1
|
Genel N, Tunca S. Combined effect of polyphosphate kinase and lon protease in Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) antibiotic production. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:420. [PMID: 39331181 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-024-04138-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
The bacterial stringent response is a global regulatory process in which polyphosphate kinase (Ppk) and lon protease are important players. Previous studies have shown that overexpression of the lon gene and deletion of the ppk gene significantly increased actinorhodin production in Streptomyces coelicolor (SCO). In this study, a recombinant SCOΔppk-lon cell, expressing the extra lon gene in Δppk cells, was simulated using a modified in silico (computational) model, ecSco-GEM, and the negative effect of Ppk on actinorhodin production was confirmed. In addition, we identified key enzymes that play a positive role in actinorhodin production. Of these, NADH dehydrogenase/complex-I, beta-ketoacyl-[acyl-carrier-protein] synthase III, glycine cleavage system, and superoxide dismutase were identified as the most significant. By confirming these results with experiments, we have shown that GEMs can be a reliable starting point for in vitro (lab-based) studies of Streptomyces..
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nagihan Genel
- Faculty of Science, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, 41400, Turkey
| | - Sedef Tunca
- Faculty of Science, Molecular Biology and Genetics Department, Gebze Technical University, Gebze, Kocaeli, 41400, Turkey.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
García-Martín J, García-Abad L, Santamaría RI, Díaz M. Functional connexion of bacterioferritin in antibiotic production and morphological differentiation in Streptomyces coelicolor. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:234. [PMID: 39182107 PMCID: PMC11344345 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-024-02510-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several two-component systems of Streptomyces coelicolor, a model organism used for studying antibiotic production in Streptomyces, affect the expression of the bfr (SCO2113) gene that encodes a bacterioferritin, a protein involved in iron storage. In this work, we have studied the effect of the deletion mutant ∆bfr in S. coelicolor. RESULTS The ∆bfr mutant exhibits a delay in morphological differentiation and produces a lesser amount of the two pigmented antibiotics (actinorhodin and undecylprodigiosin) compared to the wild type on complex media. The effect of iron in minimal medium was tested in the wild type and ∆bfr mutant. Consequently, we also observed different levels of production of the two pigmented antibiotics between the two strains, depending on the iron concentration and the medium (solid or liquid) used. Contrary to expectations, no differences in intracellular iron concentration were detected between the wild type and ∆bfr mutant. However, a higher level of reactive oxygen species in the ∆bfr mutant and a higher tolerance to oxidative stress were observed. Proteomic analysis showed no variation in iron response proteins, but there was a lower abundance of proteins related to actinorhodin and ribosomal proteins, as well as others related to secondary metabolite production and differentiation. Additionally, a higher abundance of proteins related to various types of stress, such as respiration and hypoxia among others, was also revealed. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD050869. CONCLUSION This bacterioferritin in S. coelicolor (Bfr) is a new element in the complex regulation of secondary metabolism in S. coelicolor and, additionally, iron acts as a signal to modulate the biosynthesis of active molecules. Our model proposes an interaction between Bfr and iron-containing regulatory proteins. Thus, identifying these interactions would provide new information for improving antibiotic production in Streptomyces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Javier García-Martín
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca (USAL), C/ Zacarías González, nº 2, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Laura García-Abad
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca (USAL), C/ Zacarías González, nº 2, Salamanca, 37007, Spain
| | - Ramón I Santamaría
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca (USAL), C/ Zacarías González, nº 2, Salamanca, 37007, Spain.
| | - Margarita Díaz
- Departamento de Microbiología y Genética, Instituto de Biología Funcional y Genómica (IBFG), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Universidad de Salamanca (USAL), C/ Zacarías González, nº 2, Salamanca, 37007, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lejeune C, Abreu S, Guérard F, Askora A, David M, Chaminade P, Gakière B, Virolle M. Consequences of the deletion of the major specialized metabolite biosynthetic pathways of Streptomyces coelicolor on the metabolome and lipidome of this strain. Microb Biotechnol 2024; 17:e14538. [PMID: 39093579 PMCID: PMC11296114 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.14538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Chassis strains, derived from Streptomyces coelicolor M145, deleted for one or more of its four main specialized metabolites biosynthetic pathways (CPK, CDA, RED and ACT), in various combinations, were constructed for the heterologous expression of specialized metabolites biosynthetic pathways of various types and origins. To determine consequences of these deletions on the metabolism of the deleted strains comparative lipidomic and metabolomic analyses of these strains and of the original strain were carried out. These studies unexpectedly revealed that the deletion of the peptidic clusters, RED and/or CDA, in a strain deleted for the ACT cluster, resulted into a great increase in the triacylglycerol (TAG) content, whereas the deletion of polyketide clusters, ACT and CPK had no impact on TAG content. Low or high TAG content of the deleted strains was correlated with abundance or paucity in amino acids, respectively, reflecting high or low activity of oxidative metabolism. Hypotheses based on what is known on the bio-activity and the nature of the precursors of these specialized metabolites are proposed to explain the unexpected consequences of the deletion of these pathways on the metabolism of the bacteria and on the efficiency of the deleted strains as chassis strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lejeune
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC, UMR 9198), Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Group MES (Métabolisme Energétique Des Streptomyces)Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Sonia Abreu
- UFR Pharmacie, Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS, Group «Lipides, Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques (Lip(Sys)»OrsayFrance
| | - Florence Guérard
- Institut Des Sciences Des Plantes (IPS2, UMR 9213), Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS, Plateforme «SPOmics‐Métabolome»Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Ahmed Askora
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC, UMR 9198), Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Group MES (Métabolisme Energétique Des Streptomyces)Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of ScienceZagazig UniversityZagazigEgypt
| | - Michelle David
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC, UMR 9198), Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Group MES (Métabolisme Energétique Des Streptomyces)Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Pierre Chaminade
- UFR Pharmacie, Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS, Group «Lipides, Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques (Lip(Sys)»OrsayFrance
| | - Bertrand Gakière
- Institut Des Sciences Des Plantes (IPS2, UMR 9213), Université Paris‐Saclay, CNRS, Plateforme «SPOmics‐Métabolome»Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| | - Marie‐Joelle Virolle
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule (I2BC, UMR 9198), Université Paris‐Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Group MES (Métabolisme Energétique Des Streptomyces)Gif‐sur‐YvetteFrance
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Abreu S, Lejeune C, David M, Chaminade P, Virolle MJ. Impact of the Deletion of Genes of the Nitrogen Metabolism on Triacylglycerol, Cardiolipin and Actinorhodin Biosynthesis in Streptomyces coelicolor. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1560. [PMID: 39203402 PMCID: PMC11356632 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12081560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Since nitrogen limitation is known to be an important trigger of triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation in most microorganisms, we first assessed the global lipid content of 21 strains derived from Streptomyces coelicolor M145 deleted for genes involved in nitrogen metabolism. Seven of these strains deleted for genes encoding proteins involved in polyamine (GlnA2/SCO2241, GlnA3/SCO6962, GlnA4/SCO1613), or protein (Pup/SCO1646) degradation, in the regulation of nitrogen metabolism (GlnE/SCO2234 and GlnK/SCO5584), or the global regulator DasR/SCO5231 that controls negatively the degradation of N-acetylglucosamine, a constituent of peptidoglycan, had a higher TAG content than the original strain, whereas five of these strains (except the glnA2 and pup mutants) had a lower cardiolipin (CL) content. The production of the blue polyketide actinorhodin (ACT) was totally abolished in the dasR mutant in both Pi conditions, whereas the deletion of pup, glnA2, glnA3, and glnA4 was correlated with a significant increase in total ACT production, but mainly in Pi limitation. Unexpectedly, ACT production was strongly reduced in the glnA3 mutant in Pi proficiency. Altogether, our data suggest that high TAG and ACT biosynthesis and low CL biosynthesis might all contribute to the lowering of oxidative stress resulting from nitrogen limitation or from other causes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Abreu
- Lip (Sys)2 (Lipides Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques), UFR Pharmacie-Bâtiment Henri Moissan, CNRS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France; (S.A.); (P.C.)
| | - Clara Lejeune
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Microbiology, Group “Energetic Metabolism of Streptomyces”, CNRS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France (M.D.)
| | - Michelle David
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Microbiology, Group “Energetic Metabolism of Streptomyces”, CNRS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France (M.D.)
| | - Pierre Chaminade
- Lip (Sys)2 (Lipides Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques), UFR Pharmacie-Bâtiment Henri Moissan, CNRS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France; (S.A.); (P.C.)
| | - Marie-Joelle Virolle
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Microbiology, Group “Energetic Metabolism of Streptomyces”, CNRS, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-Sur-Yvette, France (M.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mao J, Zhang M, Dai W, Fu C, Wang Z, Wang X, Yao Q, Kong L, Qin J. Metabolic perturbation of Streptomyces albulus by introducing NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1328321. [PMID: 38328422 PMCID: PMC10847347 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1328321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
The available resources of Streptomyces represent a valuable repository of bioactive natural products that warrant exploration. Streptomyces albulus is primarily utilized in the industrial synthesis of ε-poly-L-lysine (ε-PL). In this study, the NADP-dependent glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GapN) from Streptococcus mutans was heterologously expressed in S. albulus CICC11022, leading to elevated intracellular NADPH levels and reduced NADH and ATP concentrations. The resulting perturbation of S. albulus metabolism was comprehensively analyzed using transcriptomic and metabolomic methodologies. A decrease in production of ε-PL was observed. The expression of gapN significantly impacted on 23 gene clusters responsible for the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. A comprehensive analysis revealed a total of 21 metabolites exhibiting elevated levels both intracellularly and extracellularly in the gapN expressing strain compared to those in the control strain. These findings underscore the potential of S. albulus to generate diverse bioactive natural products, thus offering valuable insights for the utilization of known Streptomyces resources through genetic manipulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Linghui Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Jiayang Qin
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hamed MB, Busche T, Simoens K, Carpentier S, Kormanec J, Van Mellaert L, Anné J, Kalinowski J, Bernaerts K, Karamanou S, Economou A. Enhanced protein secretion in reduced genome strains of Streptomyces lividans. Microb Cell Fact 2024; 23:13. [PMID: 38183102 PMCID: PMC10768272 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-023-02269-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND S. lividans TK24 is a popular host for the production of small molecules and the secretion of heterologous protein. Within its large genome, twenty-nine non-essential clusters direct the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. We had previously constructed ten chassis strains, carrying deletions in various combinations of specialized metabolites biosynthetic clusters, such as those of the blue actinorhodin (act), the calcium-dependent antibiotic (cda), the undecylprodigiosin (red), the coelimycin A (cpk) and the melanin (mel) clusters, as well as the genes hrdD, encoding a non-essential sigma factor, and matAB, a locus affecting mycelial aggregation. Genome reduction was aimed at reducing carbon flow toward specialized metabolite biosynthesis to optimize the production of secreted heterologous protein. RESULTS Two of these S. lividans TK24 derived chassis strains showed ~ 15% reduction in biomass yield, 2-fold increase of their total native secretome mass yield and enhanced abundance of several secreted proteins compared to the parental strain. RNAseq and proteomic analysis of the secretome suggested that genome reduction led to cell wall and oxidative stresses and was accompanied by the up-regulation of secretory chaperones and of secDF, a Sec-pathway component. Interestingly, the amount of the secreted heterologous proteins mRFP and mTNFα, by one of these strains, was 12 and 70% higher, respectively, than that secreted by the parental strain. CONCLUSION The current study described a strategy to construct chassis strains with enhanced secretory abilities and proposed a model linking the deletion of specialized metabolite biosynthetic clusters to improved production of secreted heterologous proteins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Belal Hamed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
- Molecular Biology Depart, National Research Centre, Dokii, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Neurosciences, Leuven Research Institute for Neuroscience and Disease (LIND), KU Leuven, VIB-KU Leuven Center for Brain & Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tobias Busche
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kenneth Simoens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Sebastien Carpentier
- SYBIOMA, KU Leuven facility for Systems Biology Based Mass Spectrometry, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Jan Kormanec
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 21, Bratislava, 84551, Slovakia
| | - Lieve Van Mellaert
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Jozef Anné
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| | - Joern Kalinowski
- Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kristel Bernaerts
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemical and Biochemical Reactor Engineering and Safety (CREaS), KU Leuven, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
| | - Spyridoula Karamanou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium.
| | - Anastassios Economou
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Transplantation, Rega Institute, Laboratory of Molecular Bacteriology, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, Leuven, B-3000, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Phukan H, Sarma A, Rex DAB, Christie SAD, Sabu SK, Hariharan S, Prasad TSK, Madanan MG. Physiological Temperature and Osmotic Changes Drive Dynamic Proteome Alterations in the Leptospiral Outer Membrane and Enhance Protein Export Systems. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:3447-3463. [PMID: 37877620 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.3c00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Leptospirosis, a remerging zoonosis, has no effective vaccine or an unambiguous early diagnostic reagent. Proteins differentially expressed (DE) under pathogenic conditions will be useful candidates for antileptospiral measures. We employed a multipronged approach comprising high-resolution TMT-labeled LC-MS/MS-based proteome analysis coupled with bioinformatics on leptospiral proteins following Triton X-114 subcellular fractionation of leptospires treated under physiological temperature and osmolarity that mimic infection. Although there were significant changes in the DE proteins at the level of the entire cell, there were notable changes in proteins at the subcellular level, particularly on the outer membrane (OM), that show the significance of subcellular proteome analysis. The detergent-enriched proteins, representing outer membrane proteins (OMPs), exhibited a dynamic nature and upregulation under various physiological conditions. It was found that pathogenic proteins showed a higher proportion of upregulation compared to the nonpathogenic proteins in the OM. Further analysis identified 17 virulent proteins exclusively upregulated in the outer membrane during infection that could be useful for vaccine and diagnostic targets. The DE proteins may aid in metabolic adaptation and are enriched in pathways related to signal transduction and antibiotic biosynthesis. Many upregulated proteins belong to protein export systems such as SEC translocase, T2SSs, and T1SSs, indicating their sequential participation in protein transport to the outer leaflet of the OM. Further studies on OM-localized proteins may shed light on the pathogenesis of leptospirosis and serve as the basis for effective countermeasures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Homen Phukan
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Abhijit Sarma
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Devasahayam Arokia Balaya Rex
- Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine, Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore 575018, India
| | | | - Sarath Kizhakkemuriyil Sabu
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | - Suneetha Hariharan
- Department of Biochemistry, ICMR - Regional Medical Research Centre, Port Blair 744103, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, India
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dulermo T, Lejeune C, Aybeke E, Abreu S, Bleton J, David M, Deniset-Besseau A, Chaminade P, Thibessard A, Leblond P, Virolle MJ. Genome Analysis of a Variant of Streptomyces coelicolor M145 with High Lipid Content and Poor Ability to Synthetize Antibiotics. Microorganisms 2023; 11:1470. [PMID: 37374972 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11061470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces coelicolor M145 is a model strain extensively studied to elucidate the regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis in Streptomyces species. This strain abundantly produces the blue polyketide antibiotic, actinorhodin (ACT), and has a low lipid content. In a process designed to delete the gene encoding the isocitrate lyase (sco0982) of the glyoxylate cycle, an unexpected variant of S. coelicolor was obtained besides bona fide sco0982 deletion mutants. This variant produces 7- to 15-fold less ACT and has a 3-fold higher triacylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine content than the original strain. The genome of this variant was sequenced and revealed that 704 genes were deleted (9% of total number of genes) through deletions of various sizes accompanied by the massive loss of mobile genetic elements. Some deletions include genes whose absence could be related to the high total lipid content of this variant such as those encoding enzymes of the TCA and glyoxylate cycles, enzymes involved in nitrogen assimilation as well as enzymes belonging to some polyketide and possibly trehalose biosynthetic pathways. The characteristics of this deleted variant of S. coelicolor are consistent with the existence of the previously reported negative correlation existing between lipid content and antibiotic production in Streptomyces species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Dulermo
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Microbiology, Group "Energetic Metabolism of Streptomyces", 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Clara Lejeune
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Microbiology, Group "Energetic Metabolism of Streptomyces", 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ece Aybeke
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Sonia Abreu
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Lip(Sys)2 (Lipides Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques), UFR Pharmacie-Bâtiment Henri Moissan, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Jean Bleton
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Lip(Sys)2 (Lipides Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques), UFR Pharmacie-Bâtiment Henri Moissan, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Michelle David
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Microbiology, Group "Energetic Metabolism of Streptomyces", 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ariane Deniset-Besseau
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Institut de Chimie Physique, UMR 8000, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Pierre Chaminade
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Lip(Sys)2 (Lipides Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques), UFR Pharmacie-Bâtiment Henri Moissan, 17 Avenue des Sciences, 91400 Orsay, France
| | | | - Pierre Leblond
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, DynAMic, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Marie-Joelle Virolle
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, CEA, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Microbiology, Group "Energetic Metabolism of Streptomyces", 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Apel C, Levasseur M, Lejeune C, Korch SB, Guérard F, David M, Askora A, Litaudon M, Roussi F, Gakière B, Chaput J, Virolle MJ. Metabolic adjustments in response to ATP spilling by the small DX protein in a Streptomyces strain. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1129009. [PMID: 36968208 PMCID: PMC10030506 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1129009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
ATP wasting is recognized as an efficient strategy to enhance metabolic activity and productivity of specific metabolites in several microorganisms. However, such strategy has been rarely implemented in Streptomyces species whereas antibiotic production by members of this genus is known to be triggered in condition of phosphate limitation that is correlated with a low ATP content. In consequence, to assess the effects of ATP spilling on the primary and specialized metabolisms of Streptomyces, the gene encoding the small synthetic protein DX, that has high affinity for ATP and dephosphorylates ATP into ADP, was cloned in the integrative vector pOSV10 under the control of the strong ErmE promoter. This construct and the empty vector were introduced into the species Streptomyces albogriseolus/viridodiastaticus yielding A37 and A36, respectively. A37 yielded higher biomass than A36 indicating that the DX-mediated ATP degradation resulted into a stimulation of A37 metabolism, consistently with what was reported in other microorganisms. The comparative analysis of the metabolomes of A36 and A37 revealed that A37 had a lower content in glycolytic and Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle intermediates as well as in amino acids than A36, these metabolites being consumed for biomass generation in A37. In contrast, the abundance of other molecules indicative either of energetic stress (ADP, AMP, UMP, ornithine and thymine), of activation (NAD and threonic acid) or inhibition (citramalic acid, fatty acids, TAG and L-alanine) of the oxidative metabolism, was higher in A37 than in A36. Furthermore, hydroxyl-pyrimidine derivatives and polycyclic aromatic polyketide antibiotics belonging to the angucycline class and thought to have a negative impact on respiration were also more abundantly produced by A37 than by A36. This comparative analysis thus revealed the occurrence in A37 of antagonistic metabolic strategies, namely, activation or slowing down of oxidative metabolism and respiration, to maintain the cellular energetic balance. This study thus demonstrated that DX constitutes an efficient biotechnological tool to enhance the expression of the specialized metabolic pathways present in the Streptomyces genomes that may include cryptic pathways. Its use thus might lead to the discovery of novel bioactive molecules potentially useful to human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Apel
- Département de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et Chimie Médicinale, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de le Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marceau Levasseur
- Département de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et Chimie Médicinale, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de le Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Clara Lejeune
- Département de Microbiologie, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), UMR 9198, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de le Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Shaleen B. Korch
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Graduate Studies, Midwestern University, Glendale, AZ, United States
| | - Florence Guérard
- Plateforme SPOmics-Métabolome, Institut des Sciences des Plantes (IPS2), UMR 9213, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de le Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michelle David
- Département de Microbiologie, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), UMR 9198, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de le Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ahmed Askora
- Département de Microbiologie, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), UMR 9198, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de le Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Department of Microbiology and Botany, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Marc Litaudon
- Département de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et Chimie Médicinale, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de le Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Fanny Roussi
- Département de Chimie des Substances Naturelles et Chimie Médicinale, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de le Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bertrand Gakière
- Plateforme SPOmics-Métabolome, Institut des Sciences des Plantes (IPS2), UMR 9213, Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de le Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - John Chaput
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Marie-Joelle Virolle
- Département de Microbiologie, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), UMR 9198, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, Centre National de le Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- *Correspondence: Marie-Joelle Virolle,
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Clara L, David C, Laila S, Virginie R, Marie-Joelle V. Comparative Proteomic Analysis of Transcriptional and Regulatory Proteins Abundances in S. lividans and S. coelicolor Suggests a Link between Various Stresses and Antibiotic Production. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232314792. [PMID: 36499130 PMCID: PMC9739823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232314792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces coelicolor and Streptomyces lividans constitute model strains to study the regulation of antibiotics biosynthesis in Streptomyces species since these closely related strains possess the same pathways directing the biosynthesis of various antibiotics but only S. coelicolor produces them. To get a better understanding of the origin of the contrasted abilities of these strains to produce bioactive specialized metabolites, these strains were grown in conditions of phosphate limitation or proficiency and a comparative analysis of their transcriptional/regulatory proteins was carried out. The abundance of the vast majority of the 355 proteins detected greatly differed between these two strains and responded differently to phosphate availability. This study confirmed, consistently with previous studies, that S. coelicolor suffers from nitrogen stress. This stress likely triggers the degradation of the nitrogen-rich peptidoglycan cell wall in order to recycle nitrogen present in its constituents, resulting in cell wall stress. When an altered cell wall is unable to fulfill its osmo-protective function, the bacteria also suffer from osmotic stress. This study thus revealed that these three stresses are intimately linked in S. coelicolor. The aggravation of these stresses leading to an increase of antibiotic biosynthesis, the connection between these stresses, and antibiotic production are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lejeune Clara
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Microbiology, Group “Energetic Metabolism of Streptomyces”, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cornu David
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Microbiology, Group “Energetic Metabolism of Streptomyces”, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Sago Laila
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Microbiology, Group “Energetic Metabolism of Streptomyces”, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Redeker Virginie
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Microbiology, Group “Energetic Metabolism of Streptomyces”, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA) and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Molecular Imaging Center (MIRCen), Institut François Jacob, Université Paris-Saclay, 92260 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Virolle Marie-Joelle
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Department of Microbiology, Group “Energetic Metabolism of Streptomyces”, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Gómez-Ríos D, Ramírez-Malule H, Neubauer P, Junne S, Ríos-Estepa R, Ochoa S. Tuning of fed-batch cultivation of Streptomyces clavuligerus for enhanced Clavulanic Acid production based on genome-scale dynamic modeling. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
|
12
|
Lejeune C, Sago L, Cornu D, Redeker V, Virolle MJ. A Proteomic Analysis Indicates That Oxidative Stress Is the Common Feature Triggering Antibiotic Production in Streptomyces coelicolor and in the pptA Mutant of Streptomyces lividans. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:813993. [PMID: 35392450 PMCID: PMC8981147 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.813993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In most Streptomyces species, antibiotic production is triggered in phosphate limitation and repressed in phosphate proficiency. However, the model strain, Streptomyces coelicolor, escapes this general rule and produces actinorhoddin (ACT), a polyketide antibiotic, even more abundantly in phosphate proficiency than in phosphate limitation. ACT was shown to bear "anti-oxidant" properties suggesting that its biosynthesis is triggered by oxidative stress. Interestingly, Streptomyces lividans, a strain closely related to S. coelicolor, does not produce ACT in any phosphate condition whereas its pptA/sco4144 mutant produces ACT but only in phosphate limitation. In order to define the potentially common features of the ACT producing strains, these three strains were grown in condition of low and high phosphate availability, and a comparative quantitative analysis of their proteomes was carried out. The abundance of proteins of numerous pathways differed greatly between S. coelicolor and the S. lividans strains, especially those of central carbon metabolism and respiration. S. coelicolor is characterized by the high abundance of the complex I of the respiratory chain thought to generate reactive oxygen/nitrogen species and by a weak glycolytic activity causing a low carbon flux through the Pentose Phosphate Pathway resulting into the low generation of NADPH, a co-factor of thioredoxin reductases necessary to combat oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is thus predicted to be high in S. coelicolor. In contrast, the S. lividans strains had rather similar proteins abundance for most pathways except for the transhydrogenases SCO7622-23, involved in the conversion of NADPH into NADH. The poor abundance of these enzymes in the pptA mutant suggested a deficit in NADPH. Indeed, PptA is an accessory protein forcing polyphosphate into a conformation allowing their efficient use by various enzymes taking polyphosphate as a donor of phosphate and energy, including the ATP/Polyphosphate-dependent NAD kinase SCO1781. In phosphate limitation, this enzyme would mainly use polyphosphate to phosphorylate NAD into NADP, but this phosphorylation would be inefficient in the pptA mutant resulting in low NADP(H) levels and thus high oxidative stress. Altogether, our results indicated that high oxidative stress is the common feature triggering ACT biosynthesis in S. coelicolor and in the pptA mutant of S. lividans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Lejeune
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Laila Sago
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - David Cornu
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Virginie Redeker
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Institut Francois Jacob, Molecular Imaging Center (MIRCen), Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Commissariat à l’Energie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris-Saclay, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Marie-Joelle Virolle
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Ramirez-Malule H, López-Agudelo VA, Gómez-Ríos D, Ochoa S, Ríos-Estepa R, Junne S, Neubauer P. TCA Cycle and Its Relationship with Clavulanic Acid Production: A Further Interpretation by Using a Reduced Genome-Scale Metabolic Model of Streptomyces clavuligerus. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:103. [PMID: 34436106 PMCID: PMC8389198 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8080103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces clavuligerus (S. clavuligerus) has been widely studied for its ability to produce clavulanic acid (CA), a potent inhibitor of β-lactamase enzymes. In this study, S. clavuligerus cultivated in 2D rocking bioreactor in fed-batch operation produced CA at comparable rates to those observed in stirred tank bioreactors. A reduced model of S. clavuligerus metabolism was constructed by using a bottom-up approach and validated using experimental data. The reduced model was implemented for in silico studies of the metabolic scenarios arisen during the cultivations. Constraint-based analysis confirmed the interrelations between succinate, oxaloacetate, malate, pyruvate, and acetate accumulations at high CA synthesis rates in submerged cultures of S. clavuligerus. Further analysis using shadow prices provided a first view of the metabolites positive and negatively associated with the scenarios of low and high CA production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - David Gómez-Ríos
- Grupo de Investigación en Simulación, Diseño, Control y Optimización de Procesos (SIDCOP), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (D.G.-R.); (S.O.)
| | - Silvia Ochoa
- Grupo de Investigación en Simulación, Diseño, Control y Optimización de Procesos (SIDCOP), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín 050010, Colombia; (D.G.-R.); (S.O.)
| | - Rigoberto Ríos-Estepa
- Escuela de Biociencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Stefan Junne
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, D-13355 Berlin, Germany; (S.J.); (P.N.)
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, D-13355 Berlin, Germany; (S.J.); (P.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Haddix PL. Associations between cellular levels of ATP and prodigiosin pigment throughout the growth cycle of Serratia marcescens. Can J Microbiol 2021; 67:639-650. [PMID: 33844953 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2020-0619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Serratia marcescens is a prolific producer of the red, membrane-associated pigment prodigiosin. Earlier work has established both a positive role for prodigiosin in ATP production during the population lag phase and a negative role during high-rate, low cell density growth. This study uses the growth rate and growth phase modulation afforded by chemostat culture to extend prodigiosin functional analysis to the high-density and stationary phases. Cellular levels of prodigiosin were positively associated with cellular levels of ATP during high-density growth, and artificial pigment induction during this phase increased cellular ATP levels. Following peak high-density ATP per cell, the early stationary phase enabled significant population growth, while prodigiosin levels remained high and ATP declined. During the late stationary phase, ATP per cell was positively associated with prodigiosin per cell, while both declined during continued growth. These results provide correlational evidence for the multiple effects of prodigiosin pigment on ATP production throughout the growth cycle. Earlier work and the data presented here enable the formulation of a working model for the oscillating relationships between cellular levels of ATP and prodigiosin during batch culture.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pryce L Haddix
- Department of Biology, Auburn University at Montgomery, P.O. Box 244023, Montgomery, AL 36124-4023 USA.,Department of Biology, Auburn University at Montgomery, P.O. Box 244023, Montgomery, AL 36124-4023 USA
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Shikura N, Darbon E, Esnault C, Deniset-Besseau A, Xu D, Lejeune C, Jacquet E, Nhiri N, Sago L, Cornu D, Werten S, Martel C, Virolle MJ. The Phosin PptA Plays a Negative Role in the Regulation of Antibiotic Production in Streptomyces lividans. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:325. [PMID: 33804592 PMCID: PMC8003754 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In Streptomyces, antibiotic biosynthesis is triggered in phosphate limitation that is usually correlated with energetic stress. Polyphosphates constitute an important reservoir of phosphate and energy and a better understanding of their role in the regulation of antibiotic biosynthesis is of crucial importance. We previously characterized a gene, SLI_4384/ppk, encoding a polyphosphate kinase, whose disruption greatly enhanced the weak antibiotic production of Streptomyces lividans. In the condition of energetic stress, Ppk utilizes polyP as phosphate and energy donor, to generate ATP from ADP. In this paper, we established that ppk is co-transcribed with its two downstream genes, SLI_4383, encoding a phosin called PptA possessing a CHAD domain constituting a polyphosphate binding module and SLI_4382 encoding a nudix hydrolase. The expression of the ppk/pptA/SLI_4382 operon was shown to be under the positive control of the two-component system PhoR/PhoP and thus mainly expressed in condition of phosphate limitation. However, pptA and SLI_4382 can also be transcribed alone from their own promoter. The deletion of pptA resulted into earlier and stronger actinorhodin production and lower lipid content than the disruption of ppk, whereas the deletion of SLI_4382 had no obvious phenotypical consequences. The disruption of ppk was shown to have a polar effect on the expression of pptA, suggesting that the phenotype of the ppk mutant might be linked, at least in part, to the weak expression of pptA in this strain. Interestingly, the expression of phoR/phoP and that of the genes of the pho regulon involved in phosphate supply or saving were strongly up-regulated in pptA and ppk mutants, revealing that both mutants suffer from phosphate stress. Considering the presence of a polyphosphate binding module in PptA, but absence of similarities between PptA and known exo-polyphosphatases, we proposed that PptA constitutes an accessory factor for exopolyphosphatases or general phosphatases involved in the degradation of polyphosphates into phosphate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noriyasu Shikura
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (N.S.); (E.D.); (C.E.); (D.X.); (C.L.); (L.S.); (D.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Emmanuelle Darbon
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (N.S.); (E.D.); (C.E.); (D.X.); (C.L.); (L.S.); (D.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Catherine Esnault
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (N.S.); (E.D.); (C.E.); (D.X.); (C.L.); (L.S.); (D.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Ariane Deniset-Besseau
- Laboratoire de Chimie Physique (LCP), CNRS UMR 8000, Université Paris-Saclay, 91405 Orsay, France;
| | - Delin Xu
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (N.S.); (E.D.); (C.E.); (D.X.); (C.L.); (L.S.); (D.C.); (C.M.)
- Department of Ecology, Institute of Hydrobiology, School of Life Science and Technology, Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Clara Lejeune
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (N.S.); (E.D.); (C.E.); (D.X.); (C.L.); (L.S.); (D.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Eric Jacquet
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (E.J.); (N.N.)
| | - Naima Nhiri
- Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, CNRS, Université Paris Saclay, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (E.J.); (N.N.)
| | - Laila Sago
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (N.S.); (E.D.); (C.E.); (D.X.); (C.L.); (L.S.); (D.C.); (C.M.)
| | - David Cornu
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (N.S.); (E.D.); (C.E.); (D.X.); (C.L.); (L.S.); (D.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Sebastiaan Werten
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innrain 80, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria;
| | - Cécile Martel
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (N.S.); (E.D.); (C.E.); (D.X.); (C.L.); (L.S.); (D.C.); (C.M.)
| | - Marie-Joelle Virolle
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (N.S.); (E.D.); (C.E.); (D.X.); (C.L.); (L.S.); (D.C.); (C.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hesketh A, Bucca G, Smith CP, Hong HJ. Chemotranscriptomic Profiling Defines Drug-Specific Signatures of the Glycopeptide Antibiotics Dalbavancin, Vancomycin and Chlorobiphenyl-Vancomycin in a VanB-Type-Resistant Streptomycete. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:641756. [PMID: 33717038 PMCID: PMC7947799 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.641756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dalbavancin, vancomycin and chlorobiphenyl-vancomycin share a high degree of structural similarity and the same primary mode of drug action. All inhibit bacterial cell wall biosynthesis through complexation with intermediates in peptidoglycan biosynthesis mediated via interaction with peptidyl-d-alanyl-d-alanine (d-Ala-d-Ala) residues present at the termini of the intermediates. VanB-type glycopeptide resistance in bacteria encodes an inducible reprogramming of bacterial cell wall biosynthesis that generates precursors terminating with d-alanyl-d-lactate (d-Ala-d-Lac). This system in Streptomyces coelicolor confers protection against the natural product vancomycin but not dalbavancin or chlorobiphenyl-vancomycin, which are semi-synthetic derivatives and fail to sufficiently activate the inducible VanB-type sensory response. We used transcriptome profiling by RNAseq to identify the gene expression signatures elucidated in S. coelicolor in response to the three different glycopeptide compounds. An integrated comparison of the results defines both the contribution of the VanB resistance system to the control of changes in gene transcription and the impact at the transcriptional level of the structural diversity present in the glycopeptide antibiotics used. Dalbavancin induces markedly more extensive changes in the expression of genes required for transport processes, RNA methylation, haem biosynthesis and the biosynthesis of the amino acids arginine and glutamine. Chlorobiphenyl-vancomycin exhibits specific effects on tryptophan and calcium-dependent antibiotic biosynthesis and has a stronger repressive effect on translation. Vancomycin predictably has a uniquely strong effect on the genes controlled by the VanB resistance system and also impacts metal ion homeostasis and leucine biosynthesis. Leaderless gene transcription is disfavoured in the core transcriptional up- and down-regulation taking place in response to all the glycopeptide antibiotics, while HrdB-dependent transcripts are favoured in the down-regulated group. This study illustrates the biological impact of peripheral changes to glycopeptide antibiotic structure and could inform the design of future semi-synthetic glycopeptide derivatives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andy Hesketh
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Giselda Bucca
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Colin P. Smith
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Hee-Jeon Hong
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
López-Agudelo VA, Gómez-Ríos D, Ramirez-Malule H. Clavulanic Acid Production by Streptomyces clavuligerus: Insights from Systems Biology, Strain Engineering, and Downstream Processing. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:84. [PMID: 33477401 PMCID: PMC7830376 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Clavulanic acid (CA) is an irreversible β-lactamase enzyme inhibitor with a weak antibacterial activity produced by Streptomyces clavuligerus (S. clavuligerus). CA is typically co-formulated with broad-spectrum β‑lactam antibiotics such as amoxicillin, conferring them high potential to treat diseases caused by bacteria that possess β‑lactam resistance. The clinical importance of CA and the complexity of the production process motivate improvements from an interdisciplinary standpoint by integrating metabolic engineering strategies and knowledge on metabolic and regulatory events through systems biology and multi-omics approaches. In the large-scale bioprocessing, optimization of culture conditions, bioreactor design, agitation regime, as well as advances in CA separation and purification are required to improve the cost structure associated to CA production. This review presents the recent insights in CA production by S. clavuligerus, emphasizing on systems biology approaches, strain engineering, and downstream processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - David Gómez-Ríos
- Grupo de Investigación en Simulación, Diseño, Control y Optimización de Procesos (SIDCOP), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tenconi E, Traxler M, Tellatin D, van Wezel GP, Rigali S. Prodiginines Postpone the Onset of Sporulation in Streptomyces coelicolor. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E847. [PMID: 33256178 PMCID: PMC7760128 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Bioactive natural products are typically secreted by the producer strain. Besides that, this allows the targeting of competitors, also filling a protective role, reducing the chance of self-killing. Surprisingly, DNA-degrading and membrane damaging prodiginines (PdGs) are only produced intracellularly, and are required for the onset of the second round of programmed cell death (PCD) in Streptomyces coelicolor. In this work, we investigated the influence of PdGs on the timing of the morphological differentiation of S. coelicolor. The deletion of the transcriptional activator gene redD that activates the red cluster for PdGs or nutrient-mediated reduction of PdG synthesis both resulted in the precocious appearance of mature spore chains. Transcriptional analysis revealed an accelerated expression of key developmental genes in the redD null mutant, including bldN for the developmental σ factor BldN which is essential for aerial mycelium formation. In contrast, PdG overproduction due to the enhanced copy number of redD resulted in a delay or block in sporulation. In addition, confocal fluorescence microscopy revealed that the earliest aerial hyphae do not produce PdGs. This suggests that filaments that eventually differentiate into spore chains and are hence required for survival of the colony, are excluded from the second round of PCD induced by PdGs. We propose that one of the roles of PdGs would be to delay the entrance of S. coelicolor into the dormancy state (sporulation) by inducing the leakage of the intracellular content of dying filaments thereby providing nutrients for the survivors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elodie Tenconi
- InBioS—Centre for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie B6a, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.T.); (D.T.)
- Hedera-22, Boulevard du rectorat 27b, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Matthew Traxler
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA;
| | - Déborah Tellatin
- InBioS—Centre for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie B6a, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.T.); (D.T.)
| | - Gilles P. van Wezel
- Molecular Biotechnology, Institute of Biology Leiden, Leiden University, 2333 BE Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Sébastien Rigali
- InBioS—Centre for Protein Engineering, Institut de Chimie B6a, University of Liège, B-4000 Liège, Belgium; (E.T.); (D.T.)
- Hedera-22, Boulevard du rectorat 27b, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gómez-Ríos D, López-Agudelo VA, Ramírez-Malule H, Neubauer P, Junne S, Ochoa S, Ríos-Estepa R. A Genome-Scale Insight into the Effect of Shear Stress During the Fed-Batch Production of Clavulanic Acid by Streptomyces Clavuligerus. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1255. [PMID: 32824882 PMCID: PMC7569809 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomyces clavuligerus is a filamentous Gram-positive bacterial producer of the β-lactamase inhibitor clavulanic acid. Antibiotics biosynthesis in the Streptomyces genus is usually triggered by nutritional and environmental perturbations. In this work, a new genome scale metabolic network of Streptomyces clavuligerus was reconstructed and used to study the experimentally observed effect of oxygen and phosphate concentrations on clavulanic acid biosynthesis under high and low shear stress. A flux balance analysis based on experimental evidence revealed that clavulanic acid biosynthetic reaction fluxes are favored in conditions of phosphate limitation, and this is correlated with enhanced activity of central and amino acid metabolism, as well as with enhanced oxygen uptake. In silico and experimental results show a possible slowing down of tricarboxylic acid (TCA) due to reduced oxygen availability in low shear stress conditions. In contrast, high shear stress conditions are connected with high intracellular oxygen availability favoring TCA activity, precursors availability and clavulanic acid (CA) production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Gómez-Ríos
- Grupo de Investigación en Simulación, Diseño, Control y Optimización de Procesos (SIDCOP), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
- Grupo de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Victor A. López-Agudelo
- Grupo de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Howard Ramírez-Malule
- Escuela de Ingeniería Química, Universidad del Valle, A.A. 25360, Cali 76001, Colombia;
| | - Peter Neubauer
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Ackerstr. 76, ACK 24, D-13355 Berlin, Germany; (P.N.); (S.J.)
| | - Stefan Junne
- Technische Universität Berlin, Institute of Biotechnology, Chair of Bioprocess Engineering, Ackerstr. 76, ACK 24, D-13355 Berlin, Germany; (P.N.); (S.J.)
| | - Silvia Ochoa
- Grupo de Investigación en Simulación, Diseño, Control y Optimización de Procesos (SIDCOP), Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | - Rigoberto Ríos-Estepa
- Grupo de Bioprocesos, Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Universidad de Antioquia (UdeA), Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
- Escuela de Biociencias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia sede Medellín, Calle 59 A 63-20, Medellín 050010, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Zhang J, Liang Q, Xu Z, Cui M, Zhang Q, Abreu S, David M, Lejeune C, Chaminade P, Virolle MJ, Xu D. The Inhibition of Antibiotic Production in Streptomyces coelicolor Over-Expressing the TetR Regulator SCO3201 IS Correlated With Changes in the Lipidome of the Strain. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1399. [PMID: 32655536 PMCID: PMC7324645 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In condition of over-expression, SCO3201, a regulator of the TetR family was previously shown to strongly inhibit antibiotic production and morphological differentiation in Streptomyces coelicolor M145. In order to elucidate the molecular processes underlying this interesting, but poorly understood phenomenon, a comparative analysis of the lipidomes and transcriptomes of the strain over-expressing sco3201 and of the control strain containing the empty plasmid, was carried out. This study revealed that the strain over-expressing sco3201 had a higher triacylglycerol content and a lower phospholipids content than the control strain. This was correlated with up- and down- regulation of some genes involved in fatty acids biosynthesis (fab) and degradation (fad) respectively, indicating a direct or indirect control of the expression of these genes by SCO3201. In some instances, indirect control might involve TetR regulators, whose encoding genes present in close vicinity of genes involved in lipid metabolism, were shown to be differentially expressed in the two strains. Direct interaction of purified His6-SCO3201 with the promoter regions of four of such TetR regulators encoding genes (sco0116, sco0430, sco4167, and sco6792) was demonstrated. Furthermore, fasR (sco2386), encoding the activator of the main fatty acid biosynthetic operon, sco2386-sco2390, has been shown to be an illegitimate positive regulatory target of SCO3201. Altogether our data demonstrated that the sco3201 over-expressing strain accumulates TAG and suggested that degradation of fatty acids was reduced in this strain. This is expected to result into a reduced acetyl-CoA availability that would impair antibiotic biosynthesis either directly or indirectly.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiting Liang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongheng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Miao Cui
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qizhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sonia Abreu
- Université Paris-Saclay, Lipides, Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Michelle David
- Group “Energetic Metabolism of Streptomyces”, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, INRA, University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Clara Lejeune
- Group “Energetic Metabolism of Streptomyces”, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, INRA, University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Pierre Chaminade
- Université Paris-Saclay, Lipides, Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Marie-Joelle Virolle
- Group “Energetic Metabolism of Streptomyces”, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Univ. Paris-Sud, INRA, University Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Delin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Eutrophication and Red Tide Prevention of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Ecology, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Engineering Research Center of Tropical and Subtropical Aquatic Ecological Engineering, Ministry of Education, Institute of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
David M, Lejeune C, Abreu S, Thibessard A, Leblond P, Chaminade P, Virolle MJ. Negative Correlation between Lipid Content and Antibiotic Activity in Streptomyces: General Rule and Exceptions. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:E280. [PMID: 32466356 PMCID: PMC7344866 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9060280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptomycetes are well known antibiotic producers and are among the rare prokaryotes able to store carbon as lipids. Previous comparative studies of the weak antibiotic producer Streptomyces lividans with its ppk mutant and with Streptomyces coelicolor, which both produce antibiotics, suggested the existence of a negative correlation between total lipid content and the ability to produce antibiotics. To determine whether such a negative correlation can be generalized to other Streptomyces species, fifty-four strains were picked randomly and grown on modified R2YE medium, limited in phosphate, with glucose or glycerol as the main carbon source. The total lipid content and antibiotic activity against Micrococcus luteus were assessed for each strain. This study revealed that the ability to accumulate lipids was not evenly distributed among strains and that glycerol was more lipogenic than glucose and had a negative impact on antibiotic biosynthesis. Furthermore, a statistically significant negative Pearson correlation between lipid content and antibiotic activity could be established for most strains, but a few strains escape this general law. These exceptions are likely due to limits and biases linked to the type of test used to determine antibiotic activity, which relies exclusively on Micrococcus luteus sensitivity. They are characterized either by high lipid content and high antibiotic activity or by low lipid content and undetectable antibiotic activity against Micrococcus luteus. Lastly, the comparative genomic analysis of two strains with contrasting lipid content, and both named Streptomyces antibioticus (DSM 41,481 and DSM 40,868, which we found to be phylogenetically related to Streptomyces lavenduligriseus), indicated that some genetic differences in various pathways related to the generation/consumption of acetylCoA could be responsible for such a difference.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle David
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (M.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Clara Lejeune
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (M.D.); (C.L.)
| | - Sonia Abreu
- Lipides, Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (S.A.); (P.C.)
| | | | - Pierre Leblond
- Université de Lorraine, INRAE, DynAMic, F-54000 Nancy, France; (A.T.); (P.L.)
| | - Pierre Chaminade
- Lipides, Systèmes Analytiques et Biologiques, Université Paris-Saclay, 92296 Châtenay-Malabry, France; (S.A.); (P.C.)
| | - Marie-Joelle Virolle
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, 91198 Gif-sur-Yvette, France; (M.D.); (C.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Millan-Oropeza A, Henry C, Lejeune C, David M, Virolle MJ. Expression of genes of the Pho regulon is altered in Streptomyces coelicolor. Sci Rep 2020; 10:8492. [PMID: 32444655 PMCID: PMC7244524 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-65087-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most currently used antibiotics originate from Streptomycetes and phosphate limitation is an important trigger of their biosynthesis. Understanding the molecular processes underpinning such regulation is of crucial importance to exploit the great metabolic diversity of these bacteria and get a better understanding of the role of these molecules in the physiology of the producing bacteria. To contribute to this field, a comparative proteomic analysis of two closely related model strains, Streptomyces lividans and Streptomyces coelicolor was carried out. These strains possess identical biosynthetic pathways directing the synthesis of three well-characterized antibiotics (CDA, RED and ACT) but only S. coelicolor expresses them at a high level. Previous studies established that the antibiotic producer, S. coelicolor, is characterized by an oxidative metabolism and a reduced triacylglycerol content compared to the none producer, S. lividans, characterized by a glycolytic metabolism. Our proteomic data support these findings and reveal that these drastically different metabolic features could, at least in part, due to the weaker abundance of proteins of the two component system PhoR/PhoP in S. coelicolor compared to S. lividans. In condition of phosphate limitation, PhoR/PhoP is known to control positively and negatively, respectively, phosphate and nitrogen assimilation and our study revealed that it might also control the expression of some genes of central carbon metabolism. The tuning down of the regulatory role of PhoR/PhoP in S. coelicolor is thus expected to be correlated with low and high phosphate and nitrogen availability, respectively and with changes in central carbon metabolic features. These changes are likely to be responsible for the observed differences between S. coelicolor and S. lividans concerning energetic metabolism, triacylglycerol biosynthesis and antibiotic production. Furthermore, a novel view of the contribution of the bio-active molecules produced in this context, to the regulation of the energetic metabolism of the producing bacteria, is proposed and discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Millan-Oropeza
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- PAPPSO, Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Céline Henry
- PAPPSO, Micalis Institute, INRAE, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Clara Lejeune
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michelle David
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Marie-Joelle Virolle
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| |
Collapse
|