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Araj H. Consilience and unity in ocular anterior segment research. Int J Ophthalmol 2024; 17:1173-1183. [PMID: 39026918 PMCID: PMC11246940 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2024.07.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
In his beautiful book, Consilience: The Unity of Knowledge, the eminent biologist Edward O Wilson, advocates the need for integration and reconciliation across the sciences. He defines consilience as "literally a 'jumping together' of knowledge with a linking of facts ... to create a common groundwork of explanation". It is the premise of this paper that as much as basic biomedical research is in need of data generation using the latest available techniques- unifying available knowledge is just as critical. This involves the necessity to resolve contradictory findings, reduce silos, and acknowledge complexity. We take the cornea and the lens as case studies of our premise. Specifically, in this perspective, we discuss the conflicting and fragmented information on protein aggregation, oxidative damage, and fibrosis. These are fields of study that are integrally tied to anterior segment research. Our goal is to highlight the vital need for Wilson's consilience and unity of knowledge which in turn should lead to enhanced rigor and reproducibility, and most importantly, to greater understanding and not simply knowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houmam Araj
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Eye Institute/National Institutes of Health (NEI/NIH), Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA
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2
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Papaefthimiou M, Kontou PI, Bagos PG, Braliou GG. Integration of Antioxidant Activity Assays Data of Stevia Leaf Extracts: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:692. [PMID: 38929131 PMCID: PMC11201069 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13060692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni, a no-calorie natural sweetener, contains a plethora of polyphenols that exert antioxidant properties with potential medicinal significance. Due to the variety of functional groups, polyphenols exhibit varying solubility depending on the nature of the extraction solvents (water, organic, or their mixtures, defined further on as hydroalcoholic extracts). In the present study, we performed a systematic review, following PRISMA guidelines, and meta-analysis, synthesizing all available data from 45 articles encompassing 250 different studies. Our results showed that the total phenolic content (TPC) of hydroalcoholic and aqueous extracts presents higher values (64.77 and 63.73 mg GAE/g) compared to organic extracts (33.39). Total flavonoid content (TFC) was also higher in aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts; meta-regression analysis revealed that outcomes in different measuring units (mg QE/g, mg CE/g, and mg RUE/g) do not present statistically significant differences and can be synthesized in meta-analysis. Using meta-regression analysis, we showed that outcomes from the chemical-based ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC antioxidant assays for the same extract type can be combined in meta-analysis because they do not differ statistically significantly. Meta-analysis of ABTS, FRAP, and ORAC assays outcomes revealed that the antioxidant activity profile of various extract types follows that of their phenolic and flavonoid content. Using regression meta-analysis, we also presented that outcomes from SOD, CAT, and POX enzymatic antioxidant assays are independent of the assay type (p-value = 0.905) and can be combined. Our study constitutes the first effort to quantitatively and statistically synthesize the research results of individual studies using all methods measuring the antioxidant activity of stevia leaf extracts. Our results, in light of evidence-based practice, uncover the need for a broadly accepted, unified, methodological strategy to perform antioxidant tests, and offer documentation that the use of ethanol:water 1:1 mixtures or pure water can more efficiently extract stevia antioxidant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Papaefthimiou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (M.P.); (P.G.B.)
| | | | - Pantelis G. Bagos
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (M.P.); (P.G.B.)
| | - Georgia G. Braliou
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, 35131 Lamia, Greece; (M.P.); (P.G.B.)
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3
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Alahmari H, Liu CC, Rubin E, Lin VY, Rodriguez P, Chang KC. Vitamin C alleviates hyperglycemic stress in retinal pigment epithelial cells. Mol Biol Rep 2024; 51:637. [PMID: 38727927 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09595-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Retinal pigment epithelial cells (RPECs) are a type of retinal cells that structurally and physiologically support photoreceptors. However, hyperglycemia has been shown to play a critical role in the progression of diabetic retinopathy (DR), which is one of the leading causes of vision impairment. In the diabetic eye, the high glucose environment damages RPECs via the induction of oxidative stress, leading to the release of excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triggering apoptosis. In this study, we aim to investigate the antioxidant mechanism of Vitamin C in reducing hyperglycemia-induced stress and whether this mechanism can preserve the function of RPECs. METHODS AND RESULTS ARPE-19 cells were treated with high glucose in the presence or absence of Vitamin C. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Cleaved poly ADP-ribose polymerase (PARP) was used to identify apoptosis in the cells. ROS were detected by the DCFH-DA reaction. The accumulation of sorbitol in the aldose reductase (AR) polyol pathway was determined using the sorbitol detection assay. Primary mouse RPECs were isolated from adult mice and identified by Rpe65 expression. The mitochondrial damage was measured by mitochondrial membrane depolarization. Our results showed that high glucose conditions reduce cell viability in RPECs while Vitamin C can restore cell viability, compared to the vehicle treatment. We also demonstrated that Vitamin C reduces hyperglycemia-induced ROS production and prevents cell apoptosis in RPECs in an AR-independent pathway. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that Vitamin C is not only a nutritional necessity but also an adjuvant that can be combined with AR inhibitors for alleviating hyperglycemic stress in RPECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Alahmari
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Chia-Chun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Elizabeth Rubin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Venice Y Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
- North Allegheny Senior High School, Wexford, PA, 15090, USA
| | - Paul Rodriguez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA
| | - Kun-Che Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15219, USA.
- Department of Neurobiology, Center of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA.
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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Chen R, Xia Y, Ma Z, Ke Y, Shi Q, Ataullakhanov FI, Panteleev M. H 2O 2-Responsive Polymeric Micelles of Biodegradable Aliphatic Poly(carbonate)s as Promising Therapeutic Agents for Inflammatory Diseases. Macromol Biosci 2024; 24:e2300409. [PMID: 37975742 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Excessive amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS) cause various biological damages and are involved in many diseases, such as cancer, inflammatory and thrombotic complications, and neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, ROS-responsive polymers with inherent ROS scavenging activity and biodegradability are extremely needed for the efficient treatment of ROS-related diseases. Here, this work fabricates the amphiphilic diblock copolymer PEG-b-PBC via ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of phenylboronic acid ester conjugated cyclic carbonate monomer. The copolymer easily forms micelles (BCM) and scavenges ROS rapidly. BCM not only releases the delivered drug but degrades to produce the small molecules p-hydroxybenzyl alcohol (HBA) with anti-inflammatory capability in the presence of H2O2. BCM can reduce the oxidative stress of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) and the levels of inflammatory factors secreted by macrophages, showing antioxidative and anti-inflammatory activity. Finally, BCM exerts a significant capability to reduce the complications of inflammation and thrombosis in vivo. The biodegradable aliphatic poly(carbonate)s have the potential to be used for drug delivery systems (DDS) for diseases induced by reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runhai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Zhifang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
| | - Yue Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Polymeric Materials Design and Synthesis for Biomedical Function, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Fazly I Ataullakhanov
- Dmitry Rogachev Natl Res Ctr Pediat Hematol Oncol, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow, 117198, Russia
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, build. 2, GSP-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Mikhail Panteleev
- Dmitry Rogachev Natl Res Ctr Pediat Hematol Oncol, 1 Samory Mashela St, Moscow, 117198, Russia
- Faculty of Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory, 1, build. 2, GSP-1, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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Li J, Huang Y, Ma T, Liu Y, Luo Y, Gao L, Li Z, Ye Z. Carbon Monoxide Releasing Molecule-3 Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Selenite-Induced Cataract in Rats via Activating Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. Curr Eye Res 2023; 48:919-929. [PMID: 37395371 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2023.2232569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the protective effect of carbon monoxide releasing molecule-3 (CORM-3), the classical donor of carbon monoxide, on selenite-induced cataract in rats and explore its possible mechanism. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rat pups treated with sodium selenite (Na2SeO3) were chosen as the cataract model. Fifty rat pups were randomly divided into 5 groups: Control group, Na2SeO3 (3.46 mg/kg) group, low-dose CORM-3 (8 mg/kg/d) + Na2SeO3 group, high-dose CORM-3 (16 mg/kg/d) + Na2SeO3 group, and inactivated CORM-3 (iCORM-3) (8 mg/kg/d) + Na2SeO3 group. The protective effect of CORM-3 was tested by lens opacity scores, hematoxylin and eosin staining, TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling assay, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Besides, quantitative real-time PCR and western blotting were used for mechanism validation. RESULTS Na2SeO3 induced nuclear cataract rapidly and stably, and the achievement ratio of Na2SeO3 group was 100%. CORM-3 alleviated lens opacity of selenite-induced cataract and attenuated the morphological changes of the rat lens. The levels of antioxidant enzymes GSH and SOD in rat lens were also increased by CORM-3 treatment. CORM-3 significantly reduced the ratio of apoptotic lens epithelial cells, besides, CORM-3 decreased the expression of Cleaved Caspase-3 and Bax induced by selenite and increased the expression of Bcl-2 in rat lens inhibited by selenite. Moreover, Nrf-2 and HO-1 were upregulated and Keap1 was downregulated after CORM-3 treatment. While iCORM-3 did not exert the same effect as CORM-3. CONCLUSIONS Exogenous CO released from CORM-3 alleviates oxidative stress and apoptosis in selenite-induced rat cataract via activating Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. CORM-3 may serve as a promising preventive and therapeutic strategy for cataract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinglan Li
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianju Ma
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yating Liu
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Luo
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
- Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Lixiong Gao
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zi Ye
- Senior Department of Ophthalmology, The Third Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Ma DY, Liu JX, Wang LD, Zhi XY, Luo L, Zhao JY, Qin Y. GSK-3β-dependent Nrf2 antioxidant response modulates ferroptosis of lens epithelial cells in age-related cataract. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 204:161-176. [PMID: 37156294 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced lens epithelial cells (LECs) death plays a pivotal role in age-related cataract (ARC) with severe visual impairment, in which ferroptosis is gradually receiving numerous attention resulting from lipid peroxide accumulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) overproduction. However, the essential pathogenic factors and the targeted medical strategies still remain skeptical and indistinct. In this work, by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis, the major pathological courses in the LECs of ARC patients have been identified as ferroptosis, which was manifested with remarkable mitochondrial alterations, and similar results were found in aged mice (24-month-old). Furthermore, the primary pathological processes in the NaIO3-induced mice and HLE-B3 cell model have also been verified to be ferroptosis with an irreplaceable function of Nrf2, proved by the increased sensitivity to ferroptosis when Nrf2 was blocked in Nrf2-KO mice and si-Nrf2-treated HLE-B3 cells. Importantly, it has been found that an increased expression of GSK-3β was indicated in low-Nrf2-expressed tissues and cells. Subsequently, the contributions of abnormal GSK-3β expression to NaIO3-induced mice and HLE-B3 cell model were further evaluated, inhibition of GSK-3β utilizing SB216763 significantly alleviated LECs ferroptosis with less iron accumulation and ROS generation, as well as reversed expression alterations of ferroptosis markers, including GPX4, SLC7A11, SLC40A1, FTH1 and TfR1, in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, our findings conclude that targeting GSK-3β/Nrf2 balance might be a promising therapeutic strategy to mitigate LECs ferroptosis and thus probably delay the pathogenesis and development of ARC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Yue Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, Key Lens Research Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110005, PR China
| | - Jin-Xia Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, Key Lens Research Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110005, PR China
| | - Lu-di Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, Key Lens Research Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110005, PR China
| | - Xin-Yu Zhi
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, Key Lens Research Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110005, PR China
| | - Li Luo
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, Key Lens Research Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110005, PR China
| | - Jiang-Yue Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, Key Lens Research Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110005, PR China
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Eye Hospital of China Medical University, Key Lens Research Laboratory of Liaoning Province, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110005, PR China.
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Rachmawati R, Idroes R, Suhartono E, Maulydia NB, Darusman D. In Silico and In Vitro Analysis of Tacca Tubers ( Tacca leontopetaloides) from Banyak Island, Aceh Singkil Regency, Indonesia, as Antihypercholesterolemia Agents. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27238605. [PMID: 36500698 PMCID: PMC9737010 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27238605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tacca leontopetaloides (T. leontopetaloides) contain a number of active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, phenolics, steroids, and alkaloids. The active compounds from plants have been shown to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease by lowering cholesterol levels by inhibiting the enzyme 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzym A (HMG-CoA) reductase activity. This study aims to investigate the potential active compounds in the ethanolic extract of Tacca tubers (T. leontopetaloides) from the Banyak Islands, Aceh Singkil Regency, Aceh Province both in vitro and in silico. Tacca tubers contain secondary metabolites including flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, steroids and saponins, according to phytochemical screening. In vitro investigation of ethanolic extract of Tacca tuber revealed inhibitory activity of HMG Co-A reductase with an IC50 value of 4.92 ppm. Based on the in silico study, active compound from the extract, namely Stigmasterol with the highest binding affinities with HMG Co-A reductase (-7.2 kcal/mol). As a comparison, the inhibition of HMG Co-A reductase activity by simvastatin with an IC50 4.62 ppm and binding affinity -8.0 Kcal/mol. Our findings suggest that the ethanolic extract of Tacca tuber (T. leontopetaloides) from Banyak Islands, Aceh Province has the potential to inhibit the activity of HMG Co-A reductase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachmawati Rachmawati
- Graduate School of Mathematics and Applied Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Nutrition, Health Polytechnic of Aceh Ministry of Health, Aceh Besar 23241, Indonesia
| | - Rinaldi Idroes
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
- Correspondence:
| | - Eko Suhartono
- Department of Medical Chemistry/Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Lambung Mangkurat University, Banjarbaru 70124, Indonesia
| | - Nur Balqis Maulydia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
| | - Darusman Darusman
- Faculty of Agriculture, Soil Science Department, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh 23111, Indonesia
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In Vitro and Ex Vivo Evaluation of Mangifera indica L. Extract-Loaded Green Nanoparticles in Topical Emulsion against Oxidative Stress and Aging. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092266. [PMID: 36140367 PMCID: PMC9496353 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Mangifera indica L. extract (M-Ext) of the peel and kernel possesses potent antioxidant and excellent antiaging qualities, the effects are only partially seen because of the skin’s limited ability to absorb it. M-Ext was loaded into nanolipid carriers (M-NLCs) in this work to create a green topical formulation that would boost antiaging efficacy and address penetration deficit. Compound identification was done using GCMS and atomic absorption spectroscopy for heavy metals in M-Ext. M-Ext was also evaluated against oxidative stress antioxidant enzymes. The M-NLCs were fabricated and evaluated for their physicochemical characterizations. Cytotoxicity and cell permeation analysis of M-Ext and M-NLCs were carried out in fibroblasts and HaCaT cell lines. An ex vivo permeation study of M-Ext and M-NLC-loaded emulsion was performed through rat skin and the kinetic parameters were determined. Kinetic data showed that the ex vivo permeation of M-NLC-loaded emulsion through rat skin followed the Higuchi model. The safety profile was evaluated in human volunteers after written consent. Three months’ in vivo investigations were conducted using the optimized M-NLC-loaded emulsion and vehicle (B-NLC-loaded emulsion) on human cheeks for comparison. The volunteers’ skin erythema level, melanin contents, TEWL index, moisture contents, sebum level, elasticity, pH, and pore size were examined after the first, second, and third month via noninvasive techniques. There were significant findings for physicochemical characterizations and in vitro and ex vivo studies. The findings demonstrate that the green nanolipid carriers amplified the overall antioxidant effectiveness and may represent an emerging treatment strategy for oxidative stresses and aging.
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