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Panzade P, Wagh A, Harale P, Bhilwade S. Pharmaceutical cocrystals: a rising star in drug delivery applications. J Drug Target 2024; 32:115-127. [PMID: 38164658 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2023.2300690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical cocrystals, owing to their manifold applications, are acting as bridge between drug discovery and pharmaceutical product development. The ability to scale up pharmaceutical cocrystals through continuous manufacturing approaches offers superior and economic pharmaceutical products. Moreover, cocrystals can be an aid for the nanoparticulate systems to solve the issues related to scale-up and cost. Cocrystals grabbed attention of academic researchers and pharmaceutical scientist due to their potential to target various diseases like cancer. The present review is mainly focussed on the diverse and comprehensive applications of pharmaceutical cocrystals in drug delivery including solubility and dissolution enhancement, improvement of bioavailability of drug, mechanical and flow properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients, controlled/sustained release and colour tuning of API. Besides, phytochemical based cocrystals, multi-drug cocrystals and cocrystals for tumour therapy have been discussed in this review. Additionally, recent progress pertinent to pharmaceutical cocrystals is also included, which may provide future directions to manufacturing and scale-up of cocrystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabhakar Panzade
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, India
| | - Anita Wagh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, India
| | - Pratiksha Harale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, India
| | - Sumeet Bhilwade
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Srinath College of Pharmacy, Aurangabad, India
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Mohamed MAF, Benjamin I, Okon GA, Ahmad I, Khan SAPM, Patel H, Agwamba EC, Louis H. Insights into in-vitro studies and molecular modelling of the antimicrobial efficiency of 4-chlorobenzaldehyde and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde derivatives. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2024; 42:6042-6064. [PMID: 37504959 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2023.2239917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Owing to the significant gap in the knowledge and understanding of the mechanisms of antimicrobial action and the development of resistance, the optimization of antimicrobial therapies therefore becomes a necessity. It is on this note, that this study seeks to both experimentally and theoretically investigate the antimicrobial efficiency of two synthesized compounds namely; 1-((4-methoxyphenyl) (morpholino)methyl)thiourea (MR1) and diethyl 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-2,6-diphenyl-1,4-dihydropyridine-3,5-dicarboxylate (HRC). Utilizing the density functional theory (DFT), the compounds were optimized at ωB97XD/6-31++G(2d, 2p) level of theory. This provided a clear explanation for their distinct reactivity and stability potentials. More so, the natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis confirmed strong intra and intermolecular interactions, which agreed with the calculated reactivity parameters and density of states (DOS). Upon assessing the antimicrobial efficacy of the synthesized compounds, it was found that they exhibited lower activity against Enterobacter and A. niger, but considerable activity against Moraxella. In contrast, they showed higher activity against B. subtilis and Trichophyton, indicating that the compounds are more effective against gram-positive bacteria than gram-negative ones. Hence, it can be asserted that the synthesized compounds have superior antifungal action than antibacterial activity. A fascinating aspect of the data is that they show interactions that are incredibly insightful, totally correlating with the simulations of both molecular docking and molecular dynamics. Therefore, the alignment between experimental findings and computational simulations strengthens the validity of the study's conclusions, emphasizing the significance of the synthesized compounds in the context of optimizing antimicrobial therapies.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashood A F Mohamed
- PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
| | - Innocent Benjamin
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Gideon A Okon
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Iqrar Ahmad
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Prof. Ravindra Nikam College of Pharmacy, Dhule, Maharashtra, India
| | - Syed A P M Khan
- PG and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College (Autonomous), Affiliated to Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Harun Patel
- Division of Computer Aided Drug Design, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, R. C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Ernest C Agwamba
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
| | - Hitler Louis
- Computational and Bio-Simulation Research Group, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Calabar, Calabar, Nigeria
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, Tamil Nadu, India
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Kadri L, Carta M, Lampronti G, Delogu F, Tajber L. Mechanochemically Induced Solid-State Transformations of Levofloxacin. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:2838-2853. [PMID: 38662637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.4c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Levofloxacin hemihydrate (LVXh) is a complex fluoroquinolone drug that exists in both hydrated and anhydrous/dehydrated forms. Due to the complexity of such a compound, the primary aim of this study was to investigate the amorphization capabilities and solid-state transformations of LVXh when exposed to mechanical treatment using ball milling. Spray drying was utilized as a comparative method for investigating the capabilities of complete LVX amorphous (LVXam) formation. The solid states of the samples produced were comprehensively characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy, Rietveld method, and dynamic vapor sorption. The kinetics of the process and the quantification of phases at different time points were conducted by Rietveld refinement. The impact of the different mills, milling conditions, and parameters on the composition of the resulting powders was examined. A kinetic investigation of samples produced using both mills disclosed that it was in fact possible to partially amorphize LVXh upon mechanical treatment. It was discovered that LVXh first transformed to the anhydrous/dehydrated form γ (LVXγ), as an intermediate phase, before converting to LVXam. The mechanism of LVXam formation by ball milling was successfully revealed, and a new method of forming LVXγ and LVXam by mechanical forces was developed. Spray drying from water depicted that complete amorphization of LVXh was possible. The amorphous form of LVX had a glass transition temperature of 80 °C. The comparison of methods highlighted that the formation of LVXam is thus both mechanism- and process-dependent. Dynamic vapor sorption studies of both LVXam samples showed comparable stability properties and crystallized to the most stable hemihydrate form upon analysis. In summary, this work contributed to the detailed understanding of solid-state transformations of essential fluoroquinolones while employing greener and more sustainable manufacturing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Kadri
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland
- The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals (SSPC), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Maria Carta
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, CSGI Research Unit, via Marengo 2, Cagliari 09123, Italy
| | - Giulio Lampronti
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Francesco Delogu
- Department of Mechanical, Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Cagliari, CSGI Research Unit, via Marengo 2, Cagliari 09123, Italy
| | - Lidia Tajber
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, College Green, Dublin 2 D02 PN40, Ireland
- The Science Foundation Ireland Research Centre for Pharmaceuticals (SSPC), Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
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Ueda H, Hirakawa Y, Miyano T, Nakayama Y, Hatanaka Y, Uchiyama H, Tozuka Y, Kadota K. Improvement in Inhalation Properties of Theophylline and Levofloxacin by Co-Amorphization and Enhancement in Its Stability by Addition of Amino Acid as a Third Component. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:6368-6379. [PMID: 37942959 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c00756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Co-amorphous systems are amorphous formulations stabilized by the miscible dispersion of small molecules. This study aimed to design a stable co-amorphous system for the co-delivery of two drugs to the lungs as an inhaled formulation. Theophylline (THE) and levofloxacin (LEV) were used as model drugs for treating lung infection with inflammation. Leucine (LEU) or tryptophan (TRP) was employed as the third component to improve the inhalation properties. The co-amorphous system containing THE and LEV in an equal molar ratio was successfully prepared via spray drying where reduction of the particle size and change to the spherical morphology were observed. The addition of LEU or TRP at a one-tenth molar ratio to THE-LEV did not affect the formation of the co-amorphous system, but only TRP acted as an antiplasticizer. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra revealed intermolecular interactions between THE and LEV in the co-amorphous system that were retained after the addition of LEU or TRP. The co-amorphous THE-LEV system exhibited better in vitro aerodynamic performance than a physical mixture of these compounds and permitted the simultaneous delivery of both drugs in various stages. The co-amorphous THE-LEV system crystallized at 40 °C, and this crystallization was not prevented by LEU. However, THE-LEV-TRP maintained its amorphous state for 1 month. Thus, TRP can act as a third component to improve the physical stability of the co-amorphous THE-LEV system, while maintaining the enhanced aerodynamic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ueda
- Analysis and Evaluation Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yuya Hirakawa
- Analysis and Evaluation Laboratory, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Miyano
- Laboratory for Medicinal Chemistry Research, Shionogi & Co., Ltd., Osaka 561-0825, Japan
| | - Yuzuki Nakayama
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yuta Hatanaka
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Hiromasa Uchiyama
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tozuka
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
| | - Kazunori Kadota
- Department of Formulation Design and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka 569-1094, Japan
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Xia Y, Lu Y, Qian S, Zhang J, Gao Y, Wei Y, Heng W. An efficient cocrystallization strategy for separation of dihydromyricetin from vine tea and enhanced its antibacterial activity for food preserving application. Food Chem 2023; 426:136525. [PMID: 37321122 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.136525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to optimize the separation and purification of dihydromyricetin (DMY) from vine tea to obtain high purity, antibacterial and antioxidant crystal forms. We developed a cocrystallization approach for separation of DMY from vine tea with easy operation and high efficiency. The type and concentration of co-formers as well as solvent for separation have been investigated in detail. Under the optimal conditions, DMY with a purity of 92.41% and its two co-crystal forms (purity >97%) can be obtained. Three DMY crystal forms had consistent and good antioxidant activities according to DPPH radical scavenging results. DMY had effective antibacterial activity against the two kinds of drug-resistant bacteria including CRAB and MRSA, and DMY co-crystals had a greater advantage than DMY itself on CRAB. This work implies that cocrystallization can be used for the DMY separation and enhanced its anti-drug-resistant bacteria activity in food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Xia
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Yan Lu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Shuai Qian
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China
| | - Yuan Gao
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
| | - Yuanfeng Wei
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
| | - Weili Heng
- School of Traditional Chinese Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, PR China.
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Nugrahani I, Herawati D, Wibowo MS. The Benefits and Challenges of Antibiotics-Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Non-Covalent Reaction. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093672. [PMID: 37175082 PMCID: PMC10179822 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, non-covalent reactions have emerged as approaches to improve the physicochemical properties of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), including antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). This review aimed to present and discuss the non-covalent reaction products of antibiotics, including salt and neutral multi-component solid forms, by framing their substituents and molar ratios, manufacturing techniques, characterization methods, benefits, potency changes, and toxicity, and is completed with an analysis of the development of computational models used in this field. Based on the data, NSAIDs are the most-developed drugs in multi-component system preparations, followed by antibiotics, i.e., antituberculosis and fluoroquinolones. They have reacted with inorganic elements, excipients, nutraceuticals, natural products, and other drugs. However, in terms of treatments for common infections, fluoroquinolones are more frequently used. Generally, NSAIDs are acquired on an over-the-counter basis, causing inappropriate medication. In addition, the pKa differences between the two groups of medicine offer the potential for them to react non-covalently. Hence, this review highlights fluoroquinolone-NSAID multi-component solid systems, which offer some benefits. These systems can increase patient compliance and promote the appropriate monitoring of drug usage; the dual drug multi-component solids have been proven to improve the physicochemical properties of one or both components, especially in terms of solubility and stability. In addition, some reports show an enhancement of the antibiotic activity of the products. However, it is important to consider the possibility of activity changes, interaction, and toxicity when using drug combinations. Hence, these aspects also are discussed in this review. Finally, we present computational modeling, which has been utilized broadly to support multi-component system designs, including coformer screening, preparation methods, and structural modeling, as well as to predict physicochemical properties, potency, and toxicity. This integrated review is expected to be useful for further antibiotic-NSAID multi-component system development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilma Nugrahani
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Diar Herawati
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
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Stability and Antibiotic Potency Improvement of Levofloxacin by Producing New Salts with 2,6- and 3,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid and Their Comprehensive Structural Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010124. [PMID: 36678753 PMCID: PMC9861140 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, solid-state engineering has become a promising approach to improving the stability and potency of antibiotics. Levofloxacin (LF) is a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone antibiotic marketed in solid and solution dosage forms. However, this substance forms solid hydrates under ambient conditions and degrades due to lighting, which may change its solid properties and dose. In addition, resistance cases have been reported due to long-time antibiotic usage. This research aims to allow LF to react with antioxidant dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHBA), which has low antimicrobial activity, to produce a more stable compound under water and lighting conditions and improve LF's potency. The experiment begins with a screening to select potential DHBA isomers that can react with LF and predict the stoichiometric ratio using phase diagrams, which show that 2,6-DHBA and 3,5-DHBA are prospective antioxidants that can react with LF in a (1:1) molar ratio. Multicomponent systems are prepared by dissolving the LF-DHBA mixture in (1:1) ethanol-methanol (95% grade) and evaporating it. Then, the new solid phase formation is confirmed by thermal analysis and powder X-ray diffractometry. Next, infrared spectrophotometry and neutron magnetic resonance analyses are used to identify the LF-DHBA's interactions. Finally, single-crystal X-ray diffractometry is used to solve the three-dimensional structure of the multicomponent system. We then conduct a hygroscopicity and stability test followed by a lighting and potency test using the microdilution method. Our data reveal that both reactions produce salts, which are named LF-26 and LF-35, respectively. Structurally, LF-26 is found in an anhydrous form with a triclinic crystal packing, while LF-35 is a hemihydrate in a monoclinic system. Afterward, both salts are proven more stable regarding water adsorption and UV lighting than LF. Finally, both multicomponent systems have an approximately two-fold higher antibiotic potency than LF. LF-26 and LF-35 are suitable for further development in solid and liquid dosage formulations, especially LF-35, which has superior stability compared with LF-26.
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Pharmaceutical cocrystal of antibiotic drugs: A comprehensive review. Heliyon 2022; 8:e11872. [DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e11872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
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Peng K, Li M, Himawan A, Domínguez-Robles J, Vora LK, Duncan R, Dai X, Zhang C, Zhao L, Li L, Larrañeta E, Donnelly RF. Amphotericin B- and Levofloxacin-Loaded Chitosan Films for Potential Use in Antimicrobial Wound Dressings: Analytical Method Development and Its Application. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2497. [PMID: 36432684 PMCID: PMC9693580 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14112497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Levofloxacin (LVX) and amphotericin B (AMB) have been widely used to treat bacterial and fungal infections in the clinic. Herein, we report, for the first time, chitosan films loaded with AMB and LVX as wound dressings to combat antimicrobial infections. Additionally, we developed and validated a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method coupled with a UV detector to simultaneously quantify both AMB and LVX. The method is easy, precise, accurate and linear for both drugs at a concentration range of 0.7-5 µg/mL. The validated method was used to analyse the drug release, ex vivo deposition and permeation from the chitosan films. LVX was released completely from the chitosan film after a week, while approximately 60% of the AMB was released. Ex vivo deposition study revealed that, after 24-hour application, 20.96 ± 13.54 µg of LVX and approximately 0.35 ± 0.04 µg of AMB was deposited in porcine skin. Approximately 0.58 ± 0.16 µg of LVX permeated through the skin. AMB was undetectable in the receptor compartment due to its poor solubility and permeability. Furthermore, chitosan films loaded with AMB and LVX were found to be able to inhibit the growth of both Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus, indicating their potential for antimicrobial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Mingshan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Achmad Himawan
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Hasanuddin University, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Juan Domínguez-Robles
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Lalitkumar K. Vora
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ross Duncan
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Xianbing Dai
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Chunyang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Li Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Luchi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Eneko Larrañeta
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
| | - Ryan F. Donnelly
- School of Pharmacy, Queen’s University Belfast, Medical Biology Centre, 97 Lisburn Road, Belfast BT9 7BL, UK
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