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María Bonilla-Luque O, Nunes Silva B, Ezzaky Y, Possas A, Achemchem F, Cadavez V, Gonzales-Barron Ú, Valero A. Meta-analysis of antimicrobial activity of Allium, Ocimum, and Thymus spp. confirms their promising application for increasing food safety. Food Res Int 2024; 188:114408. [PMID: 38823853 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
Biopreservation strategies such as the use of Mediterranean plant extracts to ensure food safety are promising to deal with the emergence of antimicrobial resistances and the overreliance on food chemical additives. In the last few decades, antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) for evaluating the in vitro antibacterial potential of plant extracts against the most relevant foodborne pathogens has been widely reported in the literature. The current meta-analysis aimed to summarise and analyse the extensive evidence available in the literature regarding the in vitro antimicrobial capability of Allium, Ocimum and Thymus spp. extracts against foodborne pathogens. A systematic review was carried out to gather data on AST results of these extracts against Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli and Bacillus cereus, including inhibition diameters (ID) and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC). A total of 742 records were gathered from a raw collection of 2,065 articles. Weighted mixed-effect linear models were adjusted to data to obtain pooled ID, pooled MIC and the relationship between both model estimations and observations. The pooled results revealed B. cereus as the most susceptible bacteria to Allium sativum (pooled ID = 20.64 ± 0.61 mm) by diffusion methods and S. aureus (pooled MIC = 0.146 mg/mL) by dilution methods. Diffusion methods did not yield conclusive results for Ocimum spp. extracts; however, the lowest pooled MIC was obtained for S. aureus (0.263 mg/mL). Among the foodborne pathogens evaluated, B. cereus showed the highest sensitivity to Thymus spp. extracts by both diffusion and dilution methods (pooled ID = 28.90 ± 2.34 mm and MIC = 0.075 mg/mL). The methodology used for plant extraction was found to not significantly affect MIC values (p > 0.05). Overall, the antimicrobial effectiveness of the studied extracts against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria was demonstrated. Finally, the robustness of the meta-regression model was confirmed, also revealing an inversely proportional correlation between the ID and MIC measurements (p < 0.0001). These results provide a robust scientific basis on the factors affecting the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of extracts from Mediterranean plants. They also provide valuable information for stakeholders involved in their industrial application in food, including producers, regulatory agencies and consumers which demand green-labelled foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga María Bonilla-Luque
- Departamento de Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Grupo de Investigación en Higiene Bromatológica (HIBRO), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Beatriz Nunes Silva
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; Laboratório para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.
| | - Youssef Ezzaky
- Bioprocess and Environment Team, LASIME Lab., Agadir Superior School of Technology, Ibn Zohr University, 80150 Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Arícia Possas
- Departamento de Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Grupo de Investigación en Higiene Bromatológica (HIBRO), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Fouad Achemchem
- Bioprocess and Environment Team, LASIME Lab., Agadir Superior School of Technology, Ibn Zohr University, 80150 Agadir, Morocco.
| | - Vasco Cadavez
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; Laboratório para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Úrsula Gonzales-Barron
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; Laboratório para a Sustentabilidade e Tecnologia em Regiões de Montanha, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal.
| | - Antonio Valero
- Departamento de Bromatología y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Grupo de Investigación en Higiene Bromatológica (HIBRO), UIC Zoonosis y Enfermedades Emergentes (ENZOEM), International Agrifood Campus of Excellence (CeiA3), Universidad de Córdoba, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
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Etri K, Pluhár Z. Exploring Chemical Variability in the Essential Oils of the Thymus Genus. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1375. [PMID: 38794445 PMCID: PMC11124942 DOI: 10.3390/plants13101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Thyme remains an indispensable herb today, finding its place in gastronomy, medicine, cosmetics, and gardens worldwide. It is highly valued in herbal remedies and pharmaceutical formulations for its antibacterial, antifungal, and antioxidant properties derived from the richness of its essential oil, which comprises various volatile components. However, climate change poses a significant challenge today, potentially affecting the quality of thyme, particularly the extracted essential oil, along with other factors such as biotic influences and the plant's geographical distribution. Consequently, complex diversity in essential oil composition was observed, also influenced by genetic diversity within the same species, resulting in distinct chemotypes. Other factors contributing to this chemodiversity include the chosen agrotechnology and processing methods of thyme, the extraction of the essential oil, and storage conditions. In this review, we provide the latest findings on the factors contributing to the chemovariability of thyme essential oil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karim Etri
- Department of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Institute of Horticultural Science, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, H-1118 Villányi Str. 29–43, 1118 Budapest, Hungary;
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Sateriale D, Forgione G, De Cristofaro GA, Continisio L, Pagliuca C, Colicchio R, Salvatore P, Paolucci M, Pagliarulo C. Eco-Friendly Sanitization of Indoor Environments: Effectiveness of Thyme Essential Oil in Controlling Bioaerosol Levels and Disinfecting Surfaces. BIOTECH 2024; 13:12. [PMID: 38804294 PMCID: PMC11130963 DOI: 10.3390/biotech13020012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Bioaerosols and pathogens in indoor workplaces and residential environments are the primary culprits of several infections. Techniques for sanitizing air and surfaces typically involve the use of UV rays or chemical sanitizers, which may release chemical residues harmful to human health. Essential oils, natural substances derived from plants, which exhibit broad antimicrobial properties, could be a viable alternative for air and surface sanitation. The objective of this study has been to investigate the efficacy of thyme essential oil (TEO) in environmental sanitation processes. In Vitro assays through agar well diffusion, disk volatilization and tube dilution methods revealed significant antimicrobial activity of TEO 100% against foodborne and environmental isolates, with both bacteriostatic/fungistatic and bactericidal/fungicidal effects. Therefore, aqueous solutions of TEO 2.5% and 5% were formulated for air sanitation through nebulization and surface disinfection via direct contact. Bioaerosol samples and surface swabs were analyzed before and after sanitation, demonstrating the efficacy of aqueous solutions of TEO in reducing mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria and environmental fungi levels in both air and on surfaces. The obtained results prove the antimicrobial potential of aqueous solutions of TEO in improving indoor air quality and surface cleanliness, suggesting thyme essential oil as an effective and safe natural sanitizer with minimal environmental impact compared to dangerous chemical disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Sateriale
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via F. De Sanctis Snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (D.S.); (G.F.); (G.A.D.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Giuseppina Forgione
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via F. De Sanctis Snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (D.S.); (G.F.); (G.A.D.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Giuseppa Anna De Cristofaro
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via F. De Sanctis Snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (D.S.); (G.F.); (G.A.D.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Leonardo Continisio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (P.S.)
- Department of Public Health, Experimental and Forensic Medicine, University of Pavia, Viale Golgi 19, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Chiara Pagliuca
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Roberta Colicchio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (P.S.)
| | - Paola Salvatore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (L.C.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (P.S.)
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.ar.l., Via G. Salvatore 486, 80145 Naples, Italy
| | - Marina Paolucci
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via F. De Sanctis Snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (D.S.); (G.F.); (G.A.D.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Caterina Pagliarulo
- Department of Science and Technology, University of Sannio, Via F. De Sanctis Snc, 82100 Benevento, Italy; (D.S.); (G.F.); (G.A.D.C.); (M.P.)
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Khatib S, Mahdi I, Drissi B, Fahsi N, Bouissane L, Sobeh M. Tetraclinis articulata (Vahl) Mast.: Volatile constituents, antioxidant, antidiabetic and wound healing activities of its essential oil. Heliyon 2024; 10:e24563. [PMID: 38317922 PMCID: PMC10839871 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e24563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a metabolic syndrome known to contribute to impaired wound healing. This condition can be further worsened by excessive melanin production, elastin degradation, and chronic infections at the wound site, potentially leading to melasma and diabetic dermopathy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the phytochemical profile and inhibitory effects of Tetraclinis articulata essential oil (TAEO) on target enzymes involved in diabetes pathogenesis and chronic wound remodeling, namely α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase, and elastase, as well as its in vitro antibacterial activity. Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of TAEO led to the identification of 46 volatile compounds, representing 96.61 % of TAEO. The major metabolites were bornyl acetate (29.48 %), α-pinene (8.96 %), germacrene D (7.70 %), and d-limonene (5.90 %). TAEO exhibited limited scavenging activity against DPPH free radicals, whereas the FRAP and ABTS assays indicated a relatively higher antioxidant activity. Remarkably, TAEO disclosed a promising in vitro antidiabetic activity against α-glucosidase with an IC50 value of 178 ± 1.6 μg/mL, which is comparable to the standard inhibitor acarbose (IC50 = 143 ± 1.1 μg/mL). In silico, molecular docking analysis against α-glucosidase identified 15 compounds that interacted with the enzyme's active site, whereas skin permeability and sensitization assessments indicated that 26 out of the 44 identified volatile compounds were predicted to be free from any skin sensitivity risk. On the other hand, moderate inhibitory activity was recorded against α-amylase, tyrosinase, and elastase. Notably, TAEO at 5 % significantly suppressed biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and E. faecalis, common skin pathogens associated with wound infections, and reduced their swarming motility. Our findings suggest that TAEO may hold the potential as a natural remedy for type 2 diabetes and its associated co-morbidities, especially chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohaib Khatib
- Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
- AgroBioSciences Program, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Ismail Mahdi
- AgroBioSciences Program, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Badreddine Drissi
- Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
- AgroBioSciences Program, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Nidal Fahsi
- AgroBioSciences Program, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
| | - Latifa Bouissane
- Molecular Chemistry, Materials and Catalysis Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Mansour Sobeh
- AgroBioSciences Program, College of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Ben Guerir 43150, Morocco
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Kuley E, Kazgan N, Sakarya Y, Balıkcı E, Ozogul Y, Yazgan H, Özyurt G. Bioactivity of Microencapsulated Cell-Free Supernatant of Streptococcus thermophilus in Combination with Thyme Extract on Food-Related Bacteria. Foods 2024; 13:329. [PMID: 38275696 PMCID: PMC10815193 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The bioactive properties of the combination of microencapsulated cell-free supernatant (CFS) from Streptococcus thermophilus and thyme extract on food-related bacteria (Photobacterium damselae, Proteus mirabilis, Vibrio vulnificus, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC29213, Enterococcus faecalis ATCC29212, and Salmonella Paratyphi A NCTC13) were investigated. The microencapsulated CFS of S. thermophilus, in combination with ethanolic thyme extract, had a particle size in the range of 1.11 to 11.39 µm. The microencapsulated CFS of S. thermophilus had a wrinkled, spherical form. In the supernatant, especially at 2% (v/w), the thyme extract additive caused a decrease in the wrinkled form and a completely spherical structure. A total of 11 compounds were determined in the cell-free supernatant of S. thermophilus, and acetic acid (39.64%) and methyl-d3 1-dideuterio-2-propenyl ether (10.87%) were the main components. Thyme extract contained seven components, the main component being carvacrol at 67.96% and 1,2,3-propanetriol at 25.77%. Significant differences (p < 0.05) were observed in the inhibition zones of the extracts on bacteria. The inhibitory effect of thyme extract on bacteria varied between 25.00 (P. damselae) and 41.67 mm (V. vulnificus). Less antibacterial activity was shown by the microencapsulated CFS from S. thermophilus compared to their pure form. (p < 0.05). As a result, it was found that microencapsulated forms of CFS from S. thermophilus, especially those prepared in combination with 2% (v/w) thyme extract, generally showed higher bioactive effects on bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmeray Kuley
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; (E.K.); (N.K.); (Y.S.)
| | - Nagihan Kazgan
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; (E.K.); (N.K.); (Y.S.)
| | - Yetkin Sakarya
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; (E.K.); (N.K.); (Y.S.)
| | - Esra Balıkcı
- Department of Gastronomy and Culinary Arts, Faculty of Tourism, Yozgat Bozok University, 66900 Yozgat, Turkey;
| | - Yesim Ozogul
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; (E.K.); (N.K.); (Y.S.)
| | - Hatice Yazgan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Technology, Faculty of Ceyhan Veterinary Medicine, Cukurova University, 01960 Adana, Turkey;
| | - Gülsün Özyurt
- Department of Seafood Processing Technology, Faculty of Fisheries, Cukurova University, 01330 Adana, Turkey; (E.K.); (N.K.); (Y.S.)
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