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Yu PR, Tseng CY, Hsu CC, Chen JH, Lin HH. In vitro and in vivo protective potential of quercetin-3-glucuronide against lipopolysaccharide-induced pulmonary injury through dual activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 and autophagy. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:1415-1436. [PMID: 38436694 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-024-03691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo models of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced pulmonary injury, quercetin-3-glucuronide (Q3G) has been previously revealed the lung-protective potential via downregulation of inflammation, pyroptotic, and apoptotic cell death. However, the upstream signals mediating anti-pulmonary injury of Q3G have not yet been clarified. It has been reported that concerted dual activation of nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) and autophagy may prove to be a better treatment strategy in pulmonary injury. In this study, the effect of Q3G on antioxidant and autophagy were further investigated. Noncytotoxic doses of Q3G abolished the LPS-caused cell injury, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation with inductions in Nrf2-antioxidant signaling. Moreover, Q3G treatment repressed Nrf2 ubiquitination, and enhanced the association of Keap1 and p62 in the LPS-treated cells. Q3G also showed potential in inducing autophagy, as demonstrated by formation of acidic vesicular organelles (AVOs) and upregulation of autophagy factors. Next, the autolysosomes formation and cell survival were decreased by Q3G under pre-treatment with a lysosome inhibitor, chloroquine (CQ). Furthermore, mechanistic assays indicated that anti-pulmonary injury effects of Q3G might be mediated via Nrf2 signaling, as confirmed by the transfection of Nrf2 siRNA. Finally, Q3G significantly alleviated the development of pulmonary injury in vivo, which may result from inhibiting the LPS-induced lung dysfunction and edema. These findings emphasize a toxicological perspective, providing new insights into the mechanisms of Q3G's protective effects on LPS-induced pulmonary injury and highlighting its role in dual activating Nrf2 and autophagy pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Rong Yu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chiao-Yun Tseng
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Chin Hsu
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Hsien Chen
- Department of Nutrition, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Hsuan Lin
- Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology, Chung Shan Medical University, No. 110, Sec. 1, Jianguo N. Road, Taichung City, 40201, Taiwan.
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Occhiuto CJ, Liby KT. KEAP1-Mutant Lung Cancers Weaken Anti-Tumor Immunity and Promote an M2-like Macrophage Phenotype. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3510. [PMID: 38542481 PMCID: PMC10970780 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25063510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Considerable advances have been made in lung cancer therapies, but there is still an unmet clinical need to improve survival for lung cancer patients. Immunotherapies have improved survival, although only 20-30% of patients respond to these treatments. Interestingly, cancers with mutations in Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1), the negative regulator of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) transcription factor, are resistant to immune checkpoint inhibition and correlate with decreased lymphoid cell infiltration. NRF2 is known for promoting an anti-inflammatory phenotype when activated in immune cells, but the study of NRF2 activation in cancer cells has not been adequately assessed. The objective of this study was to determine how lung cancer cells with constitutive NRF2 activity interact with the immune microenvironment to promote cancer progression. To assess, we generated CRISPR-edited mouse lung cancer cell lines by knocking out the KEAP1 or NFE2L2 genes and utilized a publicly available single-cell dataset through the Gene Expression Omnibus to investigate tumor/immune cell interactions. We show here that KEAP1-mutant cancers promote immunosuppression of the tumor microenvironment. Our data suggest KEAP1 deletion is sufficient to alter the secretion of cytokines, increase expression of immune checkpoint markers on cancer cells, and alter recruitment and differential polarization of immunosuppressive macrophages that ultimately lead to T-cell suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Occhiuto
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA;
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Karen T. Liby
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Lazzeri G, Biagioni F, Ferrucci M, Puglisi-Allegra S, Lenzi P, Busceti CL, Giannessi F, Fornai F. The Relevance of Autophagy within Inner Ear in Baseline Conditions and Tinnitus-Related Syndromes. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16664. [PMID: 38068993 PMCID: PMC10706730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tinnitus is the perception of noise in the absence of acoustic stimulation (phantom noise). In most patients suffering from chronic peripheral tinnitus, an alteration of outer hair cells (OHC) starting from the stereocilia (SC) occurs. This is common following ototoxic drugs, sound-induced ototoxicity, and acoustic degeneration. In all these conditions, altered coupling between the tectorial membrane (TM) and OHC SC is described. The present review analyzes the complex interactions involving OHC and TM. These need to be clarified to understand which mechanisms may underlie the onset of tinnitus and why the neuropathology of chronic degenerative tinnitus is similar, independent of early triggers. In fact, the fine neuropathology of tinnitus features altered mechanisms of mechanic-electrical transduction (MET) at the level of OHC SC. The appropriate coupling between OHC SC and TM strongly depends on autophagy. The involvement of autophagy may encompass degenerative and genetic tinnitus, as well as ototoxic drugs and acoustic trauma. Defective autophagy explains mitochondrial alterations and altered protein handling within OHC and TM. This is relevant for developing novel treatments that stimulate autophagy without carrying the burden of severe side effects. Specific phytochemicals, such as curcumin and berberin, acting as autophagy activators, may mitigate the neuropathology of tinnitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Lazzeri
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy; (G.L.); (M.F.); (P.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Francesca Biagioni
- IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy; (F.B.); (S.P.-A.); (C.L.B.)
| | - Michela Ferrucci
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy; (G.L.); (M.F.); (P.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Stefano Puglisi-Allegra
- IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy; (F.B.); (S.P.-A.); (C.L.B.)
| | - Paola Lenzi
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy; (G.L.); (M.F.); (P.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Carla Letizia Busceti
- IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy; (F.B.); (S.P.-A.); (C.L.B.)
| | - Francesco Giannessi
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy; (G.L.); (M.F.); (P.L.); (F.G.)
| | - Francesco Fornai
- Human Anatomy, Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, PI, Italy; (G.L.); (M.F.); (P.L.); (F.G.)
- IRCCS, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Neuromed, 86077 Pozzilli, IS, Italy; (F.B.); (S.P.-A.); (C.L.B.)
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Ates I, Yılmaz AD, Buttari B, Arese M, Saso L, Suzen S. A Review of the Potential of Nuclear Factor [Erythroid-Derived 2]-like 2 Activation in Autoimmune Diseases. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1532. [PMID: 38002492 PMCID: PMC10669303 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13111532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
An autoimmune disease is the consequence of the immune system attacking healthy cells, tissues, and organs by mistake instead of protecting them. Inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) are well-recognized processes occurring in association with acute or chronic impairment of cell homeostasis. The transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor [erythroid-derived 2]-like 2) is of major importance as the defense instrument against OS and alters anti-inflammatory activities related to different pathological states. Researchers have described Nrf2 as a significant regulator of innate immunity. Growing indications suggest that the Nrf2 signaling pathway is deregulated in numerous diseases, including autoimmune disorders. The advantageous outcome of the pharmacological activation of Nrf2 is an essential part of Nrf2-based chemoprevention and intervention in other chronic illnesses, such as neurodegeneration, cardiovascular disease, autoimmune diseases, and chronic kidney and liver disease. Nevertheless, a growing number of investigations have indicated that Nrf2 is already elevated in specific cancer and disease steps, suggesting that the pharmacological agents developed to mitigate the potentially destructive or transformative results associated with the protracted activation of Nrf2 should also be evaluated. The activators of Nrf2 have revealed an improvement in the progress of OS-associated diseases, resulting in immunoregulatory and anti-inflammatory activities; by contrast, the depletion of Nrf2 worsens disease progression. These data strengthen the growing attention to the biological properties of Nrf2 and its possible healing power on diseases. The evidence supporting a correlation between Nrf2 signaling and the most common autoimmune diseases is reviewed here. We focus on the aspects related to the possible effect of Nrf2 activation in ameliorating pathologic conditions based on the role of this regulator of antioxidant genes in the control of inflammation and OS, which are processes related to the progression of autoimmune diseases. Finally, the possibility of Nrf2 activation as a new drug development strategy to target pathogenesis is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Ates
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Degol Str. No. 4, 06560 Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Didem Yılmaz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Degol Str. No. 4, 06560 Ankara, Turkey; (A.D.Y.); (S.S.)
| | - Brigitta Buttari
- Department of Cardiovascular and Endocrine-Metabolic Diseases and Aging, Italian National Institute of Health, 00161 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marzia Arese
- Department of Biochemical Sciences “A. Rossi Fanelli”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzae Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology ‘‘Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Sibel Suzen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, Degol Str. No. 4, 06560 Ankara, Turkey; (A.D.Y.); (S.S.)
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Sun D, Li H, Du Y, Chen Y, Yao L, Wang L. Metformin modulates mitochondrial autophagy in renal tubular epithelial injury induced by high glucose via the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway. Mol Cell Biochem 2023:10.1007/s11010-023-04843-8. [PMID: 37831352 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04843-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The current study aimed to explore the role and underpinning molecular mechanisms of metformin in renal cellular injury induced by high glucose levels. Male C57BL/KsJ (db/db) and (db/m +) mice were utilized in this study. The experimental group was administered 1 mg/mL of metformin through drinking water. Renal tissues were harvested for hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity detection, biochemical indices analysis, Western blotting, and qRT-PCR. HK-2 cells were utilized for Nrf2 siRNA transfection and to establish a high level of glucose-induced cell models. Metformin was administered at a concentration of 1 mmol/L in the experimental group. Cellular viability was assessed using CCK-8, whereas acridine orange (AO) staining and LC3-mitotracker co-localization staining were employed to evaluate autophagy. The expression of Nrf2, P21, LC3, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1), translocase of outer mitochondrial membrane 20 (TOMM20), and Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) were determined through Western blotting and qRT-PCR. Metformin mitigated renal tissue inflammatory damage in diabetic mice, as indicated by upregulated expression of Nrf2, PINK1, LC3, and TOMM20, and downregulated expression of Keap1 and P21. High level of glucose treatment in HK-2 cells resulted in decreased autophagy, and reduced expression of Nrf2, PINK1, LC3, and TOMM20 alongside elevated the expression of Keap1 and P21. Notably, metformin treatment partially counteracted these effects. Nrf2 knockdown intensified these phenomena in the high level of glucose-induced model. Protein-protein interaction network analysis indicated that Nrf2 could regulate the majority autophagy-related proteins via Keap1. Metformin modulates mitochondrial autophagy in high glucose-induced renal tubular epithelial senescence via the Keap1/Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Sun
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Huimin Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Fourth Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110000, China
| | - Yinke Du
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Li Yao
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China
| | - Lining Wang
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, No. 155 Nanjing Bei Street, Heping District, Shenyang, 110001, China.
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Javali PS, Sekar M, Kumar A, Thirumurugan K. Dynamics of redox signaling in aging via autophagy, inflammation, and senescence. Biogerontology 2023; 24:663-678. [PMID: 37195483 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-023-10040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Review paper attempts to explain the dynamic aspects of redox signaling in aging through autophagy, inflammation, and senescence. It begins with ROS source in the cell, then states redox signaling in autophagy, and regulation of autophagy in aging. Next, we discuss inflammation and redox signaling with various pathways involved: NOX pathway, ROS production via TNF-α, IL-1β, xanthine oxidase pathway, COX pathway, and myeloperoxidase pathway. Also, we emphasize oxidative damage as an aging marker and the contribution of pathophysiological factors to aging. In senescence-associated secretory phenotypes, we link ROS with senescence, aging disorders. Relevant crosstalk between autophagy, inflammation, and senescence using a balanced ROS level might reduce age-related disorders. Transducing the context-dependent signal communication among these three processes at high spatiotemporal resolution demands other tools like multi-omics aging biomarkers, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning. The bewildering advancement of technology in the above areas might progress age-related disorders diagnostics with precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashanth S Javali
- #412J, Structural Biology Lab, Pearl Research Park, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Mouliganesh Sekar
- #412J, Structural Biology Lab, Pearl Research Park, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Ashish Kumar
- #412J, Structural Biology Lab, Pearl Research Park, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India
| | - Kavitha Thirumurugan
- #412J, Structural Biology Lab, Pearl Research Park, School of Biosciences & Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632014, India.
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7
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Bresciani G, Manai F, Davinelli S, Tucci P, Saso L, Amadio M. Novel potential pharmacological applications of dimethyl fumarate-an overview and update. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1264842. [PMID: 37745068 PMCID: PMC10512734 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1264842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an FDA-approved drug for the treatment of psoriasis and multiple sclerosis. DMF is known to stabilize the transcription factor Nrf2, which in turn induces the expression of antioxidant response element genes. It has also been shown that DMF influences autophagy and participates in the transcriptional control of inflammatory factors by inhibiting NF-κB and its downstream targets. DMF is receiving increasing attention for its potential to be repurposed for several diseases. This versatile molecule is indeed able to exert beneficial effects on different medical conditions through a pleiotropic mechanism, in virtue of its antioxidant, immunomodulatory, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative effects. A growing number of preclinical and clinical studies show that DMF may have important therapeutic implications for chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular and respiratory pathologies, cancer, eye disorders, neurodegenerative conditions, and systemic or organ specific inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. This comprehensive review summarizes and highlights the plethora of DMF's beneficial effects and underlines its repurposing opportunities in a variety of clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Bresciani
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Federico Manai
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology L. Spallanzani, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Sergio Davinelli
- Department of Medicine and Health Sciences “V. Tiberio”, University of Molise, Campobasso, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luciano Saso
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology Vittorio Erspamer, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Marialaura Amadio
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Chen YX, Yang H, Wang DS, Yao YT, Chen TT, Tao L, Chen Y, Shen XC. Gastrodin relieves cognitive impairment by regulating autophagy via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway in vascular dementia. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 671:246-254. [PMID: 37307708 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2023.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Vascular dementia (VaD), the second most common type of dementia, is attributed to lower cerebral blood flow. To date, there is still no available clinical treatment for VaD. The phenolic glucoside gastrodin (GAS) is known for its neuroprotective effects, but the role and mechanisms of action on VD remains unclear. In this study, we aim to investigate the neuroprotective role and underlying mechanisms of GAS on chronic cerebral hypoperfusion (CCH)-mediated VaD rats and hypoxia-induced injury of HT22 cells. The study showed that GAS relieved learning and memory deficits, ameliorated hippocampus histological lesions in VaD rats. Additionally, GAS down-regulated LC3II/I, Beclin-1 levels and up-regulated P62 level in VaD rats and hypoxia-injured HT22 cells. Notably, GAS rescued the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT pathway-related proteins expression, which regulates autophagy. Mechanistic studies verify that YP-740, a PI3K agonist, significantly resulted in inhibition of excessive autophagy and apoptosis with no significant differences were observed in the YP-740 and GAS co-treatment. Meantime, we found that LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, substantially abolished GAS-mediated neuroprotection. These results revealed that the effects of GAS on VaD are related to stimulating PI3K/AKT pathway-mediated autophagy, suggesting a potentially beneficial therapeutic strategy for VaD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Xin Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China; The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Hong Yang
- The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550003, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Da-Song Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China; The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yu-Ting Yao
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China; The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ting-Ting Chen
- The Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550003, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Ling Tao
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China; The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Yan Chen
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China; The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Xiang-Chun Shen
- The State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China; The High Efficacy Application of Natural Medicinal Resources Engineering Center of Guizhou Province, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China; The Key Laboratory of Optimal Utilization of Natural Medicine Resources, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guizhou Medical University, University Town, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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