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Praja RN, Yudhana A, Saputro AL, Hamonangan JM. The first study on antimicrobial resistance of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from raw goat milk associated with subclinical mastitis in Siliragung Subdistrict, East Java, Indonesia. Vet World 2023; 16:786-791. [PMID: 37235151 PMCID: PMC10206972 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2023.786-791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Raw goat milk is a highly nutritious dairy product and a suitable medium for the growth of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the leading cause of subclinical mastitis. This study aimed to investigate the resistance status of S. aureus which isolated from goat milk associated with subclinical mastitis cases in Siliragung Subdistrict, Banyuwangi District, East Java, Indonesia. Materials and Methods The S. aureus isolates were recovered from 258 raw goat milk samples from seven different dairy goat farms. Preliminary screening of subclinical mastitis using the California mastitis test, then samples with score +3 and +4 were taken for further isolation and identification, followed by a biochemical test to determine the S. aureus. Moreover, the bacteria susceptibility test against several antimicrobials was done using the disk diffusion method. Results Based on our findings, a total of 66 (25.58%) raw goat milk samples were tested positive for S. aureus, of which 36.36% were identified as multidrug-resistant. Moreover, S. aureus were also identified as resistant to penicillin (81.82%), ampicillin (65.15%), erythromycin (50.52%), and gentamicin (36.09%). Conclusion The prevalence of S. aureus isolated from raw goat milk associated with subclinical mastitis in Siliragung Subdistrict, Banyuwangi District, Indonesia, was recorded at 25.58%. Moreover, 36.36% of S. aureus isolates were categorized as resistant to three or more classes of antibiotics. The biosafety and biosecurity procedures during the milking process should be strengthened in dairy goat farms to prevent the transmission of antimicrobial resistance among animals, humans, and environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratih Novita Praja
- Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Department of Health and Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Wijaya Kusuma Street 113, Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Aditya Yudhana
- Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Department of Health and Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Wijaya Kusuma Street 113, Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Amung Logam Saputro
- Veterinary Medicine Study Program, Department of Health and Life Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Wijaya Kusuma Street 113, Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia
- Department of Veterinary Science, Division of Veterinary Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C Mulyorejo Street, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
| | - Jonathan Mark Hamonangan
- Veterinary Medicine Study Program, School of Health and Life Sciences, Universitas Airlangga, Wijaya Kusuma Street 113, Banyuwangi, East Java, Indonesia
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Gajewska J, Zakrzewski A, Chajęcka-Wierzchowska W, Zadernowska A. Meta-analysis of the global occurrence of S. aureus in raw cattle milk and artisanal cheeses. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Deddefo A, Mamo G, Leta S, Amenu K. Prevalence and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus in raw milk and milk products in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FOOD CONTAMINATION 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s40550-022-00094-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Staphylococcus aureus is an important opportunistic pathogen of raw milk and milk products, and the enterotoxins cause food poisoning. Milk and milk products are important reservoirs of enterotoxin-producing S. aureus. The aims of this systematic review were to estimate the pooled prevalence of S. aureus, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and to summarize their molecular characteristics, assess the potential sources of S. aureus contamination in bulk milk and analyse the antimicrobial resistance patterns of the isolates.
Methods
Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we searched publicly available scientific online databases and search engines: PubMed, Research for Life, African Journal Online (AJOL), and Google Scholar. In addition, the reference lists of the identified studies were manually checked for relevant literature. A random effects model using the DerSimonian method was used to compute pooled prevalence estimates, and the data were transformed using variance stabilizing Freeman-Tukey double arcsine transformation.
Results
A total of 38 studies were included in this systematic review. The pooled prevalence of S. aureus was highest in raw cow milk (30.7%), followed by camel milk (19.3%), goat milk (13.6%) and pasteurized milk (3.8%). The pooled prevalence of S. aureus in locally produced soft cheese (ayib) and traditional fermented milk (ergo) was 18.6% and 14.9%, respectively. The pooled prevalence of MRSA in milk and milk products was 0.73%. In this study, 58.9% of S. aureus isolates recovered from milk and milk products harbored at least one type of enterotoxin gene. Raw milk of the three species (cow, goat and camel) showed the highest S. aureus pooled prevalence rate at processing plants (50.3%), followed by milk collection centers (MCCs) (47.1%), selling points (34.5%), farm bulk milk (25.8%), milking buckets (24.8%) and udder milk (20.3%). Water for washing milking utensils (39.3%) was more contaminated than swab samples from farm workers’ nares (31.5%), milkers’ hands (25.9%), MCCs containers (23.8%), bulk tanks (20.4%), udders (15.6%), milking buckets (14.2%) and towels (10%). S. aureus isolates were highly resistant to penicillin G (92%), followed by ampicillin (82%) and amoxicillin (62.6%). The pooled multidrug resistance (MDR) was high (62.1%).
Conclusion
This systematic review revealed a high and increasing level of S. aureus contamination of raw milk from udder to MCCs or processing plants. Enterotoxin genes and MRSA were reported in milk, milk products and samples from farm workers. S. aureus showed resistance to different antimicrobial agents, with β-lactams showing the highest pooled antimicrobial resistance and the level of MDR was high. The results of this study indicated that the consumption of raw milk and milk products may predispose consumers to staphylococcal food poisoning. Application of good hygiene and handling practices across the dairy value chain starting from farm, udder health, milk cooling, heat treatment of milk before drinking and rational use of antibiotics in veterinary medicine can reduce the potential health risks from S. aureus and MRSA contamination of milk and milk products.
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Lopes WD, Monte DFMD, de Leon CMGC, Moura JFPD, Silva NMVD, Queiroga RDCRDE, Gonzaga Neto S, Givisiez PEN, Pereira WE, Oliveira CJBD. Logistic regression model reveals major factors associated with total bacteria and somatic cell counts in goat bulk milk. Small Rumin Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2021.106360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Hu N, Qiao C, Wang J, Wang Z, Li X, Zhou L, Wu J, Zhang D, Feng J, Shen B, Zhang J, Luo L. Identification of a novel protective human monoclonal antibody, LXY8, that targets the key neutralizing epitopes of staphylococcal enterotoxin B. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 549:120-127. [PMID: 33667709 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2021.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), one of the exotoxins produced by Staphylococcus aureus, is the key toxin that causes poisoning reactions and toxic shock syndrome. In the current research work, a novel human antibody named LXY8 was screened from a human phage display antibody library, and LXY8 blocked the interaction between SEB and the T cell receptor (TCR). The binding activity between LXY8 and SEB was 0.525 nM. Furthermore, LXY8 could effectively inhibit the SEB-induced activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells and release of cytokines. In the BALB/c mouse model, LXY8 effectively neutralized SEB toxicity in vivo. Finally, based on computer-guided molecular modeling, we designed a series of SEB mutation sites; these sites facilitated the determination of the key residues (i.e.176EFNN179) of SEB recognized by LXY8. The research revealed that the 176EFNN179 residues of SEB are important for specific antibody-antigen recognition. The results may be helpful for the development of antibody-based therapy for SEB-induced toxic shock syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naijing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China; School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 117004, China.
| | - Chunxia Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Zhihong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Xinying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Liuzhong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jiaguo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Dingmu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jiannan Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Beifen Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
| | - Jinghai Zhang
- School of Medical Devices, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang, 117004, China.
| | - Longlong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing, 100850, China.
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Qian W, Wang W, Zhang J, Liu M, Fu Y, Li M, Jin J, Cui W, Wang C. Equivalent effect of extracellular proteins and polysaccharides on biofilm formation by clinical isolates of Staphylococcus lugdunensis. BIOFOULING 2021; 37:327-340. [PMID: 33934665 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2021.1914021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Biofilm formation by Staphylococcus lugdunensis involves formation of an extracellular matrix; however, the identity of the constituents responsible for the structure of biofilms fabricated by different clinical strains is largely unclear. Here, biofilms produced by 24 clinical isolates of S. lugdunensis were characterized. The optimal medium for S. lugdunensis was selected, and the biofilm-forming capacity was assessed. Extracelullar polymeric substances (EPS) contributing to biofilm robustness were determined by evaluating the susceptibility of biofilms to EPS-degrading agents using field emission scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. Biofilm formation by the clinical isolates of S. lugdunensis was augmented by glucose supplementation. Further, extracellular DNA (eDNA), proteins, and polysaccharides were present in the 24 clinical isolates. Proteins and polysaccharides were the most common components within the S. lugdunensis biofilms, whereas the eDNA content was marginal in biofilm formation. Therefore, proteins and polysaccharides within biofilms may be used as the primary targets for developing eradication strategies to prevent S. lugdunensis biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Qian
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese Peoples' Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Miao Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Yuting Fu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, P.R. China
| | - Mingming Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Jin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Cui
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Beijing Haidian Hospital, Beijing Haidian Section of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chengbin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The First Medical Center, Chinese Peoples' Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
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Mechesso AF, Moon DC, Ryoo GS, Song HJ, Chung HY, Kim SU, Choi JH, Kim SJ, Kang HY, Na SH, Yoon SS, Lim SK. Resistance profiling and molecular characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from goats in Korea. Int J Food Microbiol 2020; 336:108901. [PMID: 33075694 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2020.108901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is among the most common zoonotic pathogens that cause foodborne illnesses worldwide. The main objectives of the current study were therefore to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of S. aureus isolated from goats in Korea and to investigate the molecular characteristics of identified methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA). In the study, 481 S. aureus isolates (431 from the nasal cavity and 50 from carcass) were recovered from 1146 carcasses and nasal swabs between July 2018 and January 2019. Approximately 82% and 72.6% of nasal and carcass isolates, respectively, were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, with the highest rate of resistance to penicillin, followed by resistance to chloramphenicol and tetracycline. Relatively small proportions of the isolates were resistant to cefoxitin, clindamycin, and erythromycin. However, all S. aureus isolates were sensitive to linezolid, rifampin, and vancomycin. Six MRSA isolates were obtained, three each from the nasal cavity and carcass. MRSA isolates were of two sequence types (ST) (ST72 and ST398), three spa types (t664, t324, and t571), and two SCCmec types (IV and V). The ST72 MRSA isolates had identical PFGE profiles. In addition, ST72 MRSA-SCCmec IV isolates carried at least six staphylococcal leukotoxin- and enterotoxin-encoding genes (lukED, seg, sei, sem, sen, seo, and seq). The remaining ST398 isolate carried only the lukED gene and was additionally resistant to eight non-β-lactam antibiotics. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of MRSA from goats in Korea. There is a possibility of transmission of MRSA from goat to human or contamination of food products. Therefore, regular microbiological investigation in goats, farms, and slaughterhouses is critical to determine the existence of virulent and multi-drug resistant (MDR) S. aureus and to implement preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham Fikru Mechesso
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dong Chan Moon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Gwang-Seon Ryoo
- Jeonnam National Veterinary Service Laboratory, 619 Geumgang-ro, Jakcheon-myeon, Gangjingun, Jeonnam 59213, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyun-Ju Song
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hye Young Chung
- Jeonnam National Veterinary Service Laboratory, 619 Geumgang-ro, Jakcheon-myeon, Gangjingun, Jeonnam 59213, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Uk Kim
- Jeonnam National Veterinary Service Laboratory, 619 Geumgang-ro, Jakcheon-myeon, Gangjingun, Jeonnam 59213, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ji-Hyun Choi
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Su-Jeong Kim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hee Young Kang
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seok Hyeon Na
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon-Seek Yoon
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Bacterial Disease Division, Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, 177 Hyeksin 8-ro, Gimcheon-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do 39660, Republic of Korea.
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Fusco V, Chieffi D, Fanelli F, Logrieco AF, Cho G, Kabisch J, Böhnlein C, Franz CMAP. Microbial quality and safety of milk and milk products in the 21st century. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:2013-2049. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzina Fusco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Daniele Chieffi
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Francesca Fanelli
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Antonio F. Logrieco
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production National Research Council of Italy (CNR‐ISPA) Bari Italy
| | - Gyu‐Sung Cho
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | - Jan Kabisch
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
| | - Christina Böhnlein
- Department of Microbiology and BiotechnologyMax‐Rubner Institut Kiel Germany
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Qian W, Liu M, Fu Y, Zhang J, Liu W, Li J, Li X, Li Y, Wang T. Antimicrobial mechanism of luteolin against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes and its antibiofilm properties. Microb Pathog 2020; 142:104056. [PMID: 32058023 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.104056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Luteolin (LUT) is a naturally occurring compound found in a various of plants. Few recent studies have reported LUT antimicrobial activities against bacterial pathogens, however, the fundamental LUT mediated antimicrobial mechanism has never been elucidated. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activities of LUT and its mode of action against Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes, either as planktonic cells or as biofilms. Here, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of LUT against S. aureus and L. monocytogenes were determined using the broth microdilution method, and the antimicrobial mode of LUT was elucidated by evaluating the variations in both cell membrane integrity and cell morphology. Moreover, the biofilm inhibition was measured by crystal violet staining assay, while its qualitative imaging was achieved by confocal laser scanning microscope and field emission scanning electron microscope. MIC and MBC values of LUT against S. aureus were 16-32 and 32-64 μg/mL, and 32-64 and 64-128 μg/mL for L. monocytogenes. LUT destroyed the cell membrane integrity, as evidenced by a significant increase in the number of non-viable cells, and well-defined variations in cell morphology. Moreover, LUT presented robust inhibitory effects on the biofilm formation, enhanced antibiotics diffusion within biofilms and killed efficiently mono- and dual-species biofilm cells. Overall, LUT demonstrates potent antimicrobial properties on planktonic and biofilm cells, and the biofilm formation, and thus has the potential use as a natural food preservative in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Qian
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Miao Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Yuting Fu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Jianing Zhang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Wanting Liu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China
| | - Yongdong Li
- Ningbo Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ningbo, 315010, PR China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an, 710021, PR China.
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