8-Week Supplementation of 2S-Hesperidin Modulates Antioxidant and Inflammatory Status after Exercise until Exhaustion in Amateur Cyclists

Effects of hesperidin on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant response in healthy people: a meta-analysis and meta-regression

Hesperidin is a prominent flavanone found in citrus fruits that has a broad range of biological effects, including anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capabilities. The study's objective was to evaluate the effects of hesperidin supplementation on anti-inflammatory and antioxidant parameters such as MDA, TAC, GSH, SOD, and CAT; CRP, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-4 levels respectively, by analyzing human intervention trials. Google Scholar, PubMed, grey literature databases, and the ClinicalTrials website were scanned to identify eligible studies. For the meta-analysis, eighteen studies were chosen. Hesperidin supplementation had significant lowering effect on not only CRP, IL-6, and IL-4 levels but also MDA level (Meta-regression analysis revealed a non-significant direct relationship between hesperidin dosage and chance in CRP, IL-6, and MDA levels. As a result, it can be said that hesperidin supplementation contributes to the inflammatory and antioxidant response, but this contribution is independent of dosage.

A systematic review exploring the mechanisms by which citrus bioflavonoid supplementation benefits blood glucose levels and metabolic complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus

BACKGROUND

Citrus bioflavonoids are polyphenolic compounds that are derived from citrus fruits and vegetables. Although they are well known for their powerful antioxidant properties, their effects on glycemic control are not well understood. This review aims to highlight the potential benefits of using citrus bioflavonoids in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and its metabolic complications, as well as the medicinal effects of known subclasses of naturally occurring citrus bioflavonoids.

METHODS

In this systematic review, a survey of studies was conducted from January 2012 to February 2023 using various databases (PubMed, Medline, Google Scholar, and Scopus) to determine the effects of citrus bioflavonoid supplementation on reducing oxidative stress, improving lipid profiles, and glycemic index in patients with diabetes mellitus, as well as the proposed mechanisms of action.

RESULTS

The results of the survey indicate that citrus bioflavonoids may have a positive impact on reducing oxidative stress levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. In addition to reducing oxidative stress, citrus bioflavonoids may also have a positive impact on other markers of diabetes. For example, studies have shown that they can reduce non-enzymatic protein glycation, which is a process that occurs when glucose molecules bind to proteins in the body.

CONCLUSION

The reduction in oxidative stress that can be achieved using citrus bioflavonoids may help to maintain antioxidant levels in the body, thereby reducing the severity of diabetes and its complications. These findings suggest that citrus bioflavonoids may be a useful complementary therapy for patients with diabetes.

Evaluation of a preemptive intervention regimen with hesperidin methyl chalcone in delayed-onset muscle soreness in young adults: a randomized, double-blinded, and placebo-controlled trial study

PURPOSE

Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) describes an entity characterized by ultrastructural muscle damage. Hesperidin methyl chalcone (HMC) is a synthetic flavonoid presenting analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties. We evaluated the effects of HMC upon DOMS.

METHOD

In a preventive paradigm, 31 sedentary young men were submitted to a randomized, double-blinded parallel trial and received HMC 500 mg or one placebo capsule × 3 days before an intense dynamic exercise protocol (concentric/eccentric actions) applied for lower limbs for inducing muscle damage. Assessments were conducted at baseline, and 24 and 48 h after, comprising physical performance, and post-muscle soreness and damage, inflammation, recovery of muscle strength, and postural balance associated with DOMS. HMC safety was also evaluated. Thirty participants completed the study.

RESULTS

HMC improved the performance of participants during exercise (40.3 vs 51.3 repetitions to failure, p = 0.0187) and inhibited CPK levels (90.5 vs 57.9 U/L, p = 0.0391) and muscle soreness during passive quadriceps palpation (2.6 vs 1.4 VAS cm, p = 0.0439), but not during active actions, nor did it inhibit IL-1β or IL-10 levels. HMC improved muscle strength recovery, and satisfactorily refined postural balance, without inducing injury to kidneys or liver.

CONCLUSIONS

Preemptive HMC supplementation may be beneficial for boosting physical performance and for the amelioration of clinical parameters related to DOMS, including pain on muscle palpation, increased blood CPK levels, and muscle strength and proprioceptive deficits, without causing adverse effects. These data advance the understanding of the benefits provided by HMC for DOMS treatment, which supports its usefulness for such purpose.

Optimization of QuEChERS Extraction for Determination of Carotenoids, Polyphenols, and Sterols in Orange Juice Using Design of Experiments and Response Surface Methodology

Several compounds with different physical properties are present in foods, biological components, and environmental samples, and there are cases in which these must be analyzed simultaneously. However, it is difficult to extract compounds with different physical properties from the same sample using a single method. In the present study, we examined the optimal conditions for the QuEChERS extraction of several kinds of compounds from orange juice using design of experiments (DoE) and response surface methodology (RSM) to determine the optimal ratio of organic solvent to sodium chloride. We determined the optimal extraction conditions, which were within the design space, using 100% tetrahydrofuran (THF) as the extraction organic solvent and NaCl:MgSO4 = 75:25 as the salt. The developed LC/MS/MS method using QuEChERS extraction achieved specific detection and precise quantification. Finally, we measured the polyphenols, sterols, and carotenoids in citrus juice using the optimized QuEChERS extraction method before LC/MS/MS analysis. Most of the analytes were quantifiable in orange juice. The optimized method achieved ease of operation, the extraction of analytes from food samples in a short time (within 30 min), minimization of analytical residues, and reliability. The DoE and RSM approach may contribute to better optimization of the extraction conditions for the lowest number of experiments.

The effects of hesperidin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis

Hesperidin is a naturally occurring bioactive compound that may have an impact on cardiovascular disease risks, but the evidence is not conclusive. To investigate further, this study aimed to explore the effects of hesperidin supplementation on cardiovascular risk factors in adults. A comprehensive search was conducted up to August 2022 using relevant keywords in databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ISI Web of Science for all randomized controlled trials (RCTs). The results showed that hesperidin supplementation had a significant effect on reducing serum triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), low-density cholesterol (LDL), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and systolic blood pressure (SBP), whereas weight was increased. However, no significant effect was observed on high-density cholesterol (HDL), waist circumference (WC), fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), body mass index (BMI), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP). The study also found that an effective dosage of hesperidin supplementation was around 1,000 mg/d, and a more effective duration of supplementation was more than eight weeks to decrease insulin levels. Furthermore, the duration of intervention of more than six weeks was effective in decreasing FBG levels.

Chemical, Nutritional and Biological Evaluation of a Sustainable and Scalable Complex of Phytochemicals from Bergamot By-Products

The present paper reports a sustainable raw material obtained from the by-products derived from the industrial production of bergamot (Citrus × Bergamia Risso & Poiteau) essential oils. The procedure to obtain the raw material is designed to maintain as much of the bioactive components as possible and to avoid expensive chemical purification. It consists of spray-drying the fruit juice obtained by squeezing the fruits, which is mixed with the aqueous extract of the pulp, i.e., the solid residue remained after fruit pressing. The resulting powder bergamot juice (PBJ) contains multiple bioactive components, in particular, among others, soluble fibers, polyphenols and amino-acid betaines, such as stachydrine and betonicine. LC-MS analysis identified 86 compounds, with hesperetin, naringenin, apigenin and eridictyol glucosides being the main components. In the second part of the paper, dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity of PBJ and of stachydrine was found, but neither of the compounds were effective in activating Nrf2. PBJ was then found to be effective in an in vivo model of a metabolic syndrome induced by a high-sugar, high-fat (HSF) diet and evidenced by a significant increase of the values related to a set of parameters: blood glucose, triglycerides, insulin resistance, systolic blood pressure, visceral adipose tissue and adiposity index. PBJ, when given to control rats, did not significantly change these values; in contrast, they were found to be greatly affected in rats receiving an HSF diet. The in vivo effect of PBJ can be ascribed not only to bergamot polyphenols with well-known anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and lipid-regulating effects, but also to the dietary fibers and to the non-phenolic constituents, such as stachydrine. Moreover, since PBJ was found to affect energy homeostasis and to regulate food intake, a mechanism on the regulation of energy homeostasis through leptin networking should also be considered and deserves further investigation.

8 weeks of 2S-hesperidin prevents a decrease in pO2 at submaximal intensity in amateur cyclists in off-season: randomized controlled trial

Although chronic supplementation with 2S-hesperidin has been shown to improve performance, to date, the possible mechanisms underlying this effect have not been explored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess whether changes in gasometry may be associated with improved performance after the intake of 2S-hesperidin (500 mg d^-1, 8 weeks). Forty amateur cyclists (n = 20 2S-hesperidin, n = 20 placebo) performed a rectangular test, during which capillary blood samples were taken at the baseline, FatMax1, ventilatory threshold 1 and 2 (VT1 and VT2), power maximum (P_MAX), FatMax2 and excess post-exercise O₂ consumption (EPOC) to measure gasometry parameters. Significantly increased CO₂ and tCO₂ was found at FatMax1, VT1, FatMax2 and EPOC (p = <0.05) after 8 weeks of 2S-hesperidin ingestion. Conversely, the placebo group had a significant decrease in pO₂ at VT2 (p = 0.04) during the rectangular test, with no changes in the 2S-hesperidin group. Therefore, chronic supplementation with 2S-hesperidin prevents decreases in pO₂ at submaximal intensities in amateur cyclists in an off-season period.

Antioxidants Supplementation During Exercise: Friends or Enemies for Cardiovascular Homeostasis?

Exercise is a preferred strategy for improving cardiac function, especially for patients with cardiovascular diseases. Increasing evidence indicates that oxidative stress is involved in exercise-induced cardioprotection, while the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Furthermore, the effect of antioxidant supplementation during or post-exercise still exists despite divergences. To explore the effect of oxidative stress and antioxidant supplementation on cardiovascular homeostasis during or post-exercise, we take insights into the progress of exercise-induced oxidative stress, antioxidant supplementation, and cardiovascular homeostasis. In particular, antioxidants such as vitamin C or E, gamma-oryzanol, and other natural antioxidants are discussed concerning regulating exercise-associated oxidative stress. Additionally, our present study reviewed and discussed a meta-analysis of antioxidant supplementation during exercise. Overall, we take an insight into the essential biological adaptations in response to exercise and the effects of antioxidant supplementation on cardiac function, which aid us in giving recommendations on antioxidant supplementation for exercisers and exercised people. A better understanding of these issues will broaden our knowledge of exercise physiology.

Polyphenol Supplementation and Antioxidant Status in Athletes: A Narrative Review

Antioxidants in sports exercise training remain a debated research topic. Plant-derived polyphenol supplements are frequently used by athletes to reduce the negative effects of exercise-induced oxidative stress, accelerate the recovery of muscular function, and enhance performance. These processes can be efficiently modulated by antioxidant supplementation. The existing literature has failed to provide unequivocal evidence that dietary polyphenols should be promoted specifically among athletes. This narrative review summarizes the current knowledge regarding polyphenols' bioavailability, their role in exercise-induced oxidative stress, antioxidant status, and supplementation strategies in athletes. Overall, we draw attention to the paucity of available evidence suggesting that most antioxidant substances are beneficial to athletes. Additional research is necessary to reveal more fully their impact on exercise-induced oxidative stress and athletes' antioxidant status, as well as optimal dosing methods.

Rat Mucosal Immunity following an Intensive Chronic Training and an Exhausting Exercise: Effect of Hesperidin Supplementation

Stressful situations such as a high-intensity exercise or exhausting training programs can act as immune disruptors leading to transitory immunodepression status, which can be accompanied by alterations of the gastrointestinal functions. Hesperidin intake has demonstrated ergogenic activity and is able to influence the intestinal ecosystem and immunity. We aimed to investigate the effect of hesperidin consumption in rats submitted to an intense training and a final exhaustion test, focusing on the functionality of the intestinal immune system and on the cecal microbiota. Rats, supplemented or not with hesperidin, were intensively trained on a treadmill for 5 weeks. Samples were obtained 24 h after a regular training session, and immediately and 24 h after a final exhaustion test. Cecal microbiota and composition and function of mesenteric lymph node (MLN) lymphocytes and mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) were determined. Results showed that chronic intense exercise followed by an exhausting test induced changes in the intestinal immune compartment such as the distribution and function of MLN lymphocytes. Although the hesperidin supplementation did not prevent these alterations, it was able to enhance IgA synthesis in the intestinal compartment. This could be important in enhancing the immune intestinal barrier in this stressful situation.

Influence of Diets Enriched with Flavonoids (Cocoa and Hesperidin) on the Systemic Immunity of Intensively Trained and Exhausted Rats

The aim of this study was to establish the influence of flavonoid-enriched diets on the immune alterations induced by an intensive training and a final exhaustion test in rats. A flavanol-enriched diet (with 10% cocoa, C10 diet) and a flavanol and flavanone-enriched diet (C10 plus 0.5% hesperidin, CH diet) were used. Lewis rats were fed either a standard diet, C10 diet or CH diet while they were submitted to an intensive running training on a treadmill. After 6 weeks, samples were obtained 24 h after performing a regular training (T groups) and after carrying out a final exhaustion test (TE groups). The C10 diet attenuated the increase in plasma cortisol induced by exhaustion, while both the C10 and the CH diets prevented the alterations in the spleen Th cell proportion. The experimental diets also induced an increase in serum immunoglobulin concentration and an enhancement of spleen natural killer cytotoxicity, which may be beneficial in situations with a weakened immunity. Most of the effects observed in the CH groups seem to be due to the cocoa content. Overall, a dietary intervention with flavonoids enhances immune function, partially attenuating the alterations in systemic immunity induced by intensive training or exhausting exercise.

8 weeks of 2S-Hesperidin supplementation improves muscle mass and reduces fat in amateur competitive cyclists: randomized controlled trial

2S-Hesperidin is the main flavonoid of orange (Citrus sinensis). Previous researches have pointed its effects in muscle development and fat accumulation reduction, although most of these results have not been assessed in humans. The objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of chronic (8-weeks) intake of 2S-hesperidin on amateur cyclists' body composition. A double-blind, parallel and randomized trial, was carried out with 40 amateur cyclists that were divided in two groups, one taking 2S-hesperidin (500 mg d-1, n = 20) and another taking placebo (500 mg d-1 microcellulose, n = 20) for 8 weeks. Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and anthropometric measurements were used to assess the effect of both treatments on body composition. In addition, the resting metabolic rate was measured. In comparison to placebo, DXA analysis showed a decrease in percentage body fat (%BF) (-10.4%; p = 0.035) and lower limb fat mass (-10.5%; p = 0.029) in favour of 2S-hesperidin. After evaluation of anthropometric data, a decrease in %BF (-3.7%; p = 0.006), total body fat (-3.0%; p = 0.047), ∑ of 8 skinfolds (-6.1%; p = 0.008) was observed in 2S-hesperidin group, but not in placebo. Additionally, there was an increase in muscle mass percentage (1.0%; p = <0.001) and total muscle mass (1.7%; p = 0.011) after ingestion of 2S-hesperidin, with no changes in placebo. Chronic intake of 2S-hesperidin decreased fat mass in amateur cyclists, evaluated through different body composition measurement methodologies (DXA and anthropometry). In addition, 2S-hesperidin supplementation showed a promoting effect on muscle development.