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Krueger Q, Phippen B, Reitzel A. Antibiotics alter development and gene expression in the model cnidarian Nematostella vectensis. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17349. [PMID: 38784394 PMCID: PMC11114123 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Antibiotics are commonly used for controlling microbial growth in diseased organisms. However, antibiotic treatments during early developmental stages can have negative impacts on development and physiology that could offset the positive effects of reducing or eliminating pathogens. Similarly, antibiotics can shift the microbial community due to differential effectiveness on resistant and susceptible bacteria. Though antibiotic application does not typically result in mortality of marine invertebrates, little is known about the developmental and transcriptional effects. These sublethal effects could reduce the fitness of the host organism and lead to negative changes after removal of the antibiotics. Here, we quantify the impact of antibiotic treatment on development, gene expression, and the culturable bacterial community of a model cnidarian, Nematostella vectensis. Methods Ampicillin, streptomycin, rifampicin, and neomycin were compared individually at two concentrations, 50 and 200 µg mL-1, and in combination at 50 µg mL-1 each, to assess their impact on N. vectensis. First, we determined the impact antibiotics have on larval development. Next Amplicon 16S rDNA gene sequencing was used to compare the culturable bacteria that persist after antibiotic treatment to determine how these treatments may differentially select against the native microbiome. Lastly, we determined how acute (3-day) and chronic (8-day) antibiotic treatments impact gene expression of adult anemones. Results Under most exposures, the time of larval settlement extended as the concentration of antibiotics increased and had the longest delay of 3 days in the combination treatment. Culturable bacteria persisted through a majority of exposures where we identified 359 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs). The largest proportion of bacteria belonged to Gammaproteobacteria, and the most common ASVs were identified as Microbacterium and Vibrio. The acute antibiotic exposure resulted in differential expression of genes related to epigenetic mechanisms and neural processes, while constant application resulted in upregulation of chaperones and downregulation of mitochondrial genes when compared to controls. Gene Ontology analyses identified overall depletion of terms related to development and metabolism in both antibiotic treatments. Discussion Antibiotics resulted in a significant increase to settlement time of N. vectensis larvae. Culturable bacterial species after antibiotic treatments were taxonomically diverse. Additionally, the transcriptional effects of antibiotics, and after their removal result in significant differences in gene expression that may impact the physiology of the anemone, which may include removal of bacterial signaling on anemone gene expression. Our research suggests that impacts of antibiotics beyond the reduction of bacteria may be important to consider when they are applied to aquatic invertebrates including reef building corals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinton Krueger
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
- Computational Intelligence to Predict Health and Environmental Risks (CIPHER) Center, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | - Britney Phippen
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
| | - Adam Reitzel
- Biological Sciences, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
- Computational Intelligence to Predict Health and Environmental Risks (CIPHER) Center, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, United States of America
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Mohanty D, Das BK, Kumari P, Dey S, Bera AK, Sahoo AK, Dasgupta S, Roy S. Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamases (ESBLs) Producing Aeromonas spp. Isolated from Lamellidens marginalis (Lamark, 1819) of Sewage-Fed Wetland: A Phenotypic and Genotypic Approach. Microorganisms 2024; 12:723. [PMID: 38674667 PMCID: PMC11051913 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12040723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The global rise of zoonotic bacteria resistant to multiple antimicrobial classes and the growing occurrence of infections caused by Aeromonas spp. resistant to β-lactam antibiotics pose a severe threat to animal and human health. However, the contribution of natural environments, particularly aquatic ecosystems, as ideal settings for the development and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a key concern. Investigating the phenotypic antibiotic resistance and detection of β-lactamase producing Aeromonas spp. in Lamellidens marginalis, which inhabit all freshwater ecosystems of the Indian subcontinent, is essential for implications in monitoring food safety and drug resistance. In the present investigation, 92 isolates of Aeromonas spp. were recovered from 105 bivalves and screened for their antimicrobial resistance patterns. In vitro antibiotic resistance profiling showed a higher Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) index of 0.8 with the highest resistance against ampicillin/sulbactam (82%), while 58, 44, 39 and 38% of the isolates were resistant to cephalothin, erythromycin, cefoxitin and imipenem, respectively. PCR results revealed that these isolates carried the blaTEM gene (94%), which was followed by the blaCTX-M gene (51%) and the blaSHV gene (45%). A combination of blaSHV, blaCTX-M, and blaTEM genes was found in 17% of the isolates, indicating the presence of all three resistance genes. This is the first investigation which highlights the importance of multidrug-resistant Aeromonas spp. in L. marginalis. The identification of extended-spectrum-β-lactamases (ESBLs) genes demand the necessity of continuous surveillance and systematic monitoring, considering its potential health risks for both animals and human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasmita Mohanty
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore 700120, West Bengal, India; (D.M.); (A.K.B.); (A.K.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.)
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India;
| | - Basanta Kumar Das
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore 700120, West Bengal, India; (D.M.); (A.K.B.); (A.K.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Punam Kumari
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Fakir Mohan University, Balasore 756020, Odisha, India;
| | - Saikat Dey
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore 5600029, Karnataka, India;
| | - Asit Kumar Bera
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore 700120, West Bengal, India; (D.M.); (A.K.B.); (A.K.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Amiya Kumar Sahoo
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore 700120, West Bengal, India; (D.M.); (A.K.B.); (A.K.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Shubhankhi Dasgupta
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore 700120, West Bengal, India; (D.M.); (A.K.B.); (A.K.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Shreya Roy
- ICAR-Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, Barrackpore 700120, West Bengal, India; (D.M.); (A.K.B.); (A.K.S.); (S.D.); (S.R.)
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Memesh R, Yasir M, Ledder RG, Zowawi H, McBain AJ, Azhar EI. An update on the prevalence of colistin and carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria in aquaculture: an emerging threat to public health. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxad288. [PMID: 38059867 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxad288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture has been recognized as a hotspot for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance genes conferring resistance to clinically important antibiotics. This review gives insights into studies investigating the prevalence of colistin and carbapenem resistance (CCR) among Gram-negative bacilli in aquaculture. Overall, a high incidence of CCR has been reported in aquatic farms in several countries, with CCR being more prevalent among opportunistic human pathogens such as Acinetobacter nosocomialis, Shewanella algae, Photobacterium damselae, Vibrio spp., Aeromonas spp., as well as members of Enterobacteriaceae family. A high proportion of isolates in these studies exhibited wide-spectrum profiles of antimicrobial resistance, highlighting their multidrug-resistance properties (MDR). Several mobile colistin resistance genes (including, mcr-1, mcr-1.1, mcr-2, mcr-2.1, mcr-3, mcr-3.1, mcr-4.1, mcr-4.3, mcr-5.1, mcr-6.1, mcr-7.1, mcr-8.1, and mcr-10.1) and carbapenemase encoding genes (including, blaOXA-48, blaOXA-55, blaNDM, blaKPC, blaIMI, blaAIM, blaVIM, and blaIMP) have been detected in aquatic farms in different countries. The majority of these were carried on MDR Incompatibility (Inc) plasmids including IncA/C, and IncX4, which have been associated with a wide host range of different sources. Thus, there is a risk for the possible spread of resistance genes between fish, their environments, and humans. These findings highlight the need to monitor and regulate the usage of antimicrobials in aquaculture. A multisectoral and transdisciplinary (One Health) approach is urgently needed to reduce the spread of resistant bacteria and/or resistance genes originating in aquaculture and avoid their global reach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roa Memesh
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Yasir
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ruth G Ledder
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Hosam Zowawi
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdul-Aziz University for Health Science (KSAU-HS), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Centre (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andrew J McBain
- School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Esam I Azhar
- Special Infectious Agents Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Salgueiro V, Manageiro V, Rosado T, Bandarra NM, Botelho MJ, Dias E, Caniça M. Snapshot of resistome, virulome and mobilome in aquaculture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166351. [PMID: 37604365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture environments can be hotspots for resistance genes through the surrounding environment. Our objective was to study the resistome, virulome and mobilome of Gram-negative bacteria isolated in seabream and bivalve molluscs, using a WGS approach. Sixty-six Gram-negative strains (Aeromonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae, Hafniaceae, Morganellaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Shewanellaceae, Vibrionaceae, and Yersiniaceae families) were selected for genomic characterization. The species and MLST were determined, and antibiotic/disinfectants/heavy metals resistance genes, virulence determinants, MGE, and pathogenicity to humans were investigated. Our study revealed new sequence-types (e.g. Aeromonas spp. ST879, ST880, ST881, ST882, ST883, ST887, ST888; Shewanella spp. ST40, ST57, ST58, ST60, ST61, ST62; Vibrio spp. ST206, ST205). >140 different genes were identified in the resistome of seabream and bivalve molluscs, encompassing genes associated with β-lactams, tetracyclines, aminoglycosides, quinolones, sulfonamides, trimethoprim, phenicols, macrolides and fosfomycin resistance. Disinfectant resistance genes qacE-type, sitABCD-type and formA-type were found. Heavy metals resistance genes mdt, acr and sil stood out as the most frequent. Most resistance genes were associated with antibiotics/disinfectants/heavy metals commonly used in aquaculture settings. We also identified 25 different genes related with increased virulence, namely associated with adherence, colonization, toxins production, red blood cell lysis, iron metabolism, escape from the immune system of the host. Furthermore, 74.2 % of the strains analysed were considered pathogenic to humans. We investigated the genetic environment of several antibiotic resistance genes, including blaTEM-1B, blaFOX-18, aph(3″)-Ib, dfrA-type, aadA1, catA1-type, tet(A)/(E), qnrB19 and sul1/2. Our analysis also focused on identifying MGE in proximity to these genes (e.g. IntI1, plasmids and TnAs), which could potentially facilitate the spread of resistance among bacteria across different environments. This study provides a comprehensive examination of the diversity of resistance genes that can be transferred to both humans and the environment, with the recognition that aquaculture and the broader environment play crucial roles as intermediaries within this complex transmission network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Salgueiro
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; AL4AnimalS, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Portugal
| | - Vera Manageiro
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; AL4AnimalS, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Portugal
| | - Tânia Rosado
- Laboratory of Biology and Ecotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Narcisa M Bandarra
- Division of Aquaculture, Upgrading and Bioprospecting, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, IPMA, Lisbon, Portugal; CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Maria João Botelho
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal; Division of Oceanography and Marine Environment, Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elsa Dias
- Laboratory of Biology and Ecotoxicology, Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Manuela Caniça
- National Reference Laboratory of Antibiotic Resistances and Healthcare Associated Infections, Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr. Ricardo Jorge, Lisbon, Portugal; Centre for the Studies of Animal Science, Institute of Agrarian and Agri-Food Sciences and Technologies, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal; AL4AnimalS, Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Portugal; CIISA, Center for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal.
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Xiang J, Wang SW, Tao Y, Ye JZ, Liang Y, Peng XX, Yang LF, Li H. A glucose-mediated antibiotic resistance metabolic flux from glycolysis, the pyruvate cycle, and glutamate metabolism to purine metabolism. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1267729. [PMID: 37915850 PMCID: PMC10616527 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1267729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Bacterial metabolic environment influences antibiotic killing efficacy. Thus, a full understanding for the metabolic resistance mechanisms is especially important to combat antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Methods Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification-based proteomics approach was employed to compare proteomes between ceftazidime-resistant and -sensitive Edwarsiella tarda LTB4 (LTB4-RCAZ and LTB4-S, respectively). Results This analysis suggested the possibility that the ceftazidime resistance mediated by depressed glucose is implemented through an inefficient metabolic flux from glycolysis, the pyruvate cycle, glutamate metabolism to purine metabolism. The inefficient flux was demonstrated by the reduced expression of genes and the decreased activity of enzymes in the four metabolic pathways. However, supplement upstream glucose and downstream guanosine separately restored ceftazidime killing, which not only supports the conclusion that the inefficient metabolic flux is responsible for the resistance, but also provides an effective approach to reverse the resistance. In addition, the present study showed that ceftazidime is bound to pts promoter in E. tarda. Discussion Our study highlights the way in fully understanding metabolic resistance mechanisms and establishing metabolites-based metabolic reprogramming to combat antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Shi-wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-zhou Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Liang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan-xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
- Guangdong Litai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Jieyang, China
| | - Li-fen Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Control, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
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Freire S, Grilo T, Rodrigues B, Oliveira R, Esteves C, Marques A, Poirel L, Aires-de-Sousa M. ESBL- and Carbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae among Bivalves from Portuguese Shellfish Production Areas. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020415. [PMID: 36838380 PMCID: PMC9965403 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalves are filter-feeding organisms and biomarkers of bacterial pollution. Our study aimed to analyze the occurrence and characteristics of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and carbapenemase-producing Escherichia coli among bivalves. A total of 522 bivalve samples were collected along Portuguese shellfish production areas. Homogenized samples were screened for E. coli contamination on corresponding selective plates, allowing for concomitant growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae. E. coli growth was observed in 39% of the samples. Subsequent selective screening identified nine samples (4.4%) contaminated with ESBL producers, corresponding to E. coli (n = 7) and K. pneumoniae (n = 2), while a single carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (0.5%) was identified. ESBLs were all CTX-M-types commonly identified in human isolates, i.e., CTX-M-32 (n = 4), CTX-M-15 (n = 4), and CTX-M-14 (n = 1). The carbapenemase producer harbored the blaGES-5 gene located on a ColE plasmid. Clonality was evaluated by multilocus sequence typing, identifying E. coli backgrounds as ST10, ST23, ST540, ST617, ST746, SLV206, and SLV2325, commonly identified among environmental and human strains. The K. pneumoniae isolates belonged to ST834, ST15, and DLV644. The occurrence of ESBL- and carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in bivalves reveals how the marine environment constitutes a reservoir of critical bacterial pathogens, thus potentially representing a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samanta Freire
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Portuguese Red Cross, 1600-680 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Grilo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Portuguese Red Cross, 1600-680 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruna Rodrigues
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Portuguese Red Cross, 1600-680 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Oliveira
- Instituto Português do Mar e Atmosfera, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carla Esteves
- Instituto Português do Mar e Atmosfera, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Marques
- Instituto Português do Mar e Atmosfera, 1495-165 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Laurent Poirel
- Medical and Molecular Microbiology Unit, Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- INSERM European Unit (IAME, France), University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss National Reference Center for Emerging Antibiotic Resistance (NARA), 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Marta Aires-de-Sousa
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Portuguese Red Cross, 1600-680 Lisboa, Portugal
- Escola Superior de Saúde da Cruz Vermelha Portuguesa—Lisboa (ESSCVP-Lisboa), 1300-125 Lisboa, Portugal
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier (ITQB), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-918184751
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Kijewska A, Koroza A, Grudlewska-Buda K, Kijewski T, Wiktorczyk-Kapischke N, Zorena K, Skowron K. Molluscs-A ticking microbial bomb. Front Microbiol 2023; 13:1061223. [PMID: 36699600 PMCID: PMC9868776 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1061223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bivalve shellfish consumption (ark shells, clams, cockles, and oysters) has increased over the last decades. Following this trend, infectious disease outbreaks associated with their consumption have been reported more frequently. Molluscs are a diverse group of organisms found wild and farmed. They are common on our tables, but unfortunately, despite their great taste, they can also pose a threat as a potential vector for numerous species of pathogenic microorganisms. Clams, in particular, might be filled with pathogens because of their filter-feeding diet. This specific way of feeding favors the accumulation of excessive amounts of pathogenic microorganisms like Vibrio spp., including Vibrio cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Arcobacter spp., and fecal coliforms, and intestinal enterococci. The problems of pathogen dissemination and disease outbreaks caused by exogenous bacteria in many geographical regions quickly became an unwanted effect of globalized food supply chains, global climate change, and natural pathogen transmission dynamics. Moreover, some pathogens like Shewanella spp., with high zoonotic potential, are spreading worldwide along with food transport. These bacteria, contained in food, are also responsible for the potential transmission of antibiotic-resistance genes to species belonging to the human microbiota. Finally, they end up in wastewater, thus colonizing new areas, which enables them to introduce new antibiotic-resistance genes (ARG) into the environment and extend the existing spectrum of ARGs already present in local biomes. Foodborne pathogens require modern methods of detection. Similarly, detecting ARGs is necessary to prevent resistance dissemination in new environments, thus preventing future outbreaks, which could threaten associated consumers and workers in the food processing industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Kijewska
- Department of Immunobiology and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Koroza
- Department of Climate and Ocean Research and Education Laboratory, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Science, Sopot, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Grudlewska-Buda
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kijewski
- Department of Climate and Ocean Research and Education Laboratory, Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Science, Sopot, Poland
| | - Natalia Wiktorczyk-Kapischke
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Zorena
- Department of Immunobiology and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Maritime and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Skowron
- Department of Microbiology, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum, Bydgoszcz, Poland,*Correspondence: Krzysztof Skowron,
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Miranda CD, Concha C, Godoy FA, Lee MR. Aquatic Environments as Hotspots of Transferable Low-Level Quinolone Resistance and Their Potential Contribution to High-Level Quinolone Resistance. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:1487. [PMID: 36358142 PMCID: PMC9687057 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11111487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The disposal of antibiotics in the aquatic environment favors the selection of bacteria exhibiting antibiotic resistance mechanisms. Quinolones are bactericidal antimicrobials extensively used in both human and animal medicine. Some of the quinolone-resistance mechanisms are encoded by different bacterial genes, whereas others are the result of mutations in the enzymes on which those antibiotics act. The worldwide occurrence of quinolone resistance genes in aquatic environments has been widely reported, particularly in areas impacted by urban discharges. The most commonly reported quinolone resistance gene, qnr, encodes for the Qnr proteins that protect DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV from quinolone activity. It is important to note that low-level resistance usually constitutes the first step in the development of high-level resistance, because bacteria carrying these genes have an adaptive advantage compared to the highly susceptible bacterial population in environments with low concentrations of this antimicrobial group. In addition, these genes can act additively with chromosomal mutations in the sequences of the target proteins of quinolones leading to high-level quinolone resistance. The occurrence of qnr genes in aquatic environments is most probably caused by the release of bacteria carrying these genes through anthropogenic pollution and maintained by the selective activity of antimicrobial residues discharged into these environments. This increase in the levels of quinolone resistance has consequences both in clinical settings and the wider aquatic environment, where there is an increased exposure risk to the general population, representing a significant threat to the efficacy of quinolone-based human and animal therapies. In this review the potential role of aquatic environments as reservoirs of the qnr genes, their activity in reducing the susceptibility to various quinolones, and the possible ways these genes contribute to the acquisition and spread of high-level resistance to quinolones will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D. Miranda
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Christopher Concha
- Laboratorio de Patobiología Acuática, Departamento de Acuicultura, Universidad Católica del Norte, Coquimbo 1780000, Chile
| | - Félix A. Godoy
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
| | - Matthew R. Lee
- Centro i~mar, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
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