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Vadakkan K, Sathishkumar K, Kuttiyachan Urumbil S, Ponnenkunnathu Govindankutty S, Kumar Ngangbam A, Devi Nongmaithem B. A review of chemical signaling mechanisms underlying quorum sensing and its inhibition in Staphylococcus aureus. Bioorg Chem 2024; 148:107465. [PMID: 38761705 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a significant bacterium responsible for multiple infections and is a primary cause of fatalities among patients in hospital environments. The advent of pathogenic bacteria such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus revealed the shortcomings of employing antibiotics to treat bacterial infectious diseases. Quorum sensing enhances S. aureus's survivability through signaling processes. Targeting the key components of quorum sensing has drawn much interest nowadays as a promising strategy for combating infections caused by bacteria. Concentrating on the accessory gene regulator quorum-sensing mechanism is the most commonly suggested anti-virulence approach for S.aureus. Quorum quenching is a common strategy for controlling illnesses triggered by microorganisms since it reduces the pathogenicity of bacteria and improves bacterial biofilm susceptibility to antibiotics, thus providing an intriguing prospect for drug discovery. Quorum sensing inhibition reduces selective stresses and constrains the emergence of antibiotic resistance while limiting bacterial pathogenicity. This review examines the quorum sensing mechanisms involved in S. aureus, quorum sensing targets and gene regulation, environmental factors affecting quorum sensing, quorum sensing inhibition, natural products as quorum sensing inhibitory agents and novel therapeutical strategies to target quorum sensing in S. aureus as drug developing technique to augment conventional antibiotic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayeen Vadakkan
- Department of Biotechnology, St. Mary's College (Autonomous), Thrissur, Kerala 680020, India; Manipur International University, Imphal, Manipur 795140, India.
| | - Kuppusamy Sathishkumar
- Center for Global Health Research, Saveetha Medical College and Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Saveetha University, Thandalam, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 602105, India
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Tossounian MA, Zhao Y, Yu BYK, Markey SA, Malanchuk O, Zhu Y, Cain A, Gout I. Low-molecular-weight thiol transferases in redox regulation and antioxidant defence. Redox Biol 2024; 71:103094. [PMID: 38479221 PMCID: PMC10950700 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Low-molecular-weight (LMW) thiols are produced in all living cells in different forms and concentrations. Glutathione (GSH), coenzyme A (CoA), bacillithiol (BSH), mycothiol (MSH), ergothioneine (ET) and trypanothione T(SH)2 are the main LMW thiols in eukaryotes and prokaryotes. LMW thiols serve as electron donors for thiol-dependent enzymes in redox-mediated metabolic and signaling processes, protect cellular macromolecules from oxidative and xenobiotic stress, and participate in the reduction of oxidative modifications. The level and function of LMW thiols, their oxidized disulfides and mixed disulfide conjugates in cells and tissues is tightly controlled by dedicated oxidoreductases, such as peroxiredoxins, glutaredoxins, disulfide reductases and LMW thiol transferases. This review provides the first summary of the current knowledge of structural and functional diversity of transferases for LMW thiols, including GSH, BSH, MSH and T(SH)2. Their role in maintaining redox homeostasis in single-cell and multicellular organisms is discussed, focusing in particular on the conjugation of specific thiols to exogenous and endogenous electrophiles, or oxidized protein substrates. Advances in the development of new research tools, analytical methodologies, and genetic models for the analysis of known LMW thiol transferases will expand our knowledge and understanding of their function in cell growth and survival under oxidative stress, nutrient deprivation, and during the detoxification of xenobiotics and harmful metabolites. The antioxidant function of CoA has been recently discovered and the breakthrough in defining the identity and functional characteristics of CoA S-transferase(s) is soon expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Armineh Tossounian
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Bess Yi Kun Yu
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Samuel A Markey
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Oksana Malanchuk
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kyiv, 143, Ukraine
| | - Yuejia Zhu
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Cain
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Ivan Gout
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom; Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kyiv, 143, Ukraine.
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Williams P, Hill P, Bonev B, Chan WC. Quorum-sensing, intra- and inter-species competition in the staphylococci. MICROBIOLOGY (READING, ENGLAND) 2023; 169:001381. [PMID: 37578829 PMCID: PMC10482373 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.001381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
In Gram-positive bacteria such as Staphylococcus aureus and the coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), the accessory gene regulator (agr) is a highly conserved but polymorphic quorum-sensing system involved in colonization, virulence and biofilm development. Signalling via agr depends on the interaction of an autoinducing peptide (AIP) with AgrC, a transmembrane sensor kinase that, once phosphorylated activates the response regulator AgrA. This in turn autoinduces AIP biosynthesis and drives target gene expression directly via AgrA or via the post-transcriptional regulator, RNAIII. In this review we describe the molecular mechanisms underlying the agr-mediated generation of, and response to, AIPs and the molecular basis of AIP-dependent activation and inhibition of AgrC. How the environment impacts on agr functionality is considered and the consequences of agr dysfunction for infection explored. We also discuss the concept of AIP-driven competitive interference between S. aureus and the CoNS and its anti-infective potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Williams
- Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Phil Hill
- School of Biosciences, Sutton Bonington Campus, University of Nottingham, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Boyan Bonev
- Biodiscovery Institute and School of Life Sciences, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Weng C. Chan
- School of Pharmacy, Biodiscovery Institute, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
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Tossounian MA, Hristov SD, Semelak JA, Yu BYK, Baczynska M, Zhao Y, Estrin DA, Trujillo M, Filonenko V, Gouge J, Gout I. A Unique Mode of Coenzyme A Binding to the Nucleotide Binding Pocket of Human Metastasis Suppressor NME1. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119359. [PMID: 37298313 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is a key cellular metabolite which participates in diverse metabolic pathways, regulation of gene expression and the antioxidant defense mechanism. Human NME1 (hNME1), which is a moonlighting protein, was identified as a major CoA-binding protein. Biochemical studies showed that hNME1 is regulated by CoA through both covalent and non-covalent binding, which leads to a decrease in the hNME1 nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) activity. In this study, we expanded the knowledge on previous findings by focusing on the non-covalent mode of CoA binding to the hNME1. With X-ray crystallography, we solved the CoA bound structure of hNME1 (hNME1-CoA) and determined the stabilization interactions CoA forms within the nucleotide-binding site of hNME1. A hydrophobic patch stabilizing the CoA adenine ring, while salt bridges and hydrogen bonds stabilizing the phosphate groups of CoA were observed. With molecular dynamics studies, we extended our structural analysis by characterizing the hNME1-CoA structure and elucidating possible orientations of the pantetheine tail, which is absent in the X-ray structure due to its flexibility. Crystallographic studies suggested the involvement of arginine 58 and threonine 94 in mediating specific interactions with CoA. Site-directed mutagenesis and CoA-based affinity purifications showed that arginine 58 mutation to glutamate (R58E) and threonine 94 mutation to aspartate (T94D) prevent hNME1 from binding to CoA. Overall, our results reveal a unique mode by which hNME1 binds CoA, which differs significantly from that of ADP binding: the α- and β-phosphates of CoA are oriented away from the nucleotide-binding site, while 3'-phosphate faces catalytic histidine 118 (H118). The interactions formed by the CoA adenine ring and phosphate groups contribute to the specific mode of CoA binding to hNME1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefan Denchev Hristov
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jonathan Alexis Semelak
- Departmento de Química Inorgánica Analítica y Química Física, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2 C1428EHA, Buenos Aires 1865, Argentina
| | - Bess Yi Kun Yu
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Maria Baczynska
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Yuhan Zhao
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Dario Ariel Estrin
- Departmento de Química Inorgánica Analítica y Química Física, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medioambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE) and Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Ciudad Universitaria, Pab. 2 C1428EHA, Buenos Aires 1865, Argentina
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Valeriy Filonenko
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Jerome Gouge
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck College, University of London, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Ivan Gout
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
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Tossounian MA, Baczynska M, Dalton W, Peak-Chew SY, Undzenas K, Korza G, Filonenko V, Skehel M, Setlow P, Gout I. Bacillus subtilis YtpP and Thioredoxin A Are New Players in the Coenzyme-A-Mediated Defense Mechanism against Cellular Stress. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12040938. [PMID: 37107313 PMCID: PMC10136147 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12040938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is an important cellular metabolite that is critical for metabolic processes and the regulation of gene expression. Recent discovery of the antioxidant function of CoA has highlighted its protective role that leads to the formation of a mixed disulfide bond with protein cysteines, which is termed protein CoAlation. To date, more than 2000 CoAlated bacterial and mammalian proteins have been identified in cellular responses to oxidative stress, with the majority being involved in metabolic pathways (60%). Studies have shown that protein CoAlation is a widespread post-translational modification which modulates the activity and conformation of the modified proteins. The induction of protein CoAlation by oxidative stress was found to be rapidly reversed after the removal of oxidizing agents from the medium of cultured cells. In this study, we developed an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based deCoAlation assay to detect deCoAlation activity from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus megaterium lysates. We then used a combination of ELISA-based assay and purification strategies to show that deCoAlation is an enzyme-driven mechanism. Using mass-spectrometry and deCoAlation assays, we identified B. subtilis YtpP (thioredoxin-like protein) and thioredoxin A (TrxA) as enzymes that can remove CoA from different substrates. With mutagenesis studies, we identified YtpP and TrxA catalytic cysteine residues and proposed a possible deCoAlation mechanism for CoAlated methionine sulfoxide reducatse A (MsrA) and peroxiredoxin 5 (PRDX5) proteins, which results in the release of both CoA and the reduced form of MsrA or PRDX5. Overall, this paper reveals the deCoAlation activity of YtpP and TrxA and opens doors to future studies on the CoA-mediated redox regulation of CoAlated proteins under various cellular stress conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Baczynska
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - William Dalton
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Sew Yeu Peak-Chew
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Kipras Undzenas
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - George Korza
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Valeriy Filonenko
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
| | - Mark Skehel
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Peter Setlow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biophysics, UConn Health, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Ivan Gout
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Cell Signaling, Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine
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Filonenko V, Gout I. Discovery and functional characterisation of protein CoAlation and the antioxidant function of coenzyme A. BBA ADVANCES 2023; 3:100075. [PMID: 37082257 PMCID: PMC10074942 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadva.2023.100075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is an essential cofactor in all living cells which plays critical role in cellular metabolism, the regulation of gene expression and the biosynthesis of major cellular constituents. Recently, CoA was found to function as a major antioxidant in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. This unconventional function of CoA is mediated by a novel post-translational modification, termed protein CoAlation. This review will highlight the history of this discovery, current knowledge, and future directions on studying molecular mechanisms of protein CoAlation and whether the antioxidant function of CoA is associated with pathologies, such as neurodegeneration and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriy Filonenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
- Corresponding authors.
| | - Ivan Gout
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kyiv 03680, Ukraine
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
- Corresponding authors.
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Tossounian MA, Baczynska M, Dalton W, Newell C, Ma Y, Das S, Semelak JA, Estrin DA, Filonenko V, Trujillo M, Peak-Chew SY, Skehel M, Fraternali F, Orengo C, Gout I. Profiling the Site of Protein CoAlation and Coenzyme A Stabilization Interactions. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071362. [PMID: 35883853 PMCID: PMC9312308 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Coenzyme A (CoA) is a key cellular metabolite known for its diverse functions in metabolism and regulation of gene expression. CoA was recently shown to play an important antioxidant role under various cellular stress conditions by forming a disulfide bond with proteins, termed CoAlation. Using anti-CoA antibodies and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methodologies, CoAlated proteins were identified from various organisms/tissues/cell-lines under stress conditions. In this study, we integrated currently known CoAlated proteins into mammalian and bacterial datasets (CoAlomes), resulting in a total of 2093 CoAlated proteins (2862 CoAlation sites). Functional classification of these proteins showed that CoAlation is widespread among proteins involved in cellular metabolism, stress response and protein synthesis. Using 35 published CoAlated protein structures, we studied the stabilization interactions of each CoA segment (adenosine diphosphate (ADP) moiety and pantetheine tail) within the microenvironment of the modified cysteines. Alternating polar-non-polar residues, positively charged residues and hydrophobic interactions mainly stabilize the pantetheine tail, phosphate groups and the ADP moiety, respectively. A flexible nature of CoA is observed in examined structures, allowing it to adapt its conformation through interactions with residues surrounding the CoAlation site. Based on these findings, we propose three modes of CoA binding to proteins. Overall, this study summarizes currently available knowledge on CoAlated proteins, their functional distribution and CoA-protein stabilization interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Armineh Tossounian
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (M.-A.T.); (M.B.); (W.D.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (S.D.); (C.O.)
| | - Maria Baczynska
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (M.-A.T.); (M.B.); (W.D.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (S.D.); (C.O.)
| | - William Dalton
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (M.-A.T.); (M.B.); (W.D.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (S.D.); (C.O.)
| | - Charlie Newell
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (M.-A.T.); (M.B.); (W.D.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (S.D.); (C.O.)
| | - Yilin Ma
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (M.-A.T.); (M.B.); (W.D.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (S.D.); (C.O.)
| | - Sayoni Das
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (M.-A.T.); (M.B.); (W.D.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (S.D.); (C.O.)
| | - Jonathan Alexis Semelak
- Departmento de Química Inorgánica Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina; (J.A.S.); (D.A.E.)
| | - Dario Ariel Estrin
- Departmento de Química Inorgánica Analítica y Química Física, INQUIMAE-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires C1428EHA, Argentina; (J.A.S.); (D.A.E.)
| | - Valeriy Filonenko
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine;
| | - Madia Trujillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay;
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas (CEINBIO), Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11800, Uruguay
| | - Sew Yeu Peak-Chew
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK;
| | - Mark Skehel
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK;
| | - Franca Fraternali
- Randall Centre for Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King’s College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK;
| | - Christine Orengo
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (M.-A.T.); (M.B.); (W.D.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (S.D.); (C.O.)
| | - Ivan Gout
- Department of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; (M.-A.T.); (M.B.); (W.D.); (C.N.); (Y.M.); (S.D.); (C.O.)
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Genetics, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 03680 Kyiv, Ukraine;
- Correspondence:
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Optimization of a Method for Detecting Intracellular Sulfane Sulfur Levels and Evaluation of Reagents That Affect the Levels in Escherichia coli. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11071292. [PMID: 35883783 PMCID: PMC9311597 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11071292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfane sulfur is a class of compounds containing zero-valent sulfur. Most sulfane sulfur compounds are reactive and play important signaling roles. Key enzymes involved in the production and metabolism of sulfane sulfur have been characterized; however, little is known about how to change intracellular sulfane sulfur (iSS) levels. To accurately measure iSS, we optimized a previously reported method, in which reactive iSS reacts with sulfite to produce thiosulfate, a stable sulfane sulfur compound, before detection. With the improved method, several factors were tested to influence iSS in Escherichia coli. Temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure showed little effect. At commonly used concentrations, most tested oxidants, including hydrogen peroxide, tert-butyl hydroperoxide, hypochlorous acid, and diamide, did not affect iSS, but carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone increased iSS. For reductants, 10 mM dithiothreitol significantly decreased iSS, but tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine did not. Among different sulfur-bearing compounds, NaHS, cysteine, S2O32− and diallyl disulfide increased iSS, of which only S2O32− did not inhibit E. coli growth at 10 mM or less. Thus, with the improved method, we have identified reagents that may be used to change iSS in E. coli and other organisms, providing tools to further study the physiological functions of iSS.
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Abstract
The nasopharynx and the skin are the major oxygen-rich anatomical sites for colonization by the human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes (group A Streptococcus [GAS]). To establish infection, GAS must survive oxidative stress generated during aerobic metabolism and the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by host innate immune cells. Glutathione is the major host antioxidant molecule, while GAS is glutathione auxotrophic. Here, we report the molecular characterization of the ABC transporter substrate binding protein GshT in the GAS glutathione salvage pathway. We demonstrate that glutathione uptake is critical for aerobic growth of GAS and that impaired import of glutathione induces oxidative stress that triggers enhanced production of the reducing equivalent NADPH. Our results highlight the interrelationship between glutathione assimilation, carbohydrate metabolism, virulence factor production, and innate immune evasion. Together, these findings suggest an adaptive strategy employed by extracellular bacterial pathogens to exploit host glutathione stores for their own benefit.
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Leseigneur C, Boucontet L, Duchateau M, Pizarro-Cerda J, Matondo M, Colucci-Guyon E, Dussurget O. NAD kinase promotes Staphylococcus aureus pathogenesis by supporting production of virulence factors and protective enzymes. eLife 2022; 11:79941. [PMID: 35723663 PMCID: PMC9208755 DOI: 10.7554/elife.79941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) is the primary electron donor for reductive reactions that are essential for the biosynthesis of major cell components in all organisms. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase (NADK) is the only enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of NADP(H) from NAD(H). While the enzymatic properties and physiological functions of NADK have been thoroughly studied, the role of NADK in bacterial pathogenesis remains unknown. Here, we used CRISPR interference to knock down NADK gene expression to address the role of this enzyme in Staphylococcus aureus pathogenic potential. We find that NADK inhibition drastically decreases mortality of zebrafish infected with S. aureus. Furthermore, we show that NADK promotes S. aureus survival in infected macrophages by protecting bacteria from antimicrobial defense mechanisms. Proteome-wide data analysis revealed that production of major virulence-associated factors is sustained by NADK. We demonstrate that NADK is required for expression of the quorum-sensing response regulator AgrA, which controls critical S. aureus virulence determinants. These findings support a key role for NADK in bacteria survival within innate immune cells and the host during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Leseigneur
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Unité de Recherche Yersinia, Paris, France
| | - Laurent Boucontet
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Paris, France
| | - Magalie Duchateau
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS USR2000, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, Plateforme de protéomique, Paris, France
| | - Javier Pizarro-Cerda
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Unité de Recherche Yersinia, Paris, France
| | - Mariette Matondo
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS USR2000, Unité de Spectrométrie de Masse pour la Biologie, Plateforme de protéomique, Paris, France
| | - Emma Colucci-Guyon
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR3738, Unité Macrophages et Développement de l'Immunité, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Dussurget
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, CNRS UMR6047, Unité de Recherche Yersinia, Paris, France
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