inhibiting biofilm production, with values ranging from 0.039% to 0.156%. TEO demonstrated effective bioactivity against the biofilm producer Salmonella spp., proving to be a valid disinfectant for the prevention of salmonellosis from reptiles, a possible source of infection for humans exposed to the reptiles' environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Galgano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Daniela Mrenoshki
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Francesco Pellegrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Loredana Capozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Puglia e della Basilicata, Contrada San Pietro Piturno, 70017 Putignano, BA, Italy
| | - Marco Cordisco
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Laura Del Sambro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico della Puglia e della Basilicata, Contrada San Pietro Piturno, 70017 Putignano, BA, Italy
| | - Adriana Trotta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Maria Tempesta
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Domenico Buonavoglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | | | - Cristiana Catella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
| | - Alessio Buonavoglia
- Dental School, Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Via Zamboni 33, 40126 Bologna, BO, Italy
| | - Marialaura Corrente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University Aldo Moro of Bari, Sp Casamassima Km 3, 70010 Valenzano, BA, Italy
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10
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Contaldo M, D’Ambrosio F, Ferraro GA, Di Stasio D, Di Palo MP, Serpico R, Simeone M. Antibiotics in Dentistry: A Narrative Review of the Evidence beyond the Myth. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6025. [PMID: 37297629 PMCID: PMC10252486 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20116025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics have undoubtedly revolutionized medicine and the health and survival of patients with life-threatening infections, being nonetheless free from potential adverse effects, and the risk of intestinal dysbiosis, antimicrobial resistance, and the resulting consequences for the patient's health and the public purse. The present study narratively reviewed the epidemiological data on worldwide antibiotic consumption and administration in dental practice, patients' adherence to prescriptions, the antimicrobial resistance phenomenon in dentistry, and the evidence supporting and recommending appropriate antibiotic use in dental care. Eligible systematic reviews and original studies in humans published in the English language from January 2000 to 26 January 2023 were considered. A total of 78 studies, 47 on the epidemiology of antibiotic use and prescription in dentistry, 6 on antibiotic therapy in dentistry, 12 on antibiotic prophylaxis in dentistry, 0 on adherence of dental patients to antibiotic prescription, and 13 on antimicrobial resistance in dentistry, were presently considered. Retrieved evidence revealed that antibiotics are frequently overused and misused in dental practice, dental patients frequently do not adhere to prescriptions, and antimicrobial resistance in dentistry is a still rising phenomenon also secondary to improper oral antiseptics use. The present findings highlighted the need to establish more evidence-based and accurate antibiotic prescriptions to sensitize dentists and dental patients to minimize and rationalize the use of antibiotics only when it is indicated and necessary, improve patients' adherence, and enhance knowledge and awareness of the antimicrobial resistance in dentistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Contaldo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialities, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.A.F.); (D.D.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Francesco D’Ambrosio
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe A. Ferraro
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialities, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.A.F.); (D.D.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Dario Di Stasio
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialities, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.A.F.); (D.D.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Maria Pia Di Palo
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry, University of Salerno, 84081 Salerno, Italy;
| | - Rosario Serpico
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialities, University of Campania “Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (G.A.F.); (D.D.S.); (R.S.)
| | - Michele Simeone
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive Science and Dentistry, University of Naples Federico II, 80138 Naples, Italy
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11
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Sinhorelli BS, Oliveira SD. Antimicrobial Prophylaxis in Dentistry: Survey among Dental Surgeons in Porto Alegre, Brazil, and the Metropolitan Region. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:1071-1077. [PMID: 36940669 PMCID: PMC10160882 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 03/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The irrational use of antimicrobial drugs has become a serious epidemiological problem due to the development of bacterial resistance, causing consequences for global health. In dentistry, antibiotics are the second most common pharmacological class prescribed. Thus, we evaluated the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis by dentists in Porto Alegre, Brazil, and the metropolitan region using an online questionnaire. Dentists were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire concerning antimicrobial prescription. The questionnaire was prepared on the Microsoft Forms platform and shared with dentists through social media and was available for a period of 40 days. The questionnaire was answered by 82 dentists, and 85.3% of them reported prescribing antibiotic prophylaxis (AP). Many different protocols were observed, but the majority of dentists prescribe amoxicillin (2 g) 1 hour before a procedure. The greatest diversity was found in the prescriptions for post-procedure prophylaxis, but most professionals prescribe 500 mg of antibiotics every 8 hours for 7 days. An overwhelming 91.5% of participants think that guidelines for prescribing antibiotics in dentistry are necessary, and 62.2% believe that the use of AP can have some impact on bacterial resistance. There is a wide range of different prescriptions for antimicrobials, suggesting a need for better aligned guidelines and education of professionals on the proper use of antimicrobials and its consequences on bacterial resistance to antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethina S. Sinhorelli
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Microbiologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Sílvia D. Oliveira
- Laboratório de Imunologia e Microbiologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Odontologia, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, PUCRS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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12
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Selladurai K, Selvaganesh S, Veeraraghavan VP, Nesappan T, Eswaramoorthy R. Effect of different drugs for controlling post-operative swelling after implant surgery among Indians. Bioinformation 2023; 19:488-490. [PMID: 37822808 PMCID: PMC10563555 DOI: 10.6026/97320630019488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain and swelling are common complications associated with dental implant surgery. Forty five patients were included in this study (Group 1: Paracetamol+ amoxicillin (n=15), Group 2: Paracetamol+ Cold packs (n=15), Group 3: Paracetamol (n=15)). Post op drugs were given based on the group, and Pre and post-operative photographs were evaluated with Adobe photoshop software. The photographs were evaluated with Adobe Photoshop for Statistical analysis was done by repeated measures ANOVA. The first day post-surgery, there was increased swelling in group 1 with mean surface area of swelling of 47.6±2.1 mm2 and considerable decrease in group 2, 42.1±3.5 mm2. The surface area of swelling in this group was maintained in the same range till Day 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthickraj Selladurai
- Department of Implantology1, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Sahana Selvaganesh
- Department of Implantology1, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Thiyaneswaran Nesappan
- Department of Implantology1, Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Rajalakshmanan Eswaramoorthy
- Department of Biomaterials, Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
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13
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Buonavoglia A, Pellegrini F, Lanave G, Diakoudi G, Lucente MS, Zamparini F, Camero M, Gandolfi MG, Martella V, Prati C. Analysis of oral microbiota in non-vital teeth and clinically intact external surface from patients with severe periodontitis using Nanopore sequencing: a case study. J Oral Microbiol 2023; 15:2185341. [PMID: 36891191 PMCID: PMC9987744 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2023.2185341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases include a wide range of pathological conditions, damaging the supporting structures of the teeth. Origin and propagation of periodontal disease is believed to be caused by dysbiosis of the commensal oral microbiota. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of bacteria in the pulp cavity of teeth with severe periodontal disease with clinically intact external surface. Periodontal (P) and endodontic (E) tissue samples of root canals from six intact teeth of three patients were sampled for analysis of microbial population using Nanopore technology. Streptococcus was the predominant genus in E samples. Porphyromonas (33.4%, p = 0.047), Tannerella (41.7%, p = 0.042), and Treponema (50.0%, p = 0.0064) were significantly more present in P than in E samples. Some samples (E6 and E1) exhibited a remarkable difference in terms of microbial composition, whilst Streptococcus was a common signature in samples E2 to E5, all which were obtained from the same patient. In conclusion, bacteria were identified on both the root surface and the root canal system, thus demonstrating the possibility of bacteria to spread directly from the periodontal pocket to the root canal system even in the absence of crown's loss of integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Buonavoglia
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Georgia Diakoudi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Maria Stella Lucente
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fausto Zamparini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Bari, Italy
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Vito Martella
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carlo Prati
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Dental School, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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14
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Bessa LJ, Botelho J, Machado V, Alves R, Mendes JJ. Managing Oral Health in the Context of Antimicrobial Resistance. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416448. [PMID: 36554332 PMCID: PMC9778414 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The oral microbiome plays a major role in shaping oral health/disease state; thus, a main challenge for dental practitioners is to preserve or restore a balanced oral microbiome. Nonetheless, when pathogenic microorganisms install in the oral cavity and are incorporated into the oral biofilm, oral infections, such as gingivitis, dental caries, periodontitis, and peri-implantitis, can arise. Several prophylactic and treatment approaches are available nowadays, but most of them have been antibiotic-based. Given the actual context of antimicrobial resistance (AMR), antibiotic stewardship in dentistry would be a beneficial approach to optimize and avoid inappropriate or even unnecessary antibiotic use, representing a step towards precision medicine. Furthermore, the development of new effective treatment options to replace the need for antibiotics is being pursued, including the application of photodynamic therapy and the use of probiotics. In this review, we highlight the advances undergoing towards a better understanding of the oral microbiome and oral resistome. We also provide an updated overview of how dentists are adapting to better manage the treatment of oral infections given the problem of AMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J. Bessa
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - João Botelho
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
- Evidence-Based Hub, CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Machado
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
- Evidence-Based Hub, CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - Ricardo Alves
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - José João Mendes
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
- Clinical Research Unit (CRU), CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
- Evidence-Based Hub, CiiEM, Egas Moniz—Cooperativa de Ensino Superior, Caparica, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
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15
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Abuhassna MA, Aldajani HA, AlQahtani KW, Alzahrani AK, AlAwwad DA, Suliman O, Rajeh MT, Ashraf S, Al-Maweri SA. Antibiotic Prescription During Endodontic Treatment: Knowledge and Practices of Dental Interns in Saudi Arabia. ADVANCES IN MEDICAL EDUCATION AND PRACTICE 2022; 13:1321-1328. [PMID: 36281459 PMCID: PMC9586888 DOI: 10.2147/amep.s376333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antibiotics are widely used in dental practice, especially for endodontic infections. The present survey aimed to investigate the knowledge and practices of dental interns in Saudi Arabia regarding antibiotic prescription for endodontic treatment. METHODS The present online questionnaire-based, cross-sectional study involved dental interns in private and public dental schools, Saudi Arabia. A pre-validated questionnaire was distributed to 900 dental interns via different social media platforms. The questionnaire consisted of 16 close-ended questions related to participants' demographic data and knowledge and practices of antibiotic prescription in context of endodontic treatments. Data were managed and analyzed using IBM-SPSS version 25, and Chi-square test was used to compare between the groups. RESULTS A total of 555 dental interns completed the questionnaire, giving a response rate of 61.1%. Overall, the surveyed participants revealed inadequate knowledge and unnecessary use of antibiotics during endodontic procedures. While majority of the participants (75.3%) correctly identified the first choice of antibiotics during endodontic treatments, a considerable proportion of the participants did not recognize the clinical indications of antibiotics in endodontic patients. Additionally, around one-fifth (18.9%) of the participants were unaware of the potential side effects of the prescribed antibiotics. CONCLUSION The present survey revealed unsatisfactory knowledge and practices of antibiotic prescription in context of endodontic therapy among Saudi dental interns. Therefore, dental schools in Saudi Arabia should address such a gap through updating the curriculum and integrating real-world clinical scenarios using problem-based learning. Additionally, periodic continuous education courses aiming at improving dental professionals' knowledge about antibiotics and their clinical uses for endodontic therapy are highly encouraged.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Oubada Suliman
- Prosthodontics Department, College of Dentistry, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mona Talal Rajeh
- Dental Public Health Department, Faculty of Dentistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sajna Ashraf
- Department of Oral Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Vision Colleges, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Takeda R, Sawa H, Sasaki M, Orba Y, Maishi N, Tsumita T, Ushijima N, Hida Y, Sano H, Kitagawa Y, Hida K. Antiviral effect of cetylpyridinium chloride in mouthwash on SARS-CoV-2. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14050. [PMID: 35982118 PMCID: PMC9386671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18367-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), a quaternary ammonium compound, which is present in mouthwash, is effective against bacteria, fungi, and enveloped viruses. This study was conducted to explore the antiviral effect of CPC on SARS-CoV-2. There are few reports on the effect of CPC against wild-type SARS-CoV-2 at low concentrations such as 0.001%–0.005% (10–50 µg/mL). Interestingly, we found that low concentrations of CPC suppressed the infectivity of human isolated SARS-CoV-2 strains (Wuhan, Alpha, Beta, and Gamma) even in saliva. Furthermore, we demonstrated that CPC shows anti-SARS-CoV-2 effects without disrupting the virus envelope, using sucrose density analysis and electron microscopic examination. In conclusion, this study provided experimental evidence that CPC may inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection even at lower concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Takeda
- Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nako Maishi
- Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuya Tsumita
- Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Natsumi Ushijima
- Support Section for Education and Research, Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Hida
- Community Service and Welfare Network, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Sano
- Restorative Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoshimasa Kitagawa
- Oral Diagnosis and Medicine, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kyoko Hida
- Vascular Biology and Molecular Pathology, Faculty of Dental Medicine and Graduate School of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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17
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Cosgarea R, Jepsen S, Heumann C, Batori-Andronescu I, Rosu A, Bora R, Arweiler NB, Eick S, Sculean A. Clinical, microbiological and immunological effects of 3- or 7-day systemic antibiotics adjunctive to subgingival instrumentation in patients with aggressive (stage III/IV grade C) periodontitis: a randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 2022; 49:1106-1120. [PMID: 35781888 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the clinical non-inferiority of a 3-day-protocol of systemic antibiotics adjunctive to subgingival instrumentation (SI) compared to a 7-day-protocol in patients with stage III/IV grade C periodontitis. METHODS 50 systemically healthy patients (32.7±4.3 years) with aggressive periodontitis (stage III/IV grade C periodontitis) were treated by SI and adjunctive amoxicillin and metronidazole randomly assigned to group A: (n=25) 500mg antibiotics 3-times-daily for 3 days, followed by placebo 3-times-daily for 4 days, or group B: (n=25) 500mg AB 3-times-daily for 7 days. Clinical, microbial and immunological parameters were assessed at baseline, 3 and 6 months, and patient-related outcomes after 2 weeks. The primary outcome variable was the number of residual sites with PD≥6mm at 6 months. RESULTS For the primary outcome variable (the number of residual sites with PD≥6mm at 6 months), the null hypothesis was rejected and demonstrated the non-inferiority of the 3d AB protocol compared to 7d AB (the upper limits of the 95%CI for ITT: [-2.572; 1.050] and PP: [-2.523; 1.318] were lower than the assumed margin of Δ=3.1). Comparable clinical improvements were obtained for all parameters with both antibiotic protocols (p>0.05). All investigated periodontopathogens and pro-inflammatory host-derived markers were statistically significantly reduced, without differences between the treatments (p>0.05). CONCLUSION These findings indicate that in patients with aggressive periodontitis (stage III/IV grade C periodontitis), a 3-day systemic administration of amoxicillin and metronidazole adjunctive to SI may lead to non-inferior clinical outcomes after 6-months with fewer adverse events compared to a 7-day-protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raluca Cosgarea
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Periodontology and Peri-implant Diseases, Philips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Clinic for Prosthetic Dentistry, University Iuliu-Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Søren Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative and Preventive Dentistry, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Ionela Batori-Andronescu
- Periodontal private practice Cosmedica, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.,Department of Periodontology, University Iuliu-Hatieganu, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandra Rosu
- Periodontal private practice Cosmedica, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Raluca Bora
- Periodontal private practice Cosmedica, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Nicole B Arweiler
- Department of Periodontology and Peri-implant Diseases, Philips University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Sigrun Eick
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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18
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Abdulkareem A, Abdulbaqi H, Gul S, Milward M, Chasib N, Alhashimi R. Classic vs. Novel Antibacterial Approaches for Eradicating Dental Biofilm as Adjunct to Periodontal Debridement: An Evidence-Based Overview. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 11:antibiotics11010009. [PMID: 35052887 PMCID: PMC8773342 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a multifactorial chronic inflammatory disease that affects tooth-supporting soft/hard tissues of the dentition. The dental plaque biofilm is considered as a primary etiological factor in susceptible patients; however, other factors contribute to progression, such as diabetes and smoking. Current management utilizes mechanical biofilm removal as the gold standard of treatment. Antibacterial agents might be indicated in certain conditions as an adjunct to this mechanical approach. However, in view of the growing concern about bacterial resistance, alternative approaches have been investigated. Currently, a range of antimicrobial agents and protocols have been used in clinical management, but these remain largely non-validated. This review aimed to evaluate the efficacy of adjunctive antibiotic use in periodontal management and to compare them to recently suggested alternatives. Evidence from in vitro, observational and clinical trial studies suggests efficacy in the use of adjunctive antimicrobials in patients with grade C periodontitis of young age or where the associated risk factors are inconsistent with the amount of bone loss present. Meanwhile, alternative approaches such as photodynamic therapy, bacteriophage therapy and probiotics showed limited supportive evidence, and more studies are warranted to validate their efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abdulkareem
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Medical City of Baghdad, Baghdad 10011, Iraq; (H.A.); (N.C.); (R.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Hayder Abdulbaqi
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Medical City of Baghdad, Baghdad 10011, Iraq; (H.A.); (N.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Sarhang Gul
- College of Dentistry, University of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 40062, Iraq;
| | - Mike Milward
- College of Dentistry, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B5 7EG, UK;
| | - Nibras Chasib
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Medical City of Baghdad, Baghdad 10011, Iraq; (H.A.); (N.C.); (R.A.)
| | - Raghad Alhashimi
- College of Dentistry, University of Baghdad, Medical City of Baghdad, Baghdad 10011, Iraq; (H.A.); (N.C.); (R.A.)
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Nibali L, Buti J, Barbato L, Cairo F, Graziani F, Jepsen S. Adjunctive Effect of Systemic Antibiotics in Regenerative/Reconstructive Periodontal Surgery-A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 11:antibiotics11010008. [PMID: 35052886 PMCID: PMC8772828 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objective: Systemic antibiotics (AB) are often used in conjunction with regenerative/reconstructive periodontal surgery of intrabony defects and furcations; however, their potential benefits have not been systematically assessed. Materials and Methods: Data were retrieved from two recent systematic reviews (a total of 105 randomized clinical trials (RCTs) on clinical and radiographic outcomes in intrabony defects (ID) and molars with furcation involvement (FI) treated by surgical access with regenerative techniques. Pair-wise meta-analysis of RCTs with and without AB was performed. Meta-regressions from single-arm (subgroup) RCTs including study arms with or without adjunctive AB were also conducted. Results: No statistically significant benefits of systemic AB with regard to PPD, CAL and bone gain were detected in ID by pair-wise meta-analysis. Meta-regression revealed increased PPD reduction (−0.91 mm, 95% CI = −1.30; −0.51, p < 0.001), CAL gain (−0.92 mm, 95% CI = −1.32; −0.52, p < 0.001) and bone gain (−1.08 mm, 95% CI = −1.63; −0.53, p < 0.001) in ID but not in any of the outcomes in FI for arms treated with AB vs. study arms treated with no AB. No clear differences in adverse events were detected between AB and non-AB groups. Conclusion: There is only weak indirect evidence that AB may provide additional benefits in terms of clinical improvements in the regenerative/reconstructive periodontal surgery of intrabony defects and no evidence for a benefit in furcations. Until new data are gained and in the context of antibiotic stewardship, it may be questionable to justify the adjunctive use of systemic antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Nibali
- Periodontology Unit, Centre for Host Microbiome Interactions, King’s College London, London SE1 9RT, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Jacopo Buti
- Periodontology Department, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK;
| | - Luigi Barbato
- Research Unit in Periodontology and Periodontal Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; (L.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Francesco Cairo
- Research Unit in Periodontology and Periodontal Medicine, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Florence, 50121 Florence, Italy; (L.B.); (F.C.)
| | - Filippo Graziani
- Unit of Dentistry and Oral Surgery, Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and CriticalCare Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy;
| | - Søren Jepsen
- Department of Periodontology, Operative & Preventive Dentistry, University Hospital Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany;
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Nashi M, Yamamoto S, Maeda K, Taniike N, Takenobu T. A Case of Infective Endocarditis Due to Oral Streptococci After Perioperative Oral Function Management. Cureus 2021; 13:e20446. [PMID: 35047283 PMCID: PMC8759947 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.20446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Infective endocarditis is an extremely serious disease that can present with a variety of clinical manifestations, including infection of valves and endocardium, in patients with cardiac disease, and is associated with risk factors such as invasive dental procedures, caries, and periodontal disease. On the other hand, it has been shown that perioperative oral function management before various surgeries, such as those for malignant tumors, cardiovascular disease, and transplantation, may prevent or reduce postoperative complications. Close coordination between the dentist and cardiac surgeon is especially necessary before heart valve surgery because of the risk of severe complications. The number of perioperative oral management procedures being performed in community dental clinics is increasing. In the absence of clear guidelines, the physician-in-charge usually determines how to best perform oral management while considering the patient’s needs. We report a case of infective endocarditis occurring after perioperative oral management in a young patient with good oral hygiene. This case shows that standardization of the techniques and widespread dissemination of the guidelines are required. Patients should be counseled regarding the importance of maintaining oral hygiene from a young age. This case report should act as a cautionary tale not only for hospital clinicians but also for community medical and dental practitioners, as the number of such patients is expected to increase in the future.
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In Vitro Activity of Propolis on Oral Microorganisms and Biofilms. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091045. [PMID: 34572627 PMCID: PMC8472590 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural products are being discussed as alternatives to commonly used chemicals in antimicrobial therapy. The study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of propolis against microbial species associated with caries, periodontal disease, and Candida infections. Two commercially available ethanolic extracts of Brazilian and one of European propolis (EEP) were used. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of propolis and controls against eight microbial strains were determined. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM and TEM) images visualized the effect of propolis on microorganisms. Subsequently, the activity on three different multi-species biofilms (both formation and existing biofilms) was assessed. All MIC values of the Brazilian EEPs were low against the tested oral species (≤0.1 mg/mL–3.13 mg/mL propolis (Candida albicans)). The European EEP had slightly higher MICs than the Brazilian EEPs. The SEM and TEM images suggest an interaction of propolis with the microbial cell wall. The European EEP exhibited the strongest effect on retarding biofilm formation, whereas the Brazilian EEPs were highly active against preformed biofilms (100 mg/mL propolis of both EEPs reduced colony forming unit counts always by more than 6 log10). The antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activities point to the potential of propolis as an adjunct in oral health care products.
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Buonavoglia A, Lanave G, Camero M, Corrente M, Parisi A, Martella V, Prati C. Next-Generation Sequencing Analysis of Root Canal Microbiota Associated with a Severe Endodontic-Periodontal Lesion. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11081461. [PMID: 34441394 PMCID: PMC8391529 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11081461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A patient with an unusual endo-periodontal lesion, without coronal decay or damage, likely caused by a deep periodontal lesion with subsequent endodontic bacterial migration, required medical care. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) was used to assess the endodontic microbiota in vestibular and palatal canals after tooth extraction, evidencing a predominant population (Fusobacterium nucleatum) in one endodontic canal, and a mixed bacterial population with six major populations almost equally distributed in the other endodontic canal (F. nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, P. endodontis, Parvimonas, Peptostreptococcus stomatis, Prevotella multiformis). These data could suggest different, separated ecologic niches in the same endodontic system, with potentially different pathogenicity levels, clinical manifestations and prognoses for every single canal of the same tooth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Buonavoglia
- Endodontic Clinical Section, Dental School, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy; (A.B.); (C.P.)
| | - Gianvito Lanave
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (M.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Michele Camero
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (M.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Marialaura Corrente
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (M.C.); (V.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Antonio Parisi
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Puglia and Basilicata Section of Putignano, Contrada San Pietro Piturno, Putignano, 70017 Bari, Italy;
| | - Vito Martella
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, 70010 Bari, Italy; (G.L.); (M.C.); (V.M.)
| | - Carlo Prati
- Endodontic Clinical Section, Dental School, Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40125 Bologna, Italy; (A.B.); (C.P.)
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23
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Formenti N, Calò S, Parisio G, Guarneri F, Birbes L, Pitozzi A, Scali F, Tonni M, Guadagno F, Giovannini S, Salogni C, Ianieri A, Bellini S, Pasquali P, Alborali GL. ESBL/AmpC-Producing Escherichia coli in Wild Boar: Epidemiology and Risk Factors. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11071855. [PMID: 34206498 PMCID: PMC8300396 DOI: 10.3390/ani11071855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex health problem of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) involves many host species, numerous bacteria and several routes of transmission. Extended-spectrum β-lactamase and AmpC (ESBL/AmpC)-producing Escherichia coli are among the most important strains. Moreover, wildlife hosts are of interest as they are likely antibiotics free and are assumed as environmental indicators of AMR contamination. Particularly, wild boar (Sus scrofa) deserves attention because of its increased population densities, with consequent health risks at the wildlife-domestic-human interface, and the limited data available on AMR. Here, 1504 wild boar fecal samples were microbiologically and molecularly analyzed to investigate ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli and, through generalized linear models, the effects of host-related factors and of human population density on their spread. A prevalence of 15.96% of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli, supported by blaCTX-M (12.3%), blaTEM (6.98%), blaCMY (0.86%) and blaSHV (0.47%) gene detection, emerged. Young animals were more colonized by ESBL/AmpC strains than older subjects, as observed in domestic animals. Increased human population density leads to increased blaTEM prevalence in wild boar, suggesting that spatial overlap may favor this transmission. Our results show a high level of AMR contamination in the study area that should be further investigated. However, a role of wild boar as a maintenance host of AMR strains emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Formenti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Stefania Calò
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Giovanni Parisio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Flavia Guarneri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Laura Birbes
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Alessandra Pitozzi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Federico Scali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Matteo Tonni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Federica Guadagno
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Stefano Giovannini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Cristian Salogni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Adriana Ianieri
- Dipartimento di Scienze degli Alimenti e del Farmaco, Università di Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 27/A, 43124 Parma, Italy;
| | - Silvia Bellini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
| | - Paolo Pasquali
- Dipartimento di Sicurezza Alimentare, Nutrizione e Sanità Pubblica Veterinaria, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Roma, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Loris Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell’Emilia Romagna “Bruno Ubertini”, Via Bianchi 7/9, 25124 Brescia, Italy; (S.C.); (G.P.); (F.G.); (L.B.); (A.P.); (F.S.); (M.T.); (F.G.); (S.G.); (C.S.); (S.B.); (G.L.A.)
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