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Ferdiansyah MK, Kim YH, Kim KP, Kim MK. Quercetin as the primary xanthine oxidase inhibitor compound in Maclura tricuspidata leaf. Nat Prod Res 2024:1-5. [PMID: 39004844 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2024.2377317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Maclura tricuspidata (MT) leaf demonstrated various health benefits, notably the inhibition of xanthine oxidase (XOD) activity, which is crucial in the management of hyperuricaemia and many diseases related to oxidative stress. This study aimed to identify the primary compound responsible for this inhibitory effect. Through a systematic investigation, MT leaf extracts were subjected to solvent-solvent partitioning using ethyl acetate, n-hexane, n-butanol, and dichloromethane. Further purification involved adsorption and desorption using Amberlite XAD-2 resin, followed by column chromatography on Silica Gel and Sephadex LH-20. The purified compounds were analysed using UPLC-QTOF-MS coupled with NMR spectroscopy. Our findings identified quercetin, a phenolic compound, as the most significant inhibitor of XOD activity in MT leaf, with an IC50 value of 212.92 μg/ml. This is the first report of purifying and identifying a single compound responsible for XOD inhibition in MT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokhammad Khoiron Ferdiansyah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Young-Hoi Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Kwang Pyo Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Convergence Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
- Department of FoodTech, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Myung-Kon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
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Choi YJ, Lee SY, Son SR, Park JY, Jang DS, Lee S. The Effects of Flavonol and Flavone Glucuronides from Potentilla chinensis Leaves on TNF-α-Exposed Normal Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1803. [PMID: 37891882 PMCID: PMC10604389 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12101803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin aging is a complex biological process influenced by a variety of factors, including UV radiation. UV radiation accelerates collagen degradation via the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cytokines, including TNF-α. In a prior investigation, the inhibitory properties of flavonol and flavone glucuronides derived from Potentilla chinensis on TNF-α-induced ROS and MMP-1 production were explored. Consequently, we verified the skin-protective effects of these flavonol and flavone glucuronides, including potentilloside A, from P. chinensis, and conducted a structure-activity relationship analysis as part of our ongoing research. We investigated the protective effects of the extract and its 11 isolates on TNF-α-stimulated normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs). Ten flavonol and flavone glucuronides significantly inhibited ROS generation (except for 7) and suppressed MMP-1 secretion, except for 2. In contrast, six isolates (1, 5, 6, 11, 9, 10, and 11) showed a significant reverse effect on COLIA1 secretion. Comparing the three experimental results of each isolate, potentilloside A (1) showed the most potent skin cell-protective effect among the isolates. Evaluation of the signaling pathway of potentilloside A in TNF-α-stimulated NHDF revealed that potentilloside A inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and c-Jun. Taken together, these results suggest that compounds isolated from P. chinensis, especially potentilloside A, can be used to inhibit skin damage, including aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea Jung Choi
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea;
| | - So Young Lee
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.L.); (S.-R.S.)
| | - So-Ri Son
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.L.); (S.-R.S.)
| | - Jun Yeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Sik Jang
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea; (S.Y.L.); (S.-R.S.)
| | - Sullim Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Republic of Korea
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Choi YJ, Alishir A, Jang T, Kang KS, Lee S, Kim KH. Antiskin Aging Effects of Indole Alkaloid N-Glycoside from Ginkgo Fruit ( Ginkgo biloba fruit) on TNF-α-Exposed Human Dermal Fibroblasts. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:13651-13660. [PMID: 36251736 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c05769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Human skin aging has internal and external factors, both of which are characterized by TNF-α overproduction. Therefore, we aimed to identify a natural product that suppresses the damage that occurs in cutaneous dermal fibroblasts exposed to TNF-α. The protective effects of the indole alkaloid N-glycoside, ginkgoside B dimethyl ester (GBDE), isolated from ginkgo fruit (Ginkgo biloba fruit) were evaluated in TNF-α stimulated human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs). GBDE inhibited TNF-α-induced MMP-1 expression to 2.2 ± 0.1-fold (p < 0.01) and reversed the decrease in collagen levels to 0.4 ± 0.00-fold (p < 0.01) at 50 μM. The effect of GBDE was due to the suppression of the phospolylaton of MAPKs (ERK, 0.47 ± 0.05; JNK, 1.21 ± 0.07; p38, 0.77 ± 0.07-folds, p < 0.001) and Akt (0.14 ± 0.03-fold, p < 0.001) compared to the TNF-α group. GBDE also reduced the expression of COX-2 to 2.06 ± 0.12-fold (p < 0.001) and increased the expression of HO-1 to 10.64 ± 0.2-fold (p < 0.001). In addition, GBDE inhibited the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-8, 2.2 ± 0.0; IL-1β, 1.6 ± 0.0; IL-6, 2.0 ± 0.10-folds, p < 0.05). These results provide experimental evidence that GBDE can protect against skin damage, including aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yea Jung Choi
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Akida Alishir
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesu Jang
- Health Administration, Dankook University, Cheonan31116, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Sung Kang
- College of Korean Medicine, Gachon University, Seongnam13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Sullim Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Bio-Nano Technology, Gachon University, Seongnam13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Hyun Kim
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon16419, Republic of Korea
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Alos HC, Billones JB, Castillo AL, Vasquez RD. Alpinumisoflavone against cancer pro-angiogenic targets: In silico, In vitro, and In ovo evaluation. Daru 2022; 30:273-288. [PMID: 35925539 PMCID: PMC9715906 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-022-00445-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breast cancer is currently the world's most predominant malignancy. In cancer progression, angiogenesis is a requirement for tumor growth and metastasis.Alpinumisoflavone (AIF), a bioactive isoflavonoid, exhibited good binding affinity with the angiogenesis pathway's druggable target through molecular docking. OBJECTIVES To confirm AIF's angiogenesis inhibitory activity, cytotoxic potential toward breast cancer cells, and druggability. METHODS Antiangiogenic activity was evaluated in six pro-angiogenic proteins in vitro, duck chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) in ovo, molecular docking and druggability in silico. RESULTS Findings showed that AIF significantly inhibited (p = < 0.001) the HER2(IC50 = 2.96 µM), VEGFR-2(IC50 = 4.80 µM), MMP-9(IC50 = 23.00 µM), FGFR4(IC50 = 57.65 µM), EGFR(IC50 = 92.06 µM) and RET(IC50 = > 200 µM) activity in vitro.AIF at 25 µM-200 µM significantly inhibited (p = < 0.001) the total number of branch points (IC50 = 14.25 μM) and mean length of tubule complexes (IC50 = 3.52 μM) of duck CAM comparable (p = > 0.001) with the positive control 200 µM celecoxib on both parameters.AIF inhibited the growth of the estrogen-receptor-positive (ER +) human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) by 44.92 ± 1.79% at 100 µM while presenting less toxicity to human dermal fibroblast neonatal (HDFn) normal cells.The positive control 100 µM doxorubicin showed 86.66 ± 0.93% and 92.97 ± 1.27% inhibition with MCF-7 (IC50 = 3.62 μM) and HDFn, (IC50 = 27.16 μM) respectively.In docking, AIF has the greatest in silico binding affinity on HER2 (-10.9 kcal/mol) among the key angiogenic molecules tested. In silico rat oral LD50 calculation indicates that AIF is moderate to slightly toxic at 146.4 mg/kg with 1.1 g/kg and 20.1 mg/kg upper and lower 95% confidence limits. Lastly, it sufficiently complies with Lipinski's, Veber's, Egan's, Ghose's, and Muegge's Rule, supporting its oral drug-like property. CONCLUSION This study revealed that AIF possesses characteristics of a phytoestrogen compound with significant binding affinity, inhibitory activity against pro-angiogenic proteins, and cytotoxic potential against ER + breast cancer cells.The acceptable and considerable safety and drug-likeness profiles of AIF are worthy of further confirmation in vivo and advanced pre-clinical studies so that AIF can be elevated as a promising molecule for breast cancer therapy.
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Prenylated Flavonoids in Topical Infections and Wound Healing. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144491. [PMID: 35889363 PMCID: PMC9323352 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The review presents prenylated flavonoids as potential therapeutic agents for the treatment of topical skin infections and wounds, as they can restore the balance in the wound microenvironment. A thorough two-stage search of scientific papers published between 2000 and 2022 was conducted, with independent assessment of results by two reviewers. The main criteria were an MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of up to 32 µg/mL, a microdilution/macrodilution broth method according to CLSI (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute) or EUCAST (European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing), pathogens responsible for skin infections, and additional antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and low cytotoxic effects. A total of 127 structurally diverse flavonoids showed promising antimicrobial activity against pathogens affecting wound healing, predominantly Staphylococcus aureus strains, but only artocarpin, diplacone, isobavachalcone, licochalcone A, sophoraflavanone G, and xanthohumol showed multiple activity, including antimicrobial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory along with low cytotoxicity important for wound healing. Although prenylated flavonoids appear to be promising in wound therapy of humans, and also animals, their activity was measured only in vitro and in vivo. Future studies are, therefore, needed to establish rational dosing according to MIC and MBC (minimum bactericidal concentration) values, test potential toxicity to human cells, measure healing kinetics, and consider formulation in smart drug release systems and/or delivery technologies to increase their bioavailability.
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Lee JH, Park J, Shin DW. The Molecular Mechanism of Polyphenols with Anti-Aging Activity in Aged Human Dermal Fibroblasts. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27144351. [PMID: 35889225 PMCID: PMC9322955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27144351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin is the largest organ in the body comprised of three different layers including the epidermis, dermis, and hypodermis. The dermis is mainly composed of dermal fibroblasts and extracellular matrix (ECM), such as collagen and elastin, which are strongly related to skin elasticity and firmness. Skin is continuously exposed to different kinds of environmental stimuli. For example, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, air pollutants, or smoking aggravates skin aging. These external stimuli accelerate the aging process by reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated signaling pathways and even cause aging-related diseases. Skin aging is characterized by elasticity loss, wrinkle formation, a reduced dermal-epidermal junction, and delayed wound healing. Thus, many studies have shown that natural polyphenol compounds can delay the aging process by regulating age-related signaling pathways in aged dermal fibroblasts. This review first highlights the relationship between aging and its related molecular mechanisms. Then, we discuss the function and underlying mechanism of various polyphenols for improving skin aging. This study may provide essential insights for developing functional cosmetics and future clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joo Hwa Lee
- College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea;
| | - Jooho Park
- Department of Applied Life Science, Graduate School, BK21 Program, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea;
| | - Dong Wook Shin
- College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, Korea;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-43-840-3693
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Improvement of Damage in Human Dermal Fibroblasts by 3,5,7-Trimethoxyflavone from Black Ginger ( Kaempferia parviflora). Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11020425. [PMID: 35204307 PMCID: PMC8869600 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11020425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated during intrinsic (chronological aging) and extrinsic (photoaging) skin aging. Therefore, antioxidants that inhibit ROS production may be involved in delaying skin aging. In this study, we investigated the potential effects of compounds isolated from black ginger, Kaempferia parviflora, a traditional medicinal plant, on normal human dermal fibroblasts in the context of inflammation and oxidative stress. The isolated compounds were structurally characterized as 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone (1), 3,7-dimethoxy-5-hydroxyflavone (2), 5-hydroxy-3,7,3,4-tetramethoxyflavone (3), 7,4-dimethylapigenin (4), 3,7,4-trimethylkaempferol (5), and 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone (6), using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC/MS) analyses. These flavonoids were first evaluated for their ability to suppress extracellular matrix degradation in normal human dermal fibroblasts. Of these, 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone (6) significantly inhibited the tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced high expression and secretion of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 by cells. We further found that 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone suppressed the excessive increase in ROS, mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs), Akt, and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)and increased heme oxygenase (HO)-1 expression. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and IL-8, was also suppressed by 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone (6). Taken together, our results indicate that 3,5,7-trimethoxyflavone (6) isolated from K. parviflora is a potential candidate for ameliorating skin damage.
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Zhang Z, Xu Y, Lai R, Deng H, Zhou F, Wang P, Pang X, Huang G, Chen X, Lin H, Lin Y, Chen Z, Lin J. Protective Effect of the Pearl extract from Pinctada fucata martensii Dunker on UV-induced Photoaging in Mice. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202100876. [PMID: 35098641 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although the effect of pearl powder has been recognized for more than a thousand years from healthcare to beauty care, there has yet to be an in-depth understanding of its anti-photoaging effect. In the present study, the protective effect of pearl extract (PE) on UV-induced photoaging in mice was evaluated. First, the amino acid analysis of PE was carried out. Then, different dosages of pearl extract gel (PEG) were applied topically on the shaved dorsal skins regions of mice before UV irradiation. Skin physiological and histological analysis, antioxidant enzymes and inflammatory factor test were used to evaluate the anti-photoaging effect of PEG. The results showed that PEG contained 14 amino acids, and could inhibit UV-irritated skin wrinkles, laxity, thickness, and dryness. Moreover, PEG upregulated the activities of CAT, GSH-Px, SOD and decreased MDA level, and suppressed the production of IL-1𝛽, IL-6, PGE 2 , TNF-𝛼, and COX-2 in UV-irradiated mice. The therapeutic effect in high dose PEG group was superior to those of positive control (Vitamin E). This study demonstrated the underlying mechanisms of PEG against UV-irritated photoaging. And PEG possesses a potential use in photoprotective medicines and cosmetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin Zhang
- GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Wuhe Road No.13, Nanning, CHINA
| | - Yunling Xu
- Zhejiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Deparment of Basic Medicine, No.132 Tianmushan Road, Hangzhou, CHINA
| | - Ruicheng Lai
- GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Wuhe Road No.13, Nanning, CHINA
| | - Huiyuan Deng
- GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Wuhe Road No.13, Nanning, CHINA
| | - Fengling Zhou
- GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, College of Pharmacy, Wuhe Road No.13, Nanning, CHINA
| | - Peiyan Wang
- GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medince, Wuhe Road No.13, Nanning, CHINA
| | - Xiubing Pang
- GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Wuhe Road No.13, Nanning, CHINA
| | - Guoxin Huang
- Shantou Central Hospital, Clinical research center, Waima road No.114, Shantou, CHINA
| | - Xin Chen
- GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Wuhe Road No.13, Nanning, CHINA
| | - Haoge Lin
- GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Wuhe Road No.13, Nanning, CHINA
| | - Yong Lin
- Beihai Baozhulin Ocean Technology Co.LTD, None, Hunan road Lvye garden 18, Beihai, CHINA
| | - Zhenxing Chen
- GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Wuhe road No.13, 530200, Nanning, CHINA
| | - Jiang Lin
- GuangXi University of Chinese Medicine, College of Basic Medicine, Wuhe Road No.13, Nanning, CHINA
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Tian W, Heo S, Kim DW, Kim IS, Ahn D, Tae HJ, Kim MK, Park BY. Ethanol Extract of Maclura tricuspidata Fruit Protects SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells against H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Damage via Inhibiting MAPK and NF-κB Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136946. [PMID: 34203307 PMCID: PMC8268219 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Free radical generation and oxidative stress push forward an immense influence on the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Maclura tricuspidata fruit (MT) contains many biologically active substances, including compounds with antioxidant properties. The current study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of MT fruit on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. SH-SY5Y cells were pretreated with MT, and cell damage was induced by H2O2. First, the chemical composition and free radical scavenging properties of MT were analyzed. MT attenuated oxidative stress-induced damage in cells based on the assessment of cell viability. The H2O2-induced toxicity caused by ROS production and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release was ameliorated by MT pretreatment. MT also promoted an increase in the expression of genes encoding the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). MT pretreatment was associated with an increase in the expression of neuronal genes downregulated by H2O2. Mechanistically, MT dramatically suppressed H2O2-induced Bcl-2 downregulation, Bax upregulation, apoptotic factor caspase-3 activation, Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) (JNK, ERK, and p38), and Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation, thereby preventing H2O2-induced neurotoxicity. These results indicate that MT has protective effects against H2O2-induced oxidative damage in SH-SY5Y cells and can be used to prevent and protect against neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weishun Tian
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (W.T.); (S.H.); (I.-S.K.); (D.A.); (H.-J.T.)
| | - Suyoung Heo
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (W.T.); (S.H.); (I.-S.K.); (D.A.); (H.-J.T.)
| | - Dae-Woon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
| | - In-Shik Kim
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (W.T.); (S.H.); (I.-S.K.); (D.A.); (H.-J.T.)
| | - Dongchoon Ahn
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (W.T.); (S.H.); (I.-S.K.); (D.A.); (H.-J.T.)
| | - Hyun-Jin Tae
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (W.T.); (S.H.); (I.-S.K.); (D.A.); (H.-J.T.)
| | - Myung-Kon Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Korea;
- Correspondence: (M.-K.K.); (B.-Y.P.); Tel.: +82-63-270-4874 (B.-Y.P.)
| | - Byung-Yong Park
- Bio-Safety Research Institute and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jeonbuk National University, Iksan 54596, Korea; (W.T.); (S.H.); (I.-S.K.); (D.A.); (H.-J.T.)
- Correspondence: (M.-K.K.); (B.-Y.P.); Tel.: +82-63-270-4874 (B.-Y.P.)
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