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Turnipseed SB, Rafson JP, Casey CR. Determination and Identification of Antibiotic Residues in Fruits Using Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (LC-HRMS). JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:15366-15375. [PMID: 38932744 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Antibiotic residues may be present in fruit products from trees that were treated to combat bacterial diseases such as citrus greening or blight. A liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination and identification of streptomycin, kasugamycin, penicillin, and oxytetracycline residues in fruit. Samples were extracted with acidic methanol and separation was optimized for a hydrophilic interaction LC column. A Q-Exactive HRMS instrument was used to obtain product ion spectra for analyte identification. Quantitation was performed with matrix-extracted calibration curves and internal standard correction. The method was tested on many different types of fruit. In general, fortified samples demonstrated acceptable recoveries (82-116%) and reproducibility (<15% RSD). Method detection limits for these analytes were well below the established US EPA tolerance levels. It was also possible to analyze the fruit extracts prepared using this method for additional chemical contaminants using LC-HRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sherri B Turnipseed
- Animal Drugs Research Center, Denver Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Jessica P Rafson
- Animal Drugs Research Center, Denver Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
| | - Christine R Casey
- Denver Laboratory, Office of Regulatory Affairs, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Denver, Colorado 80225, United States
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2
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Li WJ, Li HZ, Xu J, Gillings MR, Zhu YG. Sewage Sludge Promotes the Accumulation of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Tomato Xylem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10796-10805. [PMID: 38853591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c02497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Xylem serves as a conduit linking soil to the aboveground plant parts and facilitating the upward movement of microbes into leaves and fruits. Despite this potential, the composition of the xylem microbiome and its associated risks, including antibiotic resistance, are understudied. Here, we cultivated tomatoes and analyzed their xylem sap to assess the microbiome and antibiotic resistance profiles following treatment with sewage sludge. Our findings show that xylem microbes primarily originate from soil, albeit with reduced diversity in comparison to those of their soil microbiomes. Using single-cell Raman spectroscopy coupled with D2O labeling, we detected significantly higher metabolic activity in xylem microbes than in rhizosphere soil, with 87% of xylem microbes active compared to just 36% in the soil. Additionally, xylem was pinpointed as a reservoir for antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs), with their abundance being 2.4-6.9 times higher than in rhizosphere soil. Sludge addition dramatically increased the abundance of ARGs in xylem and also increased their mobility and host pathogenicity. Xylem represents a distinct ecological niche for microbes and is a significant reservoir for ARGs. These results could be used to manage the resistome in crops and improve food safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jing Li
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong-Zhe Li
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jiayang Xu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Michael R Gillings
- School of Natural Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Synthetic Biology, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Yong-Guan Zhu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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3
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Batuman O, Britt-Ugartemendia K, Kunwar S, Yilmaz S, Fessler L, Redondo A, Chumachenko K, Chakravarty S, Wade T. The Use and Impact of Antibiotics in Plant Agriculture: A Review. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2024; 114:885-909. [PMID: 38478738 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-10-23-0357-ia] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Growers have depended on the specificity and efficacy of streptomycin and oxytetracycline as a part of their plant disease arsenal since the middle of the 20th century. With climate change intensifying plant bacterial epidemics, the established success of these antibiotics remains threatened. Our strong reliance on certain antibiotics for devastating diseases eventually gave way to resistance development. Although antibiotics in plant agriculture equal to less than 0.5% of overall antibiotic use in the United States, it is still imperative for humans to continue to monitor usage, environmental residues, and resistance in bacterial populations. This review provides an overview of the history and use, resistance and mitigation, regulation, environmental impact, and economics of antibiotics in plant agriculture. Bacterial issues, such as the ongoing Huanglongbing (citrus greening) epidemic in Florida citrus production, may need antibiotics for adequate control. Therefore, preserving the efficacy of our current antibiotics by utilizing more targeted application methods, such as trunk injection, should be a major focus. [Formula: see text] Copyright © 2024 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozgur Batuman
- Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
| | - Kellee Britt-Ugartemendia
- Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
| | - Sanju Kunwar
- Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
| | - Salih Yilmaz
- Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
| | - Lauren Fessler
- Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
| | - Ana Redondo
- Department of Plant Pathology, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
| | - Kseniya Chumachenko
- Department of Wildlife Ecology and Conservation, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Shourish Chakravarty
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
| | - Tara Wade
- Department of Food and Resource Economics, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida, Immokalee, FL
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Danilova N, Galieva G, Kuryntseva P, Selivanovskaya S, Galitskaya P. Influence of the Antibiotic Oxytetracycline on the Morphometric Characteristics and Endophytic Bacterial Community of Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa L.). Microorganisms 2023; 11:2828. [PMID: 38137972 PMCID: PMC10746115 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11122828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics enter the soil with compost prepared from livestock manures and other sources. There is concern that they may influence plant growth and cause antibiotic resistance in soil and plant endospheric microbiomes. In the present work, lettuce plants were cultivated in soil and hydroponics spiked with oxytetracycline (0, 15, and 300 mg × kg-1 and 0, 15, and 50 mg × L-1, respectively) during a 28-day greenhouse experiment. It was revealed that the antibiotic reduced the chlorophyll content, the biomass, and the length of the roots and stems by 1.4-4.7, 1.8-39, 2.5-3.2, and 1.8-6.3 times in soil and in hydroponics. The copy numbers of the tet(A) and tet(X) genes were revealed to be 4.51 × 103-1.58 × 105 and 8.36 × 106-1.07 × 108 copies × g-1, respectively, suggesting the potential migration of these genes from soil/hydroponics to plant roots and leaves. According to a non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis of the 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing data, endospheric bacterial communities were similar in leaves and roots independent of the growing substrate and antibiotic concentration. While soil bacterial communities were unaffected by the presence of antibiotics, hydroponic communities exhibited dependency, likely attributable to the absence of the mitigating effect of soil particle absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Polina Galitskaya
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Kazan Federal University, Kazan 420008, Russia; (N.D.); (G.G.); (P.K.); (S.S.)
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Dominguez J, Jayachandran K, Stover E, Krystel J, Shetty KG. Endophytes and Plant Extracts as Potential Antimicrobial Agents against Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus, Causal Agent of Huanglongbing. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1529. [PMID: 37375030 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), also known as citrus greening, is an insidious disease in citrus and has become a threat to the sustainability of the citrus industry worldwide. In the U.S., Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas) is the pathogen that is associated with HLB, an unculturable, phloem-limited bacteria, vectored by the Asian Citrus Psyllid (ACP, Diaphorina citri). There is no known cure nor treatment to effectively control HLB, and current control methods are primarily based on the use of insecticides and antibiotics, where effectiveness is limited and may have negative impacts on beneficial and non-target organisms. Thus, there is an urgent need for the development of effective and sustainable treatment options to reduce or eliminate CLas from infected trees. In the present study, we screened citrus-derived endophytes, their cell-free culture supernatants (CFCS), and crude plant extracts for antimicrobial activity against two culturable surrogates of CLas, Sinorhizobium meliloti and Liberibacter crescens. Candidates considered high-potential antimicrobial agents were assessed directly against CLas in vitro, using a propidium monoazide-based assay. As compared to the negative controls, statistically significant reductions of viable CLas cells were observed for each of the five bacterial CFCS. Subsequent 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that each of the five bacterial isolates were most closely related to Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, a species dominating the market of biological control products. As such, the aboveground endosphere of asymptomatic survivor citrus trees, grown in an organic orchard, were found to host bacterial endophytes capable of effectively disrupting CLas cell membranes. These results concur with the theory that native members of the citrus microbiome play a role in the development of HLB. Here, we identify five strains of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens demonstrating notable potential to be used as sources of novel antimicrobials for the sustainable management of HLB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Dominguez
- Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
| | | | - Ed Stover
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Joseph Krystel
- United States Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Ft. Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Kateel G Shetty
- Department of Earth and Environment, Florida International University, Miami, FL 33199, USA
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Archer L, Kunwar S, Alferez F, Batuman O, Albrecht U. Trunk Injection of Oxytetracycline for Huanglongbing Management in Mature Grapefruit and Sweet Orange Trees. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:1010-1021. [PMID: 36474420 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-22-0330-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) is a devastating bacterial disease associated with 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus'. The location of the pathogen within the vasculature of the tree has left growers with limited options for the effective management of the disease. Trunk injection is a crop protection technique that applies therapeutics directly into the xylem of woody tree species and allows for their systemic uptake and transport, which may provide more effective management of vascular diseases such as HLB. In this study, mature 'Valencia' and 'Hamlin' sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and 'Duncan' grapefruit (C. paradisi) trees were injected with oxytetracycline (OTC) in the spring and/or fall to evaluate the effects of injection timing and response to injection. In addition to seasonal evaluations of tree health and bacterial titer, preharvest fruit drop, yield, and fruit quality were measured at harvest to determine the effects of OTC injection. The benefits associated with injection included a reduction in fruit drop, an increase in fruit yield and fruit size, and improvements in juice quality. However, results varied due to the timing of injection and were not consistent across all three varieties. Residue analysis at different time points after injection suggests that trunk injection effectively delivers therapeutics to mature citrus trees. This study provides fundamental information on the short-term benefits associated with trunk injection of OTC for HLB management in citrus groves. The potential for use of trunk injection at the commercial scale and the possible risks are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Archer
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142
| | - Sanju Kunwar
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142
| | - Fernando Alferez
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142
| | - Ozgur Batuman
- Plant Pathology Department, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142
| | - Ute Albrecht
- Horticultural Sciences Department, University of Florida, Southwest Florida Research and Education Center, University of Florida/IFAS, Immokalee, FL 34142
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Yin L, Wang X, Li Y, Liu Z, Mei Q, Chen Z. Uptake of the Plant Agriculture-Used Antibiotics Oxytetracycline and Streptomycin by Cherry Radish─Effect on Plant Microbiome and the Potential Health Risk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023; 71:4561-4570. [PMID: 36945880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c01052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are used to control certain bacterial diseases in plant agriculture. Understanding antibiotic uptake by edible vegetables after application and associated risks on plant microbiome and human health is critical. In this study, oxytetracycline and streptomycin, the two most commonly used antibiotics in plant agriculture, were applied to cherry radish via continuous soil drenching to study their translocations into plant tissues, influence on radish microbiome, and the potential health risk to mice. The results demonstrated that oxytetracycline induced hormesis in radish plants and both antibiotics were translocated into the leaves, fruits, and roots of radishes from the soil, with significantly higher plant uptake of streptomycin than oxytetracycline. Interestingly, the proportion of culturable oxytetracycline or streptomycin-resistant bacteria in the antibiotic-accumulated radish tissues was significantly higher than that in the antibiotic-free radish tissues, although both bacterial and fungal communities in different radish tissues were not affected by the accumulated antibiotics, demonstrating that antibiotic application could enrich antibiotic resistance in the plant microbiome. Feeding mice with antibiotics-accumulated radish tissues did not show significant effects on the weight and blood glucose levels of mice. Overall, this study provides important insights into the risk of using antibiotics in plant agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lichun Yin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xingshuo Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yangyang Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ziyin Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Qinyuan Mei
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zeyou Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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Ghosh D, Kokane S, Savita BK, Kumar P, Sharma AK, Ozcan A, Kokane A, Santra S. Huanglongbing Pandemic: Current Challenges and Emerging Management Strategies. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:plants12010160. [PMID: 36616289 PMCID: PMC9824665 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB, aka citrus greening), one of the most devastating diseases of citrus, has wreaked havoc on the global citrus industry in recent decades. The culprit behind such a gloomy scenario is the phloem-limited bacteria "Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus" (CLas), which are transmitted via psyllid. To date, there are no effective long-termcommercialized control measures for HLB, making it increasingly difficult to prevent the disease spread. To combat HLB effectively, introduction of multipronged management strategies towards controlling CLas population within the phloem system is deemed necessary. This article presents a comprehensive review of up-to-date scientific information about HLB, including currently available management practices and unprecedented challenges associated with the disease control. Additionally, a triangular disease management approach has been introduced targeting pathogen, host, and vector. Pathogen-targeting approaches include (i) inhibition of important proteins of CLas, (ii) use of the most efficient antimicrobial or immunity-inducing compounds to suppress the growth of CLas, and (iii) use of tools to suppress or kill the CLas. Approaches for targeting the host include (i) improvement of the host immune system, (ii) effective use of transgenic variety to build the host's resistance against CLas, and (iii) induction of systemic acquired resistance. Strategies for targeting the vector include (i) chemical and biological control and (ii) eradication of HLB-affected trees. Finally, a hypothetical model for integrated disease management has been discussed to mitigate the HLB pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dilip Ghosh
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, India
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (A.K.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Sunil Kokane
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Brajesh Kumar Savita
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Pranav Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar Sharma
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (A.K.S.); (S.S.)
| | - Ali Ozcan
- Vocational School of Technical Sciences, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70200 Karaman, Turkey
- Scientific and Technological Studies Application and Research Center, Karamanoglu Mehmetbey University, 70200 Karaman, Turkey
| | - Amol Kokane
- Plant Virology Laboratory, ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur 440033, India
| | - Swadeshmukul Santra
- Departments of Chemistry, Nano Science Technology Center, and Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL 32816, USA
- Correspondence: (D.G.); (A.K.S.); (S.S.)
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Vincent CI, Hijaz F, Pierre M, Killiny N. Systemic Uptake of Oxytetracycline and Streptomycin in Huanglongbing-Affected Citrus Groves after Foliar Application and Trunk Injection. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11081092. [PMID: 36009961 PMCID: PMC9405128 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11081092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), which is caused by the phloem-limited bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus,’ is an economically important disease of citrus in many regions of the world. Due to the significant damage caused by the HLB disease in recent years, the use of antibiotics was recommended for the therapy of this destructive disease. Products with active ingredients oxytetracycline and streptomycin have been approved for the control of the HLB via foliar application. However, previous work raised questions about the efficacy of foliar delivery of antibiotics in the field. In this study, we examined the effects of a variety of adjuvants on the uptake of oxytetracycline and streptomycin using the foliar application. We also compared the efficiency of foliar application of oxytetracycline and streptomycin with trunk injection. The ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titers in citrus plants were measured using quantitative PCR, and the levels of antibiotics were determined using the ELISA assay. Our results include extremely low levels of oxytetracycline and streptomycin in leaves that were covered during foliar application, indicating that neither streptomycin nor oxytetracycline was successfully systemically delivered by foliar application even after being mixed with adjuvants. Likewise, the ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titer0 was not affected by any of the foliar applications. High levels of streptomycin were detected in leaves that were exposed to direct foliar application, indicating that streptomycin was adsorbed or bound to citrus leaves. On the other hand, the trunk injection of oxytetracycline resulted in high levels of this antibiotic in leaves and significantly reduced the level of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titer in citrus trees. Unfortunately, the trunk injection of streptomycin resulted in low levels of streptomycin in citrus leaves and did not affect the ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titer, indicating that streptomycin was either bound in the xylem of citrus trees or it was not applied in sufficient quantity required for the inhibition of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus.’ Taken together, our current results demonstrated that foliar application of oxytetracycline and streptomycin did not effectively deliver antibiotics in citrus despite using adjuvants. Our results also suggested that oxytetracycline could be more effective against the HLB pathogen than streptomycin, which is possibly due to differences between the two in systemic movement in citrus trees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher I. Vincent
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-863-956-8757
| | - Faraj Hijaz
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Myrtho Pierre
- Horticultural Sciences Department, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
| | - Nabil Killiny
- Department of Plant Pathology, Citrus Research and Education Center, IFAS, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850, USA
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10
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Variation of soil bacterial communities in a chronosequence of citrus orchard. ANN MICROBIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-022-01681-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Purpose
Soil microorganisms are vital for soil ecosystems through bioconversion of soil nutrients and maintenance of soil fertility to promoting the growth and development of citrus. However, understanding of how different planting years affect the soil bacterial community structures as related to nutrient availability in citrus orchards is limited.
Methods
Here, Illumina MiSeq technology was used to investigate changes in bacterial community structures with different ages of citrus orchards that were 2, 5, 10, 15, and 18 years old.
Results
The data showed that (1) soil bacterial community structures changed over the different growth stages of citrus orchards. With the extension of plantation age, the microbial diversity of citrus orchards increased gradually so that it was highest in 10-year-old citrus plantations but then decreased where the diversity of 18-year-old citrus ages was significantly lower than that of 10 and 15-year-old ones. Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Acidobacteria, and Chloroflexi were the four dominant phyla in soil of citrus orchards, accounting for 30.85%, 24.89%, 14.27%, and 14.05% of the total soil bacterial communities, respectively. (2) Soil bacterial community structures in different succession stages were affected by soil pH and nutrients, in particular available potassium (AK).
Conclusion
This study advances the understanding of soil microbiota of orchards and their interactions related to environmental factors in citrus orchard, which will improve our ability to promote the function of soil bacteria, so as to improve soil pH and reduce potassium (K) fertilizer input and improve the fruit quality.
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11
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Guo J, Gao S, Yan S, Liao Z. Bifurcation and optimal control analysis of delayed models for huanglongbing. INT J BIOMATH 2022. [DOI: 10.1142/s1793524522500498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, a delayed differential model of citrus Huanglongbing infection is analyzed, in which the latencies of the citrus tree and Asian citrus psyllid are considered as two time delay factors. We compute the equilibrium points and the basic reproductive numbers with and without time delays, i.e. [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], and then show that [Formula: see text] completely determines the local stability of the disease-free equilibrium. Moreover, the conditions for the existence of transcritical bifurcation are derived from Sotomayor’s Theorem. The stability of the endemic equilibrium and the existence of Hopf bifurcation are investigated in four cases: (1) [Formula: see text], (2) [Formula: see text], (3) [Formula: see text] and (4) [Formula: see text]. Optimal control theory is then applied to the model to study two time-dependent treatment efforts and minimize the infection in citrus and psyllids, while keeping the implementation cost at a minimum. Numerical simulations of the overall systems are implemented in MatLab for demonstration of the theoretical results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Guo
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Numerical Simulation and Emulation Techniques, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Shujing Gao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Numerical Simulation and Emulation Techniques, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Shuixian Yan
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Numerical Simulation and Emulation Techniques, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Liao
- Key Laboratory of Jiangxi Province for Numerical Simulation and Emulation Techniques, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, P. R. China
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12
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Avila L, Dunne E, Hofmann D, Brosi BJ. Upper-limit agricultural dietary exposure to streptomycin in the laboratory reduces learning and foraging in bumblebees. Proc Biol Sci 2022; 289:20212514. [PMID: 35135346 PMCID: PMC8826297 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.2514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, the broadcast-spray application of antibiotics in US crops has increased exponentially in response to bacterial crop pathogens, but little is known about the sublethal impacts on beneficial organisms in agroecosystems. This is concerning given the key roles that microbes play in modulating insect fitness. A growing body of evidence suggests that insect gut microbiomes may play a role in learning and behaviour, which are key for the survival of pollinators and for their pollination efficacy, and which in turn could be disrupted by dietary antibiotic exposure. In the laboratory, we tested the effects of an upper-limit dietary exposure to streptomycin (200 ppm)-an antibiotic widely used to treat bacterial pathogens in crops-on bumblebee (Bombus impatiens) associative learning, foraging and stimulus avoidance behaviour. We used two operant conditioning assays: a free movement proboscis extension reflex protocol focused on short-term memory formation, and an automated radio-frequency identification tracking system focused on foraging. We show that upper-limit dietary streptomycin exposure slowed training, decreased foraging choice accuracy, increased avoidance behaviour and was associated with reduced foraging on sucrose-rewarding artificial flowers flowers. This work underscores the need to further study the impacts of antibiotic use on beneficial insects in agricultural systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Avila
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Elizabeth Dunne
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David Hofmann
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Initiative in Theory and Modeling of Living Systems, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Berry J. Brosi
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
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13
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Garcia-Figuera S, Deniston-Sheets H, Grafton-Cardwell E, Babcock B, Lubell M, McRoberts N. Perceived Vulnerability and Propensity to Adopt Best Management Practices for Huanglongbing Disease of Citrus in California. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1758-1773. [PMID: 33599529 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-12-20-0544-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) disease of citrus, which is associated with the bacterium 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus', has been confined to residential properties in Southern California 8 years after it was first detected in the state. To prevent the spread of HLB to commercial citrus groves, growers have been asked to adopt a portfolio of voluntary best management practices. This study evaluates the citrus industry's propensity to adopt these practices using surveys and a novel multivariate ordinal regression model. We estimate the impact on adoption of perceived vulnerability to HLB, intentions to stay informed and communicate about the disease and various socio-economic factors, and reveal what practices are most likely to be jointly adopted as an integrated approach to HLB. Survey participants were in favor of scouting and surveying for HLB symptoms, but they were reluctant to test trees, use early detection technologies (EDTs), and install barriers around citrus groves. Most practices were perceived as complementary, particularly visual inspections and some combinations of preventive practices with tests and EDTs. Participants who felt more vulnerable to HLB had a higher propensity to adopt several practices, as did those who intended to stay informed and communicate with the coordinators of the HLB control program, although this effect was modulated by the perceived vulnerability to HLB. Communication with neighbors and the size of citrus operations also influenced practice adoption. Based on these results, we provide recommendations for outreach about HLB management in California and suggest future directions for research about the adoption of plant disease management practices.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Garcia-Figuera
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Holly Deniston-Sheets
- Data Analysis and Tactical Operations Center, Citrus Research Board, Visalia, CA 93291
| | | | - Bruce Babcock
- School of Public Policy, University of California-Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507
| | - Mark Lubell
- Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Neil McRoberts
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
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14
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Detection of Oxytetracycline in Citrus Phloem and Xylem Saps Using Europium-Based Method. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10091036. [PMID: 34572618 PMCID: PMC8469136 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10091036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxytetracycline (OTC) has been used for the control of several plant diseases and was recently approved for the control of Huanglongbing, the citrus greening disease. Huanglongbing is caused by the phloem limited ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’. Determination of OTC in the xylem and phloem of citrus plants is of great interest as they are the main routes of translocation in citrus. In addition, the determination of the level of OTC in the phloem sap is necessary for the control of the ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ pathogen, which resides in the phloem. Herein, we demonstrated that the level of OTC in the citrus phloem and xylem saps obtained using the centrifugation method can be successfully measured using the europium (Eu) method directly or with cleanup by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Recovery of OTC from spiked sap samples purified by solid-phase extraction (SPE) was higher than 90%, while recovery from saps without SPE cleanup were nearly 100%. The ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-infected leaf and phloem sap samples showed higher inhibition of the fluorescence intensity of the OTC standard compared to non-infected control leaf and phloem samples. In agreement with this finding, the levels of phenols and flavonoids in ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’-infected leaves were higher than those controls and were shown to interfere with the Eu method. Therefore, the SPE cleanup step only improved OTC recovery from leaf samples containing the interfering compounds. The Eu method was then used to determine OTC levels in the phloem and xylem sap of OTC-treated plants, and the results were similar whether measured directly or after SPE. Visualization under ultraviolet light (400 nm) showed the presence of OTC in citrus xylem and phloem saps with and without the use of SPE.
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15
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Munir S, Ahmed A, Li Y, He P, Singh BK, He P, Li X, Asad S, Wu Y, He Y. The hidden treasures of citrus: finding Huanglongbing cure where it was lost. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:634-649. [PMID: 34325576 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1942780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB), a deadly citrus disease which has significantly downsized the entire industry worldwide. The intractable and incurable disease has brought the citriculture an enormous loss of productivity. With no resistant varieties available, failure of chemical treatments despite repeated applications, and hazardous consequences to environmental health, have led to large-scale research to find a sustainable cure. Inside plants, the key determinants of health and safety, live the endophytic microbes. Endophytes possess unrivaled plant benefiting properties. The progression of HLB is known to cause disturbance in endophytic bacterial communities. Given the importance of the plant endophytic microbiome in disease progression, the notion of engineering microbiomes through indigenous endophytes is attracting scientific attention which is considered revolutionary as it precludes the incompatibility concerns associated with the use of alien (microbes from other plant species) endophytes. In this review, we briefly discuss the transformation of the plant-pathogen-environment to the plant-pathogen-microbial system in a disease triangle. We also argue the employment of indigenous endophytes isolated from a healthy state to engineer the diseased citrus endophytic microbiomes that can provide sustainable solution for vascular pathogens. We evaluated the plethora of microbiomes responses to the re-introduction of endophytes which leads to disease resistance in the citrus host. The idea is not merely confined to citrus-HLB, but it is globally applicable for tailoring a customized cure for general plant-pathogen systems particularly for the diseases caused by the vascular system-restricted pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Munir
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Ayesha Ahmed
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Pengbo He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Brajesh K Singh
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Penrith South, Australia.,Global Centre for Land Based Innovation, Western Sydney University, Penrith South, Australia
| | - Pengfei He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Xingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Suhail Asad
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China.,College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
| | - Yueqiu He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, P. R. China
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16
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Li J, Kolbasov VG, Lee D, Pang Z, Huang Y, Collins N, Wang N. Residue Dynamics of Streptomycin in Citrus Delivered by Foliar Spray and Trunk Injection and Effect on ' Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' Titer. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2021; 111:1095-1103. [PMID: 33267628 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-20-0427-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Streptomycin (STR) has been used to control citrus huanglongbing (HLB) caused by 'Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus' (CLas) via foliar spray. Here, we studied the residue dynamics of STR and its effect on CLas titers in planta applied by foliar spray and trunk injection of 3-year-old citrus trees that were naturally infected by CLas in the field. After foliar spray, STR levels in leaves peaked at 2 to 7 days postapplication (dpa) and gradually declined thereafter. The STR spray did not significantly affect CLas titers in leaves of treated plants as determined by quantitative PCR. After trunk injection, peak levels of STR were observed 7 to 14 dpa in the leaf and root tissues, and near-peak levels were sustained for another 14 days before significantly declining. At 12 months after injection, moderate to low or undetectable levels of STR were observed in the leaf, root, and fruit, depending on the doses of STR injected, with a residue level of 0.28 µg/g in harvested fruit at the highest injection concentration of 2.0 µg/tree. CLas titers in leaves were significantly reduced by trunk injection of STR at 1.0 or 2.0 g/tree, starting from 7 dpa and throughout the experimental period. The reduction of CLas titers was positively correlated with STR residue levels in leaves. The in planta minimum effective concentration of STR needed to suppress the CLas titer to an undetectable level (cycle threshold ≥36.0) was 1.92 µg/g fresh weight. Determination of the in planta minimum effective concentration of STR against CLas and its spatiotemporal residue levels in planta provides the guidance to use STR for HLB management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyun Li
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Vladimir G Kolbasov
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Donghwan Lee
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Zhiqian Pang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Yixiao Huang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Nicole Collins
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
| | - Nian Wang
- Citrus Research and Education Center, Department of Microbiology and Cell Science, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Lake Alfred, FL 33850
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17
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Nan J, Zhang S, Zhan P, Jiang L. Discovery of Novel GMPS Inhibitors of Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus by Structure Based Design and Enzyme Kinetic. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10070594. [PMID: 34203217 PMCID: PMC8301025 DOI: 10.3390/biology10070594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary The spread of citrus Huanglongbing caused significant damage to the world’s citrus industry. Thermotherapy and chemical agents were used to control this disease; however, the effectiveness of these treatments is frequently inconsistent. In addition, CLas cannot be cultured in vitro. Therefore, structure-based virtual screening is a novel method to find compounds that work against CLas. This study used CLas GMPS as a target for high-throughput screening and selected some compounds which have a higher binding affinity to test their inhibition of CLas GMPS. Finally, two molecules were identified as the lead compound to control citrus HLB. Abstract Citrus production is facing an unprecedented problem because of huanglongbing (HLB) disease. Presently, no effective HLB-easing method is available when citrus becomes infected. Guanosine 5′-monophosphate synthetase (GMPS) is a key protein in the de novo synthesis of guanine nucleotides. GMPS is used as an attractive target for developing agents that are effective against the patogen infection. In this research, homology modeling, structure-based virtual screening, and molecular docking were used to discover the new inhibitors against CLas GMPS. Enzyme assay showed that folic acid and AZD1152 showed high inhibition at micromole concentrations, with AZD1152 being the most potent molecule. The inhibition constant (Ki) value of folic acid and AZD1152 was 51.98 µM and 4.05 µM, respectively. These results suggested that folic acid and AZD1152 could be considered as promising candidates for the development of CLas agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.N.); (P.Z.)
| | - Shaoran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Ping Zhan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.N.); (P.Z.)
| | - Ling Jiang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China; (J.N.); (P.Z.)
- Correspondence:
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18
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Peng B, Zhang Z, Tang L, Ouyang X, Zhu X, Chen L, Fan X, Zhou Z, Wang J. Self-Powered Photoelectrochemical Aptasensor for Oxytetracycline Cathodic Detection Based on a Dual Z-Scheme WO 3/g-C 3N 4/MnO 2 Photoanode. Anal Chem 2021; 93:9129-9138. [PMID: 34152736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With the high sensitivity and anti-interference provided by a dual Z-scheme structure photoanode and a two-electrode system, a high-performance self-powered photoelectrochemical (PEC) aptasensor for oxytetracycline (OTC) detection was established in this work. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) with excellent photoelectric properties was used to be combined with WO3 and MnO2 to form a kind of dual Z-scheme heterojunction. The designed unique structure and the complementary performances of the three materials collectively guaranteed the highly stable photocurrent output of the photoanode due to the wide range of light absorption and the high separation rate of electron-hole pairs. The aptamer-based cathode modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and Au nanoparticles (Au NPs) provided high conductivity and aptamer-binding sites, which brought excellent selective recognition of OTC as well as the self-powered capacity by receiving electrons from the photoanode. In the PEC sensing of OTC, the device presented a wide detection range from 1 pM to 150 nM and a low detection limit of 0.1 pM. Besides, the developed PEC aptasenor showed good selectivity, reproducibility, and stability, so as to be applied to real samples. The proposed PEC sensing method can be considered an effective and promising direction for the detection of antibiotics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Peng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Ziling Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Lin Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xilian Ouyang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xu Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Li Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Xinya Fan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zheping Zhou
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.,Key Laboratory of Environmental Biology and Pollution Control (Hunan University), Ministry of Education, Changsha 410082, China
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19
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Khan SJ, Osborn AM, Eswara PJ. Effect of Sunlight on the Efficacy of Commercial Antibiotics Used in Agriculture. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:645175. [PMID: 34140934 PMCID: PMC8203823 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.645175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic stewardship is of paramount importance to limit the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in not only hospital settings, but also in animal husbandry, aquaculture, and agricultural sectors. Currently, large quantities of antibiotics are applied to treat agricultural diseases like citrus greening disease (CGD). The two commonly used antibiotics approved for this purpose are streptomycin and oxytetracycline. Although investigations are ongoing to understand how efficient this process is to control the spread of CGD, to our knowledge, there have been no studies that evaluate the effect of environmental factors such as sunlight on the efficacy of the above-mentioned antibiotics. We conducted a simple disc-diffusion assay to study the efficacy of streptomycin and oxytetracycline after exposure to sunlight for 7- or 14-day periods using Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis as the representative strains of Gram-negative and Gram-positive organisms, respectively. Freshly prepared discs and discs stored in the dark for 7 or 14 days served as our controls. We show that the antibiotic potential of oxytetracycline exposed to sunlight dramatically decreases over the course of 14 days against both E. coli and B. subtilis. However, the effectiveness of streptomycin was only moderately impacted by sunlight. It is important to note that antibiotics that last longer in the environment may play a deleterious role in the rise and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Further studies are needed to substantively analyze the safety and efficacy of antibiotics used for broader environmental applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Prahathees J. Eswara
- Department of Cell Biology, Microbiology and Molecular Biology, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States
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20
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Citrate Mediated Europium-Based Detection of Oxytetracycline in Citrus Tissues. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10050566. [PMID: 34065819 PMCID: PMC8151757 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10050566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxytetracycline (OTC) and streptomycin have been used for the control of several plant diseases and were recently permitted for the control of citrus greening disease, Huanglongbing. Consequently, sensitive and reliable methods are highly needed for the detection of OTC in citrus tissues. Herein, we studied the replacement of cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) by citrate (Cit) as a sensitizing agent for the analysis of OTC in citrus tissues using the recently established europium (Eu) method. In addition, we determined the optimal conditions for the formation of the Eu-OTC-Cit ternary complex in tris buffer. Our results showed that the plant matrix significantly decreased the fluorescence intensity of the Eu-OTC-Cit complex even after the replacement of CTAC. Our investigations showed that phenols such as gallic acid degrade slowly at high pH and their degradation was enhanced in the presence of the (Eu+3) cation. To reduce the plant matrix interference, the sample extract was cleaned using solid-phase extraction (SPE). The OTC recoveries from spiked healthy and Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas)-infected trees were 91.4 ± 7.8% and 82.4 ± 3.9%, respectively. We also used the citrate method to determine the level of OTC in trunk-injected trees. The level of OTC as measured using the Eu-OTC-Cit complex (117.5 ± 20.3 µg g−1 fresh weight “FWT”) was similar to that measured using Eu-OTC-CTAC complex (97.5 ± 14 µg g−1 FWT). In addition, we were able to visualize the OTC in citrus leaf extract, under ultraviolet light (400 nm), after it was cleaned with the SPE. Our study showed that the citrate can be successfully used to replace the harmful CTAC surfactant, which could also react with phenols.
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21
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Development of Europium-Sensitized Fluorescence-Based Method for Sensitive Detection of Oxytetracycline in Citrus Tissues. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10020224. [PMID: 33672358 PMCID: PMC7926362 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10020224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds have been successfully used to control many plant and animal diseases. Recently, oxytetracycline (OTC) and streptomycin have been approved for the treatment of Huanglongbing in citrus. Since the application of OTC is under strict regulations, several methods have been developed to determine and monitor its levels in the environment including high-performance liquid chromatography, ELISA, colorimetric, and fluorometric assays. In this study, we developed a fluorometric method for the determination of OTC in plant tissues based on its complexation with europium. Our preliminary trials showed that phenols and flavonoids interfere with the europium assay by reacting with the sensitizing reagent, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride. Consequently, we used the 60 mg hydrophilic–lipophilic balanced (HLB) cartridges to purify the OTC from the plant matrix. The recovery of OTC from spiked leaf samples was 75 ± 7.6%. Using the 500 mg HLB, we were able to detect 0.3 ppm OTC in the final sample extract, which corresponds to 3 µg g−1 fresh weight (FWT). The developed method was successfully used to measure the level of OTC in leaves obtained from trunk-injected trees. The results obtained by the europium method were similar to those obtained using the ELISA assay. We also tested the cross-reactivity of OTC metabolites with the europium method. The 4-epi-OTC showed a high cross-reactivity (50.0 ± 3.6%) with europium assay, whereas α-apo-OTC and β-apo-OTC showed small cross-reactivity. We showed that the europium-sensitized fluorescence-based method can be successfully used to assess OTC in citrus plant tissues after a cleanup step. Our results showed that this method was sensitive, reproducible, and can be used to analyze many samples simultaneously.
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22
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Miller GS, Parente RM, Santra S, Gesquiere AJ. Tracking of fluorescent antibiotic conjugate in planta utilizing fluorescence lifetime imaging. PLANTA 2021; 253:62. [PMID: 33544238 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-020-03559-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Excited state lifetime-based separation of fluorophore-tagged antibiotic conjugate emission from the spectrally broad plant autofluorescence enables in planta tracking of the translocation of systemic cargo such as antibiotics via fluorescence lifetime imaging. The efficacy of antibiotic treatments in citrus crops is uncertain due to mixed results from in-field experiments and a lack of study on their systemic movement. As of yet there has been an inability to track treatments using traditional fluorescence microscopy due to treatments having little fluorescence characteristics, and signal convolution due to plant autofluorescence. In this study, we used streptomycin sulfate, a commercially available antibiotic, and conjugated it to a modified tris(bipyridine) ruthenium (II) chloride, a dye with an excited state lifetime magnitudes higher than other commonly used organic fluorescent probes. The resultant is a fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) trackable antibiotic conjugate, covalently attached via an amide linkage that is uniquely distinguishable from plant autofluorescence. Characterization of the fluorescent antibiotic conjugate showed no mitigation of excited state lifetime, and a distinct IR peak not found in any synthetic components. Subsequent tracking using FLIM in citrus tissue was achieved, with identification of movement through citrus plant vasculature via tissue localization in xylem and phloem. Results indicated upwards systemic movement of the conjugate in both xylem and phloem after 48 h of incubation. However, the conjugate failed to move down towards the root system of the plant by 168 h. Mechanistically, it is likely that xylem contributes heavily in the translocation of the conjugate upwards; however, phloem led flow due to growth changes could act as a contributor. This proof-of-concept sets groundwork for subsequent studies regarding antibiotic localization and movement in citrus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory S Miller
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Ryan M Parente
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Swadeshmukul Santra
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Andre J Gesquiere
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA.
- The College of Optics and Photonics (CREOL), University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA.
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23
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Nan J, Zhang S, Jiang L. Antibacterial Potential of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GJ1 against Citrus Huanglongbing. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10020261. [PMID: 33572917 PMCID: PMC7910844 DOI: 10.3390/plants10020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Citrus huanglongbing (HLB) is a destructive disease caused by Candidatus Liberibacter species and is a serious global concern for the citrus industry. To date, there is no established strategy for control of this disease. Previously, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens GJ1 was screened as the biocontrol agent against HLB. In this study, two-year-old citrus infected by Ca. L. asiaticus were treated with B. amyloliquefaciens GJ1 solution via root irrigation. In these plants, after seven irrigation treatments, the results indicated that the photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll content, resistance-associated enzyme content and the expression of defense-related genes were significantly higher than for the plants treated with the same volume water. The content of starch and soluble sugar were significantly lower, compared to the control treatment. The parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) results revealed that treatment with B. amyloliquefaciens GJ1 solution, the expression levels of 3 proteins with photosynthetic function were upregulated in citrus leaves. The accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in citrus leaves treated with B. amyloliquefaciens GJ1 flag22 was significantly higher than untreated plants and induced the defense-related gene expression in citrus. Finally, surfactin was identified from the fermentation broth of B. amyloliquefaciens GJ1 by high-performance liquid chromatography. These results indicate that B. amyloliquefaciens GJ1 may improve the immunity of citrus by increasing the photosynthesis and enhancing the expression of the resistance-related genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Nan
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Shaoran Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Ling Jiang
- College of Horticulture and Forestry, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
- Correspondence:
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Munir S, Li Y, He P, He P, He P, Cui W, Wu Y, Li X, Li Q, Zhang S, Xiong Y, Lu Z, Wang W, Zong K, Yang Y, Yang S, Mu C, Wen H, Wang Y, Guo J, Karunarathna SC, He Y. Defeating Huanglongbing Pathogen Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus With Indigenous Citrus Endophyte Bacillus subtilis L1-21. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:789065. [PMID: 35126416 PMCID: PMC8813962 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.789065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Huanglongbing (HLB) has turned into a devastating botanical pandemic of citrus crops, caused by Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). However, until now the disease has remained incurable with very limited control strategies available. Restoration of the affected microbiomes in the diseased host through the introduction of an indigenous endophyte Bacillus subtilis L1-21 isolated from healthy citrus may provide an innovative approach for disease management. A novel half-leaf method was developed in vitro to test the efficacy of the endophyte L1-21 against CLas. Application of B. subtilis L1-21 at 104 colony forming unit (cfu ml-1) resulted in a 1,000-fold reduction in the CLas copies per gram of leaf midrib (107 to 104) in 4 days. In HLB-affected citrus orchards over a period of 2 years, the CLas incidence was reduced to < 3%, and CLas copies declined from 109 to 104 g-1 of diseased leaf midribs in the endophyte L1-21 treated trees. Reduction in disease incidence may corroborate a direct or an indirect biocontrol effect of the endophytes as red fluorescent protein-labeled B. subtilis L1-21 colonized and shared niche (phloem) with CLas. This is the first large-scale study for establishing a sustainable HLB control strategy through citrus endophytic microbiome restructuring using an indigenous endophyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Munir
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yongmei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Pengbo He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Pengfei He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Pengjie He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Wenyan Cui
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Yixin Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Xingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Qi Li
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Sixiang Zhang
- Binchuan Institute for Food and Medicine Inspection and Testing, Binchuan, China
| | - Yangsu Xiong
- Binchuan Institute for Food and Medicine Inspection and Testing, Binchuan, China
| | - Zhanjun Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Wenbiao Wang
- Binchuan Institute for Food and Medicine Inspection and Testing, Binchuan, China
| | - Kexian Zong
- Binchuan Institute for Food and Medicine Inspection and Testing, Binchuan, China
| | - Yongchao Yang
- Institute of Upland Crops, Wenshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenshan, China
| | - Shaocong Yang
- Institute of Crop Fertilization, Yuxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuxi, China
| | - Chan Mu
- Institute of Crop Fertilization, Yuxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuxi, China
| | - Heming Wen
- Institute of Upland Crops, Wenshan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Wenshan, China
| | - Yuehu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology, Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Cash Crops, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Baoshan, China
| | - Samantha C. Karunarathna
- Center for Mountain Futures (CMF), Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Kunming, China
| | - Yueqiu He
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio-Resources in Yunnan, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
- *Correspondence: Yueqiu He
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The Role of the Xylem in Oxytetracycline Translocation within Citrus Trees. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9100691. [PMID: 33066197 PMCID: PMC7602079 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have been successfully used to control plant diseases for more than fifty years. Recently, oxytetracycline and streptomycin have been approved for the treatment of Huanglongbing, which is threatening the citrus industry in many regions. Because the efficiency of antibiotics in planta is highly affected by their movement and distribution, understanding the mechanism of antibiotics' uptake and distribution could lead to a better control of plant pathogens. Herein, we investigated the movement of oxytetracycline within citrus plants. Oxytetracycline was applied by root drenching to both girdled and non-girdled citrus seedlings. In addition, oxytetracycline was applied by trunk injection to girdled and non-girdled citrus trees. After the exposure time (24 h), citrus seedlings were dissected and the levels of oxytetracycline in the different tissues were measured using an oxytetracycline ELISA kit. Upon root application (laboratory experiment), oxytetracycline was detected in the inner part of the stem (xylem-associated tissue), cortex (phloem-associated tissue), and leaves above and below the girdled area. Likewise, oxytetracycline was also detected in leaves of trunk-injected field trees (girdled and non-girdled) three days post treatment. Interestingly, cortex girdling did not affect the distribution and translocation of oxytetracycline, indicating that the xylem is the main path for oxytetracycline translocation. Taken together, our results indicate that oxytetracycline translocation mainly occurs via xylem vessels, and that movement into the phloem occurs subsequent to xylem translocation. Our findings also clearly demonstrated that upon trunk injection, only trace levels of oxytetracycline reached the roots, minimizing its therapeutic value there. Thus, our recommendation is to time tree injections to coincide with the flushing periods when the bacteria are moving into new shoots to maximize the efficiency of oxytetracycline.
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Effect of Adjuvants on Oxytetracycline Uptake upon Foliar Application in Citrus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9100677. [PMID: 33036241 PMCID: PMC7599776 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9100677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently in Florida, foliar treatments using products with the antibiotics oxytetracycline and streptomycin have been approved for the treatment of citrus Huanglongbing (HLB), which is caused by the putative bacterial pathogen ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’. Herein, we assessed the levels of oxytetracycline and ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titers in citrus trees upon foliar applications with and without a variety of commercial penetrant adjuvants and upon trunk injection. The level of oxytetracycline in citrus leaves was measured using an oxytetracycline ELISA kit and ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ titer was measured using quantitative PCR. Low levels of oxytetracycline were taken up by citrus leaves after foliar sprays of oxytetracycline in water. Addition of various adjuvants to the oxytetracycline solution showed minimal effects on its uptake by citrus leaves. The level of oxytetracycline in leaves from trunk-injected trees was higher than those treated with all foliar applications. The titer of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ in the midrib of leaves from trees receiving oxytetracycline by foliar application was not affected after four days and thirty days of application, whereas the titer was significantly reduced in oxytetracycline-injected trees thirty days after treatment. Investigation of citrus leaves using microscopy showed that they are covered by a thick lipidized cuticle. Perforation of citrus leaf cuticle with a laser significantly increased the uptake of oxytetracycline, decreasing the titer of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ in citrus leaves upon foliar application. Taken together, our findings indicate that trunk injection is more efficient than foliar spray even after the use of adjuvants. Our conclusion could help in setting useful recommendations for the application of oxytetracycline in citrus to improve tree health, minimize the amount of applied antibiotic, reduce environmental exposure, and limit off-target effects.
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Evaluation of Oxytetracycline Metabolites Cross-Reactivity with Oxytetracycline Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9040183. [PMID: 32326401 PMCID: PMC7235851 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9040183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Antibiotics have been successfully used for the control of several plant diseases for many years. Recently, streptomycin and oxytetracycline have been approved for the treatment of Huanglongbing (HLB) in Florida. The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is the most commonly used assay for the detection of these antibiotics because it is quick, simple, and can be used to analyze many samples at the same time. However, ELISA can react with the metabolites of the parent compound and its structurally related compounds. In this study, we investigated the cross-reactivity of the oxytetracycline ACCEL ELISA kitTM with three of oxytetracycline metabolites (4-epi-oxytetracycline, α-apo-oxytetracycline, and β-apo-oxytetracycline). The α-apo-oxytetracycline and β-apo-oxytetracycline metabolite did not show any cross-reactivity in the linear range (1.5–50 ng mL−1) of the assay. Whereas 4-epi-oxytetracycline showed high cross-reactivity, and its response was similar to oxytetracycline. Our results indicated that the oxytetracycline ELISA kits estimate the level of oxytetracycline as well as its main metabolite, 4-epi-oxytetracycline.
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Bigott Y, Khalaf DM, Schröder P, Schröder PM, Cruzeiro C. Uptake and Translocation of Pharmaceuticals in Plants: Principles and Data Analysis. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2020_622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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