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Singh D, Jadon KS, Verma A, Kakani RK. Harnessing nature's defenders: unveiling the potential of microbial consortia for plant defense induction against Alternaria blight in cumin. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2024:10.1007/s12223-024-01191-y. [PMID: 39212847 DOI: 10.1007/s12223-024-01191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Present study was aimed to develop an efficient microbial consortium for combating Alternaria blight disease in cumin. The research involved isolating biocontrol agents against Alternaria burnsii, characterizing their biocontrol and growth promotion traits, and assessing compatibility. A pot experiment was conducted during rabi season of 2022-2023 to evaluate the bioefficacy of four biocontrol agents (1F, 16B, 31B, and 223B) individually and in consortium, focusing on disease severity, plant growth promotion, and defense responses in cumin challenged with A. burnsii. Microbial isolates 1F, 16B, 31B, and 223B significantly inhibited A. burnsii growth in dual plate assays (~ 86%), displaying promising biocontrol and plant growth promotion activities. They were identified as Trichoderma afroharzianum 1F, Aneurinibacillus aneurinilyticus 16B, Pseudomonas lalkuanensis 31B, and Bacillus licheniformis 223B, respectively. The excellent compatibility was observed among all selected biocontrol agents. Cumin plants treated with consortia of 1F + 16B + 31B + 223B showed least percent disease index (32.47%) and highest percent disease control (64.87%). Consortia of biocontrol agents significantly enhanced production of secondary metabolites (total phenol, flavonoids, antioxidant, and tannin) and activation of antioxidant-defense enzymes (POX, PPOX, CAT, SOD, PAL, and TAL) compared to individual biocontrol treatment and infected control. Moreover, consortium treatments effectively reduced electrolyte leakage over the individual biocontrol agent and infected control treatment. The four-microbe consortium significantly enhanced chlorophyll (154%), carotenoid content (88%), plant height (78.77%), dry weight (72.81%), and seed yield (104%) compared to infected control. Based on these findings, this environmentally friendly four-microbe consortium may be recommended for managing Alternaria blight in cumin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Singh
- Division of Plant Improvement and Pest Management, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, 342003, India.
| | - Kuldeep Singh Jadon
- Division of Plant Improvement and Pest Management, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, 342003, India
| | - Aman Verma
- Division of Plant Improvement and Pest Management, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, 342003, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Kakani
- Division of Plant Improvement and Pest Management, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, 342003, India
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Singh D, Jadon KS, Verma A, Geat N, Sharma R, Meena KK, Kakani RK. Formulations of synergistic microbial consortia for enhanced systemic resistance against Fusarium wilt in cumin. Int Microbiol 2024:10.1007/s10123-024-00553-3. [PMID: 39020234 DOI: 10.1007/s10123-024-00553-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
The study aimed to understand the dynamic interplay between plants and their associated microbes to develop an efficient microbial consortium for managing Fusarium wilt of cumin. A total of 601 rhizospheric and endophytic bacteria and fungi were screened for antagonistic activity against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cumini (Foc). Subsequently, ten bacteria and ten fungi were selected for characterizing their growth promotion traits and ability to withstand abiotic stress. Furthermore, a pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the bioefficacy of promising biocontrol isolates-1F, 16B, 31B, and 223B in mono and consortium mode, focusing on disease severity, plant growth, and defense responses in cumin challenged with Foc. Promising isolates were identified as Trichoderma atrobruneum 15F, Pseudomonas sp. 2B, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens 9B, and Bacillus velezensis 32B. In planta, results revealed that cumin plants treated with consortia of 15F, 2B, 9B, and 32B showed highest percent disease control (76.35%) in pot experiment. Consortia of biocontrol agents significantly enhanced production of secondary metabolites and activation of antioxidant-defense enzymes compared to individual strain. Moreover, consortium treatments effectively reduced electrolyte leakage over the individual strain and positive control. The four-microbe consortium significantly enhanced chlorophyll (~ 2.74-fold), carotenoid content (~ 2.14-fold), plant height (~ 1.8-fold), dry weight (~ 1.96-fold), and seed yield (~ 19-fold) compared to positive control in pot experiment. Similarly, four microbe consortia showed highest percent disease control (72.2%) over the positive control in field trial. Moreover, plant growth, biomass, yield, and yield attributes of cumin were also significantly increased in field trial over the positive control as well as negative control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devendra Singh
- Division of Pant Improvement and Pest Management, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, 342003, Rajasthan, India.
| | - Kuldeep Singh Jadon
- Division of Pant Improvement and Pest Management, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, 342003, Rajasthan, India
| | - Aman Verma
- Division of Pant Improvement and Pest Management, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, 342003, Rajasthan, India
| | - Neelam Geat
- Department of Plant Pathology, Agricultural Research Station, Mandor, Agriculture University Jodhpur, Jodhpur, 342304, India
| | - Rajneesh Sharma
- Division of Pant Improvement and Pest Management, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, 342003, Rajasthan, India
| | - Kamlesh Kumar Meena
- Division of Integrated Farming Systems, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, 342003, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar Kakani
- Division of Pant Improvement and Pest Management, ICAR-Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, 342003, Rajasthan, India
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Sun Y, Yan Y, Yan S, Li F, Li Y, Yan L, Yang D, Peng Z, Yang B, Sun J, Xu J, Dong Y, Bai Y. Prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility, and genomic analysis of Vibrio alginolyticus isolated from seafood and freshwater products in China. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1381457. [PMID: 39050630 PMCID: PMC11266014 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1381457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction This study characterized Vibrio alginolyticus isolated from seafood and freshwater products in China (2020). Methods and Results In total, 122 (95.31%) V. alginolyticus isolates were resistant to at least 1 antibiotic category, and 2 (1.56%) isolates were resistant to at least 3 antibiotic categories and belong to multi-drug resistance (MDR) isolates. A high prevalence rate was observed to be blaCARB (98.04%) encoding beta-lactam resistance, followed by tet (97.06%) encoding tetracycline resistance and fos (4.90%) encoding resistance to fosfomycin. Among the 57 V. alginolyticus isolates, the commonest virulence genes were type III secretion system translocated gene vopD, vopB, and vcrH (54.4%, 31/57), type III secretion system regulated gene tyeA (54.39%), followed by vscI and vscF (50.88%) encoded type III secretion system inner rod protein and needle protein, respectively. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) showed considerable genetic diversity, with 34 distinct sequence types (STs) identified among 55 isolates. ST421 (n = 5), ST166 (n = 4), ST523 (n = 3), ST516 (n = 3), and ST507 (n = 3) were dominant STs among 55 V. alginolyticus isolates. Discussion These findings highlight the widespread occurrence of V. alginolyticus in both freshwater and seafood products, underscoring the critical need for vigilant monitoring of these bacteria. Such measures are essential for ensuring effective food safety management and safeguarding public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Sun
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Centre for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
- School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yanfei Yan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Shaofei Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Centre for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Fengqin Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Centre for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Centre for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yan
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Centre for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Dajin Yang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Centre for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zixin Peng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Centre for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Baowei Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jiali Sun
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Xianyang, China
| | - Jin Xu
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Centre for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Centre for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Bai
- NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, China National Centre for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
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Qiu K, Wang S, Duan F, Sang Z, Wei S, Liu H, Tan H. Rosemary: Unrevealing an old aromatic crop as a new source of promising functional food additive-A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2024; 23:e13273. [PMID: 38284599 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.13273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is one of the most famous spice plants belonging to the Lamiaceae family as a remarkably beautiful horticultural plant and economically agricultural crop. The essential oil of rosemary has been enthusiastically welcome in the whole world for hundreds of years. Now, it is wildly prevailing as a promising functional food additive for human health. More importantly, due to its significant aroma, food, and nutritional value, rosemary also plays an essential role in the food/feed additive and food packaging industries. Modern industrial development and fundamental scientific research have extensively revealed its unique phytochemical constituents with biologically meaningful activities, which closely related to diverse human health functions. In this review, we provide a comprehensively systematic perspective on rosemary by summarizing the structures of various pharmacological and nutritional components, biologically functional activities and their molecular regulatory networks required in food developments, and the recent advances in their applications in the food industry. Finally, the temporary limitations and future research trends regarding the development of rosemary components are also discussed and prospected. Hence, the review covering the fundamental research advances and developing prospects of rosemary is a desirable demand to facilitate their better understanding, and it will also serve as a reference to provide many insights for the future promotion of the research and development of functional foods related to rosemary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaidi Qiu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Sasa Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry and Engineering of Forest Products, Guangxi University for Nationalities, Nanning, China
| | - Fangfang Duan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihuan Sang
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Wei
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hongxin Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Tan
- Key Laboratory of South China Agricultural Plant Molecular Analysis and Genetic Improvement, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Applied Botany, South China Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
- National Engineering Research Center of Navel Orange, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
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Sulieman AME, Abdallah EM, Alanazi NA, Ed-Dra A, Jamal A, Idriss H, Alshammari AS, Shommo SAM. Spices as Sustainable Food Preservatives: A Comprehensive Review of Their Antimicrobial Potential. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:1451. [PMID: 37895922 PMCID: PMC10610427 DOI: 10.3390/ph16101451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Throughout history, spices have been employed for their pharmaceutical attributes and as a culinary enhancement. The food industry widely employs artificial preservatives to retard the deterioration induced by microbial proliferation, enzymatic processes, and oxidative reactions. Nevertheless, the utilization of these synthetic preservatives in food products has given rise to significant apprehension among consumers, primarily stemming from the potential health risks that they pose. These risks encompass a spectrum of adverse effects, including but not limited to gastrointestinal disorders, the disruption of gut microbiota, allergic reactions, respiratory complications, and concerns regarding their carcinogenic properties. Consequently, consumers are displaying an increasing reluctance to purchase preserved food items that contain such additives. Spices, known for their antimicrobial value, are investigated for their potential as food preservatives. The review assesses 25 spice types for their inherent antimicrobial properties and their applicability in inhibiting various foodborne microorganisms and suggests further future investigations regarding their use as possible natural food preservatives that could offer safer, more sustainable methods for extending shelf life. Future research should delve deeper into the use of natural antimicrobials, such as spices, to not only replace synthetic preservatives but also optimize their application in food safety and shelf-life extension. Moreover, there is a need for continuous innovation in encapsulation technologies for antimicrobial agents. Developing cost-effective and efficient methods, along with scaling up production processes, will be crucial to competing with traditional antimicrobial options in terms of both efficacy and affordability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdel Moneim E. Sulieman
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55473, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (A.J.)
| | - Emad M. Abdallah
- Department of Science Laboratories, College of Science and Arts, Qassim University, Ar Rass 51921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Naimah Asid Alanazi
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55473, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (A.J.)
| | - Abdelaziz Ed-Dra
- Laboratory of Engineering and Applied Technologies, Higher School of Technology, M’ghila Campus, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni Mellal 23000, Morocco;
| | - Arshad Jamal
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Ha’il, Ha’il 55473, Saudi Arabia; (N.A.A.); (A.J.)
| | - Hajo Idriss
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh 11623, Saudi Arabia;
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Marin-Tinoco RI, Ortega-Ramírez AT, Esteban-Mendez M, Silva-Marrufo O, Barragan-Ledesma LE, Valenzuela-Núñez LM, Briceño-Contreras EA, Sariñana-Navarrete MA, Camacho-Luis A, Navarrete-Molina C. Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activity of Mexican Oregano Essential Oil, Extracted from Plants Occurring Naturally in Semiarid Areas and Cultivated in the Field and Greenhouse in Northern Mexico. Molecules 2023; 28:6547. [PMID: 37764323 PMCID: PMC10536881 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the determination of the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of essential oils in wild plants, such as Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens Kunth), has become increasingly important. The objective was to compare the antioxidant and antibacterial activity of Mexican oregano essential oil obtained from plants occurring naturally in semiarid areas (Wild1 and Wild2), and those cultivated in the field (CField) and greenhouse (CGreenhouse) in northern Mexico. The Mexican oregano essential oil extraction was performed using the hydrodistillation method, the antioxidant activity was determined using the ABTS method, and the antibacterial activity was assessed through bioassays under the microwell method at nine different concentrations. The aim was to determine the diameter of the inhibition zone and, consequently, understand the sensitivity level for four bacterial species. The results revealed an antioxidant activity ranging from 90% to 94% at the sampling sites, with Wild1 standing out for having the highest average antioxidant activity values. Likewise, six out of the nine concentrations analyzed showed some degree of sensitivity for all the sampling sites. In this regard, the 25 µL mL-1 concentration showed the highest diameter of inhibition zone values, highlighting the Wild2 site, which showed an average diameter greater than 30 mm for the four bacteria tested. Only in the case of S. typhi did the CGreenhouse site surpass the Wild2, with an average diameter of the inhibition zone of 36.7 mm. These findings contribute to the search for new antioxidant and antibacterial options, addressing the challenges that humanity faces in the quest for opportunities to increase life expectancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben I. Marin-Tinoco
- Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Calle Constitucion 404, Zona Centro, Durango 34100, Durango, Mexico
| | - Angie Tatiana Ortega-Ramírez
- Management, Environment and Sustainability Research Group, Chemical and Environmental Engineering Department, Universidad de America, Bogotá 110311, Colombia
| | - Maricela Esteban-Mendez
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Integral Regional Development Unit Durango, National Polytechnic Institute, Sigma 119, Fraccionamiento 20 de Noviembre II, Durango 34220, Durango, Mexico
| | - Oscar Silva-Marrufo
- Department of Engineering, National Technological of Mexico, Technological Institute of the Guadiana Valley, Carretera Durango-México, Km. 22.5, Ejido Villa Montemorelos, Durango 34371, Durango, Mexico
| | - Laura E. Barragan-Ledesma
- Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Calle Constitucion 404, Zona Centro, Durango 34100, Durango, Mexico
| | - Luis M. Valenzuela-Núñez
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Gomez Palacio 35010, Durango, Mexico
| | - Edwin A. Briceño-Contreras
- Department of Chemical Area Environmental Technology, Technological University of Rodeo, Carretera Panamericana, Km. 159.4, Col. ETA, Rodeo 37560, Durango, Mexico
| | - Maria A. Sariñana-Navarrete
- Department of Chemical Area Environmental Technology, Technological University of Rodeo, Carretera Panamericana, Km. 159.4, Col. ETA, Rodeo 37560, Durango, Mexico
| | - Abelardo Camacho-Luis
- Faculty of Medicine and Nutrition, Juarez University of the State of Durango, Calle Constitucion 404, Zona Centro, Durango 34100, Durango, Mexico
| | - Cayetano Navarrete-Molina
- Department of Chemical Area Environmental Technology, Technological University of Rodeo, Carretera Panamericana, Km. 159.4, Col. ETA, Rodeo 37560, Durango, Mexico
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Ali A, Zahra A, Kamthan M, Husain FM, Albalawi T, Zubair M, Alatawy R, Abid M, Noorani MS. Microbial Biofilms: Applications, Clinical Consequences, and Alternative Therapies. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1934. [PMID: 37630494 PMCID: PMC10459820 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11081934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are complex communities of microorganisms that grow on surfaces and are embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances. These are prevalent in various natural and man-made environments, ranging from industrial settings to medical devices, where they can have both positive and negative impacts. This review explores the diverse applications of microbial biofilms, their clinical consequences, and alternative therapies targeting these resilient structures. We have discussed beneficial applications of microbial biofilms, including their role in wastewater treatment, bioremediation, food industries, agriculture, and biotechnology. Additionally, we have highlighted the mechanisms of biofilm formation and clinical consequences of biofilms in the context of human health. We have also focused on the association of biofilms with antibiotic resistance, chronic infections, and medical device-related infections. To overcome these challenges, alternative therapeutic strategies are explored. The review examines the potential of various antimicrobial agents, such as antimicrobial peptides, quorum-sensing inhibitors, phytoextracts, and nanoparticles, in targeting biofilms. Furthermore, we highlight the future directions for research in this area and the potential of phytotherapy for the prevention and treatment of biofilm-related infections in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asghar Ali
- Clinical Biochemistry Lab, D/O Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Lifesciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Andaleeb Zahra
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Lifesciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Mohan Kamthan
- Clinical Biochemistry Lab, D/O Biochemistry, School of Chemical and Lifesciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
| | - Fohad Mabood Husain
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Thamer Albalawi
- Department of Biology, College of Science and Humanities in Al-Kharj, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Zubair
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (M.Z.); (R.A.)
| | - Roba Alatawy
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia; (M.Z.); (R.A.)
| | - Mohammad Abid
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi 110025, India;
| | - Md Salik Noorani
- Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Lifesciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi 110062, India;
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