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Gallego-Rentero M, López Sánchez A, Nicolás-Morala J, Alcaraz-Laso P, Zhang N, Juarranz Á, González S, Carrasco E. The effect of Fernblock® in preventing blue-light-induced oxidative stress and cellular damage in retinal pigment epithelial cells is associated with NRF2 induction. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:1471-1484. [PMID: 38909335 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00606-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Blue light exposure of the ocular apparatus is currently rising. This has motivated a growing concern about potential deleterious effects on different eye structures. To address this, ARPE-19 cells were used as a model of the retinal pigment epithelium and subjected to cumulative expositions of blue light. The most relevant cellular events previously associated with blue-light-induced damage were assessed, including alterations in cell morphology, viability, cell proliferation, oxidative stress, inflammation, and the induction of DNA repair cellular mechanisms. Consistent with previous reports, our results provide evidence of cellular alterations resulting from repeated exposure to blue light irradiation. In this context, we explored the potential protective properties of the vegetal extract from Polypodium leucotomos, Fernblock® (FB), using the widely known treatment with lutein as a reference for comparison. The only changes observed as a result of the sole treatment with either FB or lutein were a slight but significant increase in γH2AX+ cells and the raise in the nuclear levels of NRF2. Overall, our findings indicate that the treatment with FB (similarly to lutein) prior to blue light irradiation can alleviate blue-light-induced deleterious effects in RPE cells, specifically preventing the drop in both cell viability and percentage of EdU+ cells, as well as the increase in ROS generation, percentage of γH2AX+ nuclei (more efficiently with FB), and TNF-α secretion (the latter restored only by FB to similar levels to those of the control). On the contrary, the induction in the P21 expression upon blue light irradiation was not prevented neither by FB nor by lutein. Notably, the nuclear translocation of NRF2 induced by blue light was similar to that observed in cells pre-treated with FB, while lutein pre-treatment resulted in nuclear NRF2 levels similar to control cells, suggesting key differences in the mechanism of cellular protection exerted by these compounds. These results may represent the foundation ground for the use of FB as a new ingredient in the development of alternative prophylactic strategies for blue-light-associated diseases, a currently rising medical interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gallego-Rentero
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Jimena Nicolás-Morala
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Paula Alcaraz-Laso
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Zhang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Juarranz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador González
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Alcalá de Henares University, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Elisa Carrasco
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Madrid, Spain.
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CBM); Instituto Universitario de Biología Molecular-IUBM (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Madrid, Spain.
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2
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Choudhury A, Ramakrishnan R, Ghosh D. Structure prediction from spectra amidst dynamical heterogeneity in melanin. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:2613-2616. [PMID: 38265468 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc06137j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Melanin is a biopolymer pigment that plays a central role in skin photoprotection. Its extensive chemical and dynamical heterogeneity imparts this property through a broad featureless ultraviolet/visible absorption spectrum. Conventionally, the rational design of synthetic photoprotective pigments revolves around establishing the structure-spectra correlation and developing biomimetic materials with desired optical properties. This approach fails to explain the mechanistic details of melanin's absorption spectrum because it arises from an ensemble of structures rather than a local minimum on the potential energy surface. Here, we propose an inverse design approach to elucidate the contributions of dominant chromophoric units in various wavelength domains of the melanin spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpan Choudhury
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India.
| | | | - Debashree Ghosh
- School of Chemical Sciences, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata 700032, India.
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3
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Speeckaert R, Bulat V, Speeckaert MM, van Geel N. The Impact of Antioxidants on Vitiligo and Melasma: A Scoping Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:2082. [PMID: 38136202 PMCID: PMC10740621 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12122082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during melanogenesis make melanocytes particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress, influencing their survival and melanin synthesis. Oxidative stress, significantly present in vitiligo and recently also detected in melasma, triggers inflammatory cascades and melanogenesis, making antioxidants a promising therapeutic avenue. A systematic search was conducted on Embase and Pubmed to study the efficacy of antioxidants for treating vitiligo and/or melasma. Meta-analysis was performed to assess the difference in Melasma Severity Index (MASI) scores between baseline and follow-up. Various antioxidants like polypodium leucotomos, ginkgo biloba, catalase/superoxide dismutase, and vitamin E have potential in vitiligo. For melasma, vitamin C, silymarin, and niacinamide were among those showing promise in reducing pigmentation, with vitamin C displaying significant effects in meta-analysis. Different antioxidants improve both vitiligo and melasma, with an increased minimal erythema dose (MED) following UV exposure being significant for vitiligo and tyrosinase inhibition being crucial for melasma. However, the efficacy of individual antioxidants varies, and their exact mechanisms, especially in stimulating melanocyte proliferation and anti-inflammatory pathways, require further investigation to understand better and optimize their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinhart Speeckaert
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Vedrana Bulat
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Nanja van Geel
- Department of Dermatology, Ghent University Hospital, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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El Mansouri M, Essaddouki S, Mouradi M, Oukerroum A, El Fatoiki FZ, Truchuelo MT, Vitale MA, González S, Chiheb S. Evaluation of the effectiveness and safety of combined oral and topical photoprotection with a standardized extract of Polypodium leucotomos (Fernblock®) in a Moroccan population with xeroderma pigmentosum. PHOTODERMATOLOGY, PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2023; 39:607-612. [PMID: 37584519 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) is a rare autosomal-recessive genodermatosis resulting from a DNA-repair defect syndrome. The purpose was to evaluate the prevention on new malignant lesions in patients taking a supplement with Fernblock® (Polypodium leucotomos extract [PLE]) and secondarily correlation with the photoprotective behavior. METHODS A prospective, single-center and open cohort study was conducted over a 12-month period. The study was performed in Morocco. Optimal photoprotection behavior was recommended. Patients were instructed to take one capsule containing 480 mg of Fernblock® and 5 mcg vitamin D and to apply sunscreen with a SPF50+ and Fernblock® every 2 h during sun exposure. The demographic, clinical, and dermatoscopic patient data were collected at baseline (T0) and following visits at 3 months (T3), 6 months (T6), and 12 months (T12) when it was assessed: Investigator Global Assessment (IGA), Patient/Guardian Global Assessment (PGA), Patient/Guardian Satisfaction Questionnaire, and Photographic and Adverse Events Registration. Pertinent statistical study was performed. RESULTS Eighteen patients completed the study. Eleven patients (61%) finished the study without new lesions. Seven patients developed new lesions by the end of the study. Among them, only 30% showed an ideal photoprotective behavior. The lack of an optimal photoprotective behavior increased the probability of developing lesions by 2.5 times with 95% confidence interval. CONCLUSIONS In our study, more than 60% of patients taking a supplement with Fernblock® did not develop new lesions, and furthermore, we detected that patients following almost ideal photoprotection were 2.5 times less likely to develop NMSC lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- M El Mansouri
- Department of dermatology, University of Hassan II Casablanca, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - S Essaddouki
- Department of dermatology, University of Hassan II Casablanca, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - M Mouradi
- Department of dermatology, University of Hassan II Casablanca, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - A Oukerroum
- Department of maxillofacial surgery, University of Hassan II Casablanca, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - F Z El Fatoiki
- Department of dermatology, University of Hassan II Casablanca, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
| | - M T Truchuelo
- Department of Dermatology, Vithas Madrid Arturo Soria Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - M A Vitale
- Medical Department, Cantabria labs, Madrid, Spain
| | - S González
- Medicine and Medical Specialties Department, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Chiheb
- Department of dermatology, University of Hassan II Casablanca, Ibn Rochd University Hospital, Casablanca, Morocco
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Neo JRE, Teo CWL, Ung YW, Yap WN. Tocotrienol-Rich Fraction Attenuates Blue Light-Induced Oxidative Stress and Melanogenesis in B16-F1 Melanocytes via Anti-Oxidative and Anti-Tyrosinase Properties. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15373. [PMID: 37895053 PMCID: PMC10607579 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Our skin is constantly exposed to blue light (BL), which is abundant in sunlight and emitted by digital devices. Prolonged exposure to BL can lead to oxidative stress-induced damages and skin hyperpigmentation. For this study, we used a cell line-based model to examine the protective effects of tocotrienol-rich fraction (TRF) on BL-induced oxidative stress and hyperpigmentation in B16-F1 melanocytes. Alpha-tocopherol (αTP) was used as a comparator. Molecular assays such as cell viability assay, flow cytometry, western blotting, fluorescence imaging, melanin and tyrosinase analysis were performed. Our results showed that TRF effectively suppressed the formation of reactive oxygen species and preserved the mitochondrial membrane potential. Additionally, TRF exhibited anti-apoptotic properties by reducing the activation of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase molecule and downregulating the expression of cleaved caspase-3. Moreover, TRF modulated tyrosinase activity, resulting in a lowered rate of melanogenesis and reduced melanin production. In contrast, αTP did not exhibit significant protective effects against skin damages and pigmentation in BL-induced B16-F1 cells. Therefore, this study indicates that TRF may offer superior protective effects over αTP against the effects of BL on melanocytes. These findings demonstrate the potential of TRF as a protective natural ingredient that acts against BL-induced skin damages and hyperpigmentation via its anti-oxidative and anti-melanogenic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juvenia Rui En Neo
- Research and Development Department, Davos Life Science, 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-19 Synapse, Singapore 138623, Singapore; (J.R.E.N.)
| | - Cheryl Wei Ling Teo
- Research and Development Department, Davos Life Science, 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-19 Synapse, Singapore 138623, Singapore; (J.R.E.N.)
| | - Yee Wei Ung
- Research and Development Department, KL-Kepong Oleomas (KLK Oleo), Level 8, Menara KLK, No 1, Jalan PJU 7/6, Mutiara Damansara, Petaling Jaya 47810, Malaysia;
| | - Wei Ney Yap
- Research and Development Department, Davos Life Science, 3 Biopolis Drive, #04-19 Synapse, Singapore 138623, Singapore; (J.R.E.N.)
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Rodríguez-Luna A, Zamarrón A, Juarranz Á, González S. Clinical Applications of Polypodium leucotomos (Fernblock ®): An Update. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:1513. [PMID: 37511888 PMCID: PMC10381169 DOI: 10.3390/life13071513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to sun radiation leads to higher risk of sunburn, pigmentation, immunosuppression, photoaging and skin cancer. In addition to ultraviolet radiation (UVR), recent research indicates that infrared radiation (IR) and visible light (VIS) can play an important role in the pathogenesis of some of these processes. Detrimental effects associated with sun exposure are well known, but new studies have shown that DNA damage continues to occur long after exposure to solar radiation has ended. Regarding photoprotection strategies, natural substances are emerging for topical and oral photoprotection. In this sense, Fernblock®, a standardized aqueous extract of the fern Polypodium Leucotomos (PLE), has been widely administered both topically and orally with a strong safety profile. Thus, this extract has been used extensively in clinical practice, including as a complement to photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating actinic keratoses (AKs) and field cancerization. It has also been used to treat skin diseases such as photodermatoses, photoaggravated inflammatory conditions and pigmentary disorders. This review examines the most recent developments in the clinical application of Fernblock® and assesses how newly investigated action mechanisms may influence its clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azahara Rodríguez-Luna
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28933 Alcorcón, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Alicia Zamarrón
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autónoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángeles Juarranz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autónoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Salvador González
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Alcalá de Henares University, 28805 Madrid, Spain
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7
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Ceresnie MS, Patel J, Lim HW, Kohli I. The cutaneous effects of blue light from electronic devices: a systematic review with health hazard identification. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:457-464. [PMID: 36245016 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-022-00318-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The biologic effects of visible light, particularly blue light, on the skin at doses and irradiances representative of sunlight have been established. Recent research studies investigated the effects of blue light (BL) from electronic screen devices; however, it is unclear if the evidence can be generalized to real life. The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate available evidence regarding clinical effects of BL emitted from electronic devices on human skin using the framework established by the Office of Health Assessment and Translation (OHAT). A systematic literature search was conducted by two librarians in Ovid MEDLINE, Embase.com, and Web of Science for relevant articles published from 1946 to March 2022. In vitro and in vivo studies that investigated the effects of BL from electronic devices on skin were included. From the 87 articles gathered from database searches and 1 article identified from citation search, only 9 met the inclusion criteria (6 in vitro and 3 in vivo studies). Human and animal literature with the highest level of evidence ratings were considered with mechanistic data to form one of five human hazard identifications for each outcome category using the OHAT protocol: (1) known, (2) presumed, (3) suspected, (4) not classifiable, or (5) not identified to be a hazard to humans. Literature-based evidence integration did not identify exposure to BL from electronic devices as a hazard to skin pigmentation, redness, yellowness, or melasma exacerbation. Exposure to BL from electronic devices was not classified as a skin photoaging hazard. Low confidence in representative exposure characterization drove high OHAT risk-of-bias ratings for the majority of included studies. While these conclusions hold true for the limited existing data, a larger number of future studies with high-confidence evidence are needed to verify and strengthen hazard identification conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa S Ceresnie
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, 3031 W. Grand Blvd, Suite 700, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Jay Patel
- Western Michigan University College of Medicine, Kalamazoo, MI, USA
| | - Henry W Lim
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, 3031 W. Grand Blvd, Suite 700, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA
| | - Indermeet Kohli
- Photomedicine and Photobiology Unit, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health, 3031 W. Grand Blvd, Suite 700, Detroit, MI, 48202, USA. .,Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
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8
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Calzari P, Vaienti S, Nazzaro G. Uses of Polypodium leucotomos Extract in Oncodermatology. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12020673. [PMID: 36675602 PMCID: PMC9861608 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12020673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 12/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of UV radiation on the skin and its damage mechanisms are well known. New modalities of exogenous photoprotection have been studied. It was demonstrated that Polypodium leucotomos extract acts as an antioxidant, photoprotectant, antimutagenic, anti-inflammatory, and immunoregulator. It is effective when taken orally and/or applied topically to support the prevention of skin cancers. It also has an important role in preventing photoaging. This review aims to report the mechanisms through which Polypodium leucotomos acts and to analyze its uses in oncodermatology with references to in vitro and in vivo studies. Additionally, alternative uses in non-neoplastic diseases, such as pigmentary disorders, photosensitivity, and atopic dermatitis, have been considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Calzari
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Vaienti
- Section of Dermatology and Venereology, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, 30127 Verona, Italy
| | - Gianluca Nazzaro
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Dermatology Unit, Foundation IRCCS, Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Via Pace 9, 20122 Milan, Italy
- Correspondence:
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Gallego-Rentero M, Nicolás-Morala J, Alonso-Juarranz M, Carrasco E, Portillo-Esnaola M, Rodríguez-Luna A, González S. Protective Effect of the Hydrophilic Extract of Polypodium leucotomos, Fernblock ®, against the Synergistic Action of UVA Radiation and Benzo[a]pyrene Pollutant. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:2185. [PMID: 36358556 PMCID: PMC9686834 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is a harmful effect induced on the skin by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) air pollutants. This effect is amplified by the additive damaging effect of the sun, especially through the UVA light component. Besides being one of the main compounds that make up air pollution, BaP can also be found in tar, tobacco smoke, and various foods. In addition to its direct carcinogenic potential, BaP can act as a photosensitizer absorbing sunlight in the UVA range and thus generating ROS and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG). Fernblock® (FB) is an aqueous extract from the leaves of Polypodium leucotomos that has been proven to exert photoprotective and antioxidant effects on skin cells. In this study, we evaluate the potential of FB to prevent the damage induced by a combination of BaP and UVA light on human keratinocyte and mouse melanocyte cell lines (HaCaT and B16-F10, respectively). In particular, we have analyzed the capacity of FB to counteract the alterations caused on cellular morphology, viability, oxidative stress and melanogenic signaling pathway activation. Our data indicate that FB prevented cell damage and reduced oxidative stress and melanogenic signaling pathway activation caused by a combination of BaP and UVA light irradiation. Altogether, our findings support the fact that FB is able to prevent skin damage caused by the exposure to a combination of UVA and the air pollutant BaP.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Gallego-Rentero
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autónoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jimena Nicolás-Morala
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autónoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel Alonso-Juarranz
- Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Service, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Elisa Carrasco
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autónoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikel Portillo-Esnaola
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Autónoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain
- Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Azahara Rodríguez-Luna
- Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (URJC), 28933 Alcorcón, Spain
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Salvador González
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Alcalá de Henares University, 28805 Madrid, Spain
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10
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Purbhoo-Makan M, Houreld NN, Enwemeka CS. The Effects of Blue Light on Human Fibroblasts and Diabetic Wound Healing. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12091431. [PMID: 36143466 PMCID: PMC9505688 DOI: 10.3390/life12091431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is a serious threat to global health and is among the top 10 causes of death. The Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is among the most common and severe complications of the disease. Bacterial infections are common; therefore, timely aggressive management, using multidisciplinary management approaches is needed to prevent complications, morbidity, and mortality, particularly in view of the growing cases of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Photobiomodulation (PBM) involves the application of low-level light at specific wavelengths to induce cellular photochemical and photophysical responses. Red and near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths have been shown to be beneficial, and recent studies indicate that other wavelengths within the visible spectrum could be helpful as well, including blue light (400–500 nm). Reports of the antimicrobial activity and susceptibility of blue light on several strains of the same bacterium show that many bacteria are less likely to develop resistance to blue light treatment, meaning it is a viable alternative to antibiotic therapy. However, not all studies have shown positive results for wound healing and fibroblast proliferation. This paper presents a critical review of the literature concerning the use of PBM, with a focus on blue light, for tissue healing and diabetic ulcer care, identifies the pros and cons of PBM intervention, and recommends the potential role of PBM for diabetic ulcer care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meesha Purbhoo-Makan
- Department of Podiatry, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- Laser Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
| | - Nicolette Nadene Houreld
- Laser Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- Correspondence:
| | - Chukuka S. Enwemeka
- Laser Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 17011, Doornfontein 2028, South Africa
- College of Health and Human Services, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182, USA
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11
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Recognition of Melanocytes in Immuno-Neuroendocrinology and Circadian Rhythms: Beyond the Conventional Melanin Synthesis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132082. [PMID: 35805166 PMCID: PMC9266247 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanocytes produce melanin to protect the skin from UV-B radiation. Notwithstanding, the spectrum of their functions extends far beyond their well-known role as melanin production factories. Melanocytes have been considered as sensory and computational cells. The neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, and other hormones produced by melanocytes make them part of the skin’s well-orchestrated and complex neuroendocrine network, counteracting environmental stressors. Melanocytes can also actively mediate the epidermal immune response. Melanocytes are equipped with ectopic sensory systems similar to the eye and nose and can sense light and odor. The ubiquitous inner circadian rhythm controls the body’s basic physiological processes. Light not only affects skin photoaging, but also regulates inner circadian rhythms and communicates with the local neuroendocrine system. Do melanocytes “see” light and play a unique role in photoentrainment of the local circadian clock system? Why, then, are melanocytes responsible for so many mysterious functions? Do these complex functional devices work to maintain homeostasis locally and throughout the body? In addition, melanocytes have also been shown to be localized in internal sites such as the inner ear, brain, and heart, locations not stimulated by sunlight. Thus, what can the observation of extracutaneous melanocytes tell us about the “secret identity” of melanocytes? While the answers to some of these intriguing questions remain to be discovered, here we summarize and weave a thread around available data to explore the established and potential roles of melanocytes in the biological communication of skin and systemic homeostasis, and elaborate on important open issues and propose ways forward.
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González S, Aguilera J, Berman B, Calzavara-Pinton P, Gilaberte Y, Goh CL, Lim HW, Schalka S, Stengel F, Wolf P, Xiang F. Expert Recommendations on the Evaluation of Sunscreen Efficacy and the Beneficial Role of Non-filtering Ingredients. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:790207. [PMID: 35433750 PMCID: PMC9008233 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.790207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of non-filtering agents have been introduced to enhance sunscreen photoprotection. Most of those agents have only weak erythema protective properties but may be valuable and beneficial in supporting protection against other effects of UV radiation, such as photoimmunosuppression, skin aging, and carcinogenesis, as well as photodermatoses. The question arises how to measure and evaluate this efficacy since standard SPF testing is not appropriate. In this perspective, we aim to provide a position statement regarding the actual value of SPF and UVA-PF to measure photoprotection. We argue whether new or additional parameters and scales can be used to better indicate the protection conferred by these products against the detrimental effects of natural/artificial, UV/visible light beyond sunburn, including DNA damage, photoimmunosuppression and pigmentation, and the potential benefits of the addition of other ingredients beyond traditional inorganic and organic filters to existing sunscreens. Also, we debate the overall usefulness of adding novel parameters that measure photoprotection to reach two tiers of users, that is, the general public and the medical community; and how this can be communicated to convey the presence of additional beneficial effects deriving from non-filtering agents, e.g., biological extracts. Finally, we provide a perspective on new challenges stemming from environmental factors, focusing on the role of the skin microbiome and the role of air pollutants and resulting needs for photoprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvador González
- Medicine and Medical Specialties Department, University of Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
- *Correspondence: Salvador González,
| | - José Aguilera
- Dermatological Photobiology Laboratory, Medical Research Center, School of Medicine, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
| | - Brian Berman
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami-Florida, Miami, FL, United States
| | | | - Yolanda Gilaberte
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, IIS Aragón, Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - Henry W. Lim
- Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, United States
| | - Sergio Schalka
- Photoprotection Laboratory, Medicine Skin Research Center, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Peter Wolf
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Flora Xiang
- Department of Dermatology, Shanghai Medical College, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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13
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Mahendra CK, Ser HL, Pusparajah P, Htar TT, Chuah LH, Yap WH, Tang YQ, Zengin G, Tang SY, Lee WL, Liew KB, Ming LC, Goh BH. Cosmeceutical Therapy: Engaging the Repercussions of UVR Photoaging on the Skin's Circadian Rhythm. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052884. [PMID: 35270025 PMCID: PMC8911461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Sunlight is an important factor in regulating the central circadian rhythm, including the modulation of our sleep/wake cycles. Sunlight had also been discovered to have a prominent influence on our skin’s circadian rhythm. Overexposure or prolonged exposure to the sun can cause skin photodamage, such as the formation of irregular pigmentation, collagen degradation, DNA damage, and even skin cancer. Hence, this review will be looking into the detrimental effects of sunlight on our skin, not only at the aspect of photoaging but also at its impact on the skin’s circadian rhythm. The growing market trend of natural-product-based cosmeceuticals as also caused us to question their potential to modulate the skin’s circadian rhythm. Questions about how the skin’s circadian rhythm could counteract photodamage and how best to maximize its biopotential will be discussed in this article. These discoveries regarding the skin’s circadian rhythm have opened up a completely new level of understanding of our skin’s molecular mechanism and may very well aid cosmeceutical companies, in the near future, to develop better products that not only suppress photoaging but remain effective and relevant throughout the day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Keisha Mahendra
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (C.K.M.); (T.T.H.); (L.-H.C.)
| | - Hooi-Leng Ser
- Novel Bacteria and Drug Discovery Research Group, Microbiome and Bioresource Research Strength Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; or
| | - Priyia Pusparajah
- Medical Health and Translational Research Group, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Thet Thet Htar
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (C.K.M.); (T.T.H.); (L.-H.C.)
| | - Lay-Hong Chuah
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (C.K.M.); (T.T.H.); (L.-H.C.)
| | - Wei Hsum Yap
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (W.H.Y.); (Y.-Q.T.)
- Centre of Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Yin-Quan Tang
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia; (W.H.Y.); (Y.-Q.T.)
- Centre of Drug Discovery and Molecular Pharmacology (CDDMP), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Gokhan Zengin
- Physiology and Biochemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Biology, Science Faculty, Selcuk University, Konya 42130, Turkey;
| | - Siah Ying Tang
- Chemical Engineering Discipline, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia;
- Advanced Engineering Platform, School of Engineering, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
- Tropical Medicine and Biology Platform, School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
| | - Wai Leng Lee
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Kai Bin Liew
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Cyberjaya, Cyberjaya 63000, Malaysia;
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- Pengiran Anak Puteri Rashidah Sa’adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei
- Correspondence: (L.C.M.); (B.H.G.)
| | - Bey Hing Goh
- Biofunctional Molecule Exploratory Research Group, School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia; (C.K.M.); (T.T.H.); (L.-H.C.)
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Health and Well-Being Cluster, Global Asia in the 21st Century (GA21) Platform, Monash University Malaysia, Bandar Sunway 47500, Malaysia
- Correspondence: (L.C.M.); (B.H.G.)
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14
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Charoo NA. Hyperpigmentation: Looking beyond hydroquinone. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:4133-4145. [PMID: 35020267 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hyperpigmentation is the most common complaint in the age group 40-45 years, seeking consultation for skin disorders. Hydroquinone is a commonly used depigmenting agent in clinical practice for treating hyperpigmentation. Prolonged use of hydroquinone has been associated with cancer risk and exogenous ochronosis. The CARES (The Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act) Act of 2020 has instituted significant changes to hydroquinone containing OTC (over the counter) products, and consequently, many hydroquinone-based OTC products had to be withdrawn from the market. Henceforth, products containing hydroquinone would need US Food and Drug Administration approval via new drug application pathways for commercialization. Alternative treatment options to hydroquinone in clinical practice are reviewed in this paper with regard to their safety and efficacy vis a vis hydroquinone. Also, new potential treatment options such as thiamidol, Polypodium leucotomos, and glutathione are discussed. The review shows that these alternative depigmenting agents can be rationally combined to achieve desired treatment goals in the management of hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseem Ahmad Charoo
- Succor Pharma Solutions, Dubai Science Park, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.,Cenric Compounding LLC, Dubai Science Park, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
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15
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Redox Systems, Oxidative Stress, and Antioxidant Defences in Health and Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121955. [PMID: 34943058 PMCID: PMC8750619 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) play a key role in the regulation of cell survival [...].
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16
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Portillo-Esnaola M, Rodríguez-Luna A, Nicolás-Morala J, Gallego-Rentero M, Villalba M, Juarranz Á, González S. Formation of Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimers after UVA Exposure (Dark-CPDs) Is Inhibited by an Hydrophilic Extract of Polypodium leucotomos. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121961. [PMID: 34943064 PMCID: PMC8750109 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to sun and especially to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) exerts well known detrimental effects on skin which are implicated in malignancy. UVR induces production of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs), immediately during exposure and even hours after the exposure, these latter being called dark-CPDs, as consequence of the effects of different reactive species that are formed. Fernblock® (FB), an aqueous extract of Polypodium leucotomos, has proven to have photoprotective and antioxidant effects on skin. The aim of our work was to investigate the potential photoprotective effect of FB against dark-CPD formation. Murine melanocytes (B16-F10) were exposed to UVA radiation and the production of dark-CPDs and different reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS) was measured. Significant dark-CPD formation could be seen at 3 h after UVA irradiation, which was inhibited by the pre-treatment of cells with FB. Formation of nitric oxide, superoxide and peroxynitrite was increased after irradiation, consistent with the increased CPD formation. FB successfully reduced the production of these reactive species. Hence, these results show how dark-CPDs are formed in UVA irradiated melanocytes, and that FB acts as a potential antioxidant and ROS scavenger, preventing the DNA damage induced by sun exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Portillo-Esnaola
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Autónoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.-E.); (J.N.-M.); (M.G.-R.)
| | | | - Jimena Nicolás-Morala
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Autónoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.-E.); (J.N.-M.); (M.G.-R.)
| | - María Gallego-Rentero
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Autónoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.-E.); (J.N.-M.); (M.G.-R.)
| | - María Villalba
- Cantabria Labs, Medical Affairs Department, 28043 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Ángeles Juarranz
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Instituto Ramón y Cajal de Investigación Sanitaria (IRYCIS), Autónoma University of Madrid (UAM), 28049 Madrid, Spain; (M.P.-E.); (J.N.-M.); (M.G.-R.)
- Correspondence: (Á.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Salvador González
- Department of Medicine and Medical Specialties, Alcalá de Henares University, 28805 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (Á.J.); (S.G.)
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