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Hu Y, Li Y, Cao Y, Shen Y, Zou X, Liu J, Zhao J. Advancements in enzymatic biotransformation and bioactivities of rare ginsenosides: A review. J Biotechnol 2024; 392:78-89. [PMID: 38945483 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2024.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenoside, the principal active constituent of ginseng, exhibits enhanced bioavailability and medicinal efficacy in rare ginsenosides compared to major ginsenosides. Current research is focused on efficiently and selectively removing sugar groups attached to the major ginsenoside sugar chains to convert them into rare ginsenosides that meet the demands of medical industry and functional foods. The methods for preparing rare ginsenosides encompass chemical, microbial, and enzymatic approaches. Among these, the enzyme conversion method is highly favored by researchers due to its exceptional specificity and robust efficiency. This review summarizes the biological activities of different rare ginsenosides, explores the various glycosidases used in the biotransformation of different major ginsenosides as substrates, and elucidates their respective corresponding biotransformation pathways. These findings will provide valuable references for the development, utilization, and industrial production of ginsenosides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbo Hu
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yiming Li
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yi Cao
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yuzhu Shen
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xianjun Zou
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Jilin Province Product Quality Supervision and Inspection Institute, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- School of Food Sciences and Engineering, Changchun University, Changchun 130024, China.
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Chen H, Sun B, Chang SJ, Yu Z, Qiu Y, Hua C, Lin X. Single-cell sequencing of facial adipose tissue unveils FKBP5 as a therapeutic target for facial infiltrating lipomatosis. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:209. [PMID: 39020442 PMCID: PMC11256636 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03835-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/05/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Facial infiltrating lipomatosis is characterized by excessive growth of adipose tissue. Its etiology is associated with somatic phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) variants, but the specific mechanisms are not yet fully understood. METHODS We collected facial adipose tissue from both FIL patients and non-FIL individuals, isolated the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) and performed single-cell transcriptome sequencing on these samples. RESULTS We mapped out the cellular landscape within the SVF, with a specific focus on a deeper analysis of fibro-adipogenic precursor cells (FAPs). Our analysis revealed that FAPs from FIL patients (FIL-FAPs) significantly overexpressed FK506 binding protein 51 (FKBP5) compared to FAPs from individuals without FIL. Further experiments indicated that FKBP5 is regulated by the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. The overactivation of this pathway led to an increase in FKBP5 expression. In vitro experiments demonstrated that FKBP5 promoted adipogenic differentiation of FAPs, a process that could be hindered by FKBP5 knockdown or inhibition. Additionally, in vivo assessments confirmed FKBP5's role in adipogenesis. CONCLUSIONS These insights into the pathogenesis of FIL underscore FKBP5 as a promising target for developing non-surgical interventions to manage the excessive adipose tissue growth in FIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Chen
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
| | - Bin Sun
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
| | - Shih-Jen Chang
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
| | - Zhang Yu
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
| | - Yajing Qiu
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China
| | - Chen Hua
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaoxi Lin
- Department of Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, 639 Zhizaoju Road, Shanghai, 200011, P.R. China.
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Mao X, Du Y, Sui R, Yu X, Zhu Y, Huang M. Quercetin conjugated PSC-derived exosomes to inhibit intimal hyperplasia via modulating the ERK, Akt, and NF-κB signaling pathways in the rat carotid artery post balloon injury. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2024; 61:102763. [PMID: 38897395 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2024.102763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
The primary challenge in percutaneous coronary interventions for vascular restenosis is the occurrence of restenosis, which is defined by the excessive proliferation of neointimal tissue. Herein, our research team suggests that exosomes obtained from PSC, when paired with quercetin (Q@PSC-E), successfully reduce neointimal hyperplasia in a Sprague-Dawley rat model. Furthermore, the physical properties of the synthesized Q@PSC-E were examined using UV-vis, DLS, and FT-IR characterization techniques. The rats were subjected to balloon injury (BI) utilizing a 2-Fr Fogarty arterial embolectomy balloon catheter. Intimal hyperplasia and the degree of VSMC proliferation were evaluated using histological analysis in the rat groups that received a dosage of Q@PSC-E at 30 mg/kg/d. Significantly, Q@PSC-E inhibited cell proliferation through a pathway that does not include lipoxygenase, as demonstrated by [3H] thymidine incorporation, MTT, and flow cytometry studies. Additionally, the data indicate that Q@PSC-E hinders cell proliferation by targeting particular events that promote cell growth, including the activation of Akt and NF-κB, disruption of cell-cycle progression and also obstructs the ERK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Mao
- Department of Vascular surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121099, China
| | - Yaming Du
- Department of Vascular surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121099, China
| | - Rubo Sui
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121099, China
| | - Xiaodong Yu
- Department of Vascular surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121099, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121099, China
| | - Meiyi Huang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121099, China.
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Qian J, Jiang Y, Hu H. Ginsenosides: an immunomodulator for the treatment of colorectal cancer. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1408993. [PMID: 38939839 PMCID: PMC11208871 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1408993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ginsenosides, the primary bioactive ingredients derived from the root of Panax ginseng, are eagerly in demand for tumor patients as a complementary and alternative drug. Ginsenosides have increasingly become a "hot topic" in recent years due to their multifunctional role in treating colorectal cancer (CRC) and regulating tumor microenvironment (TME). Emerging experimental research on ginsenosides in the treatment and immune regulation of CRC has been published, while no review sums up its specific role in the CRC microenvironment. Therefore, this paper systematically introduces how ginsenosides affect the TME, specifically by enhancing immune response, inhibiting the activation of stromal cells, and altering the hallmarks of CRC cells. In addition, we discuss their impact on the physicochemical properties of the tumor microenvironment. Furthermore, we discuss the application of ginsenosides in clinical treatment as their efficacy in enhancing tumor patient immunity and prolonging survival. The future perspectives of ginsenoside as a complementary and alternative drug of CRC are also provided. This review hopes to open up a new horizon for the cancer treatment of Traditional Chinese Medicine monomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianan Qian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Institute of Digestive Diseases, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyu Jiang
- Cancer Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyi Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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5
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Bai Y, Cai G, Guo N, Huang X, Gong J, Liu S, Guo Y, Wang W. UHPLC-HRMS based saponins profiling of three morphological regions in American ginseng ( Panax quinquefolium L.) and their correlation with the antioxidant activity. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:1685-1696. [PMID: 38623439 PMCID: PMC11016038 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
American ginseng (Panax quinquefolium L.) is used as tonic plant and high-grade nourishment. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS) method was established for identifying the chemical constituent in three morphological regions of American ginseng, including main root (MR), rhizome (RH) and lateral root (LR). The 63 saponins was identified in different morphological regions of 10 American ginseng samples. The chemical maker compounds in corresponding morphological region, while the major compounds of MR (malonyl-ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rd, Rs2 and pseudo-RC1), LR (stipuleanoside R2, ginsenoside Re and malonyl-ginsenoside Rc), and RH (malonyl-ginsenoside Rd, Rb3, and chikusetsu saponin II) were discovered. Correlation analysis showed that 11 compounds were positively correlated with the antioxidant activity of American ginseng. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10068-023-01453-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Bai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Guangzhi Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Na Guo
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Xin Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Jiyu Gong
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Yunlong Guo
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117 China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117 China
- TCM and Ethnomedicine Innovation & Development International Laboratory, Innovative Materia Medica Research Institute, School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208 China
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Ma L, Ma J, Tian Y, Li X, Tai B, Xing F. Fus3 Interacts with Gal83, Revealing the MAPK Crosstalk to Snf1/AMPK to Regulate Secondary Metabolic Substrates in Aspergillus flavus. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:10065-10075. [PMID: 38634532 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c01229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Aflatoxins (AFs), highly carcinogenic natural products, are produced by the secondary metabolism of fungi such as Aspergillus flavus. Essential for the fungi to respond to environmental changes and aflatoxin synthesis, the pheromone mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is a potential regulator of aflatoxin biosynthesis. However, the mechanism by which pheromone MAPK regulates aflatoxin biosynthesis is not clear. Here, we showed Gal83, a new target of Fus3, and identified the pheromone Fus3-MAPK signaling pathway as a regulator of the Snf1/AMPK energy-sensing pathway modulating aflatoxins synthesis substrates. The screening for Fus3 target proteins identified the β subunit of Snf1/AMPK complexes using tandem affinity purification and multiomics. This subunit physically interacted with Fus3 both in vivo and in vitro and received phosphorylation from Fus3. Although the transcript levels of aflatoxin synthesis genes were not noticeably downregulated in both gal83 and fus3 deletion mutant strains, the levels of aflatoxin B1 and its synthesis substrates and gene expression levels of primary metabolizing enzymes were significantly reduced. This suggests that both the Fus3-MAPK and Snf1/AMPK pathways respond to energy signals. In conclusion, all the evidence unlocks a novel pathway of Fus3-MAPK to regulate AFs synthesis substrates by cross-talking with the Snf1/AMPK complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longxue Ma
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Junning Ma
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Tian
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Xu Li
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Bowen Tai
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
| | - Fuguo Xing
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences / Key Laboratory of Agro-products Quality and Safety Control in Storage and Transport Process, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100193, P. R. China
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Yang X, Jin L, Xu M, Liu X, Tan Z, Liu L. Adipose tissue reconstruction facilitated with low immunogenicity decellularized adipose tissue scaffolds. Biomed Mater 2024; 19:035023. [PMID: 38518362 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/ad3705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
There is currently an urgent need to develop engineered scaffolds to support new adipose tissue formation and facilitate long-term maintenance of function and defect repair to further generate prospective bioactive filler materials capable of fulfilling surgical needs. Herein, adipose regeneration methods were optimized and decellularized adipose tissue (DAT) scaffolds with good biocompatibility were fabricated. Adipose-like tissues were reconstructed using the DAT and 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, which have certain differentiation potential, and the regenerative effects of the engineered adipose tissuesin vitroandin vivowere explored. The method improved the efficiency of adipose removal from tissues, and significantly shortened the time for degreasing. Thus, the DAT not only provided a suitable space for cell growth but also promoted the proliferation, migration, and differentiation of preadipocytes within it. Following implantation of the constructed adipose tissuesin vivo, the DAT showed gradual degradation and integration with surrounding tissues, accompanied by the generation of new adipose tissue analogs. Overall, the combination of adipose-derived extracellular matrix and preadipocytes for adipose tissue reconstruction will be of benefit in the artificial construction of biomimetic implant structures for adipose tissue reconstruction, providing a practical guideline for the initial integration of adipose tissue engineering into clinical medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Yang
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518028, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging, National-Regional Key Technology Engineering Laboratory for Medical Ultrasound, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijuan Jin
- Institute of Shenzhen, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Xu
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhikai Tan
- Institute of Shenzhen, Hunan University, Shenzhen 518000, People's Republic of China
- Greater Bay Area Institute for Innovation, Hunan University, Guangzhou 511300, People's Republic of China
- College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Liu
- Department of Traumatic Orthopedics, Shenzhen Second People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518028, People's Republic of China
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Morshed MN, Akter R, Karim MR, Iqbal S, Kang SC, Yang DC. Bioconversion, Pharmacokinetics, and Therapeutic Mechanisms of Ginsenoside Compound K and Its Analogues for Treating Metabolic Diseases. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:2320-2342. [PMID: 38534764 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46030148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Rare ginsenoside compound K (CK) is an intestinal microbial metabolite with a low natural abundance that is primarily produced by physicochemical processing, side chain modification, or metabolic transformation in the gut. Moreover, CK exhibits potent biological activity compared to primary ginsenosides, which has raised concerns in the field of ginseng research and development, as well as ginsenoside-related dietary supplements and natural products. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc are generally used as a substrate to generate CK via several bioconversion processes. Current research shows that CK has a wide range of pharmacological actions, including boosting osteogenesis, lipid and glucose metabolism, lipid oxidation, insulin resistance, and anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptosis properties. Further research on the bioavailability and toxicology of CK can advance its medicinal application. The purpose of this review is to lay the groundwork for future clinical studies and the development of CK as a therapy for metabolic disorders. Furthermore, the toxicology and pharmacology of CK are investigated as well in this review. The findings indicate that CK primarily modulates signaling pathways associated with AMPK, SIRT1, PPARs, WNTs, and NF-kB. It also demonstrates a positive therapeutic effect of CK on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), obesity, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, and its complications, as well as osteoporosis. Additionally, the analogues of CK showed more bioavailability, less toxicity, and more efficacy against disease states. Enhancing bioavailability and regulating hazardous variables are crucial for its use in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Niaj Morshed
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Reshmi Akter
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Rezaul Karim
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Safia Iqbal
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Chan Kang
- Department of Biopharmaceutical Biotechnology, College of Life Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
| | - Deok Chun Yang
- Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea
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Vijayakumar A, Kim JH. Ginseng and ginsenosides on cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases; Pharmacological potentials for the coronavirus (COVID-19). J Ginseng Res 2024; 48:113-121. [PMID: 38465214 PMCID: PMC10920003 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2023.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its outbreak in late 2019, the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has profoundly caused global morbidity and deaths. The COVID-19 pandemic caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has major complications in cardiovascular and pulmonary system. The increased rate of mortality is due to delayed detection of certain biomarkers that are crucial in the development of disease. Furthermore, certain proteins and enzymes in cellular signaling pathways play an important role in replication of SARS-CoV-2. Most cases are mild to moderate symptoms, however severe cases of COVID-19 leads to death. Detecting the level of biomarkers such as C-reactive protein, cardiac troponin, creatine kinase, creatine kinase-MB, procalcitonin and Matrix metalloproteinases helps in early detection of the severity of disease. Similarly, through downregulating Renin-angiotensin system, interleukin, Mitogen-activated protein kinases and Phosphoinositide 3-kinases pathways, COVID-19 can be effectively controlled and mortality could be prevented. Ginseng and ginsenosides possess therapeutic potential in cardiac and pulmonary complications, there are several studies performed in which they have suppressed these biomarkers and downregulated the pathways, thereby inhibiting the further spread of disease. Supplementation with ginseng or ginsenoside could act on multiple pathways to reduce the level of biomarkers significantly and alleviate cardiac and pulmonary damage. Therefore, this review summarizes the potential of ginseng extract and ginsenosides in controlling the cardiovascular and pulmonary diseases by COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Vijayakumar
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Iksan-city, Republic of Korea
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Mai H, Yang X, Xie Y, Zhou J, Wang Q, Wei Y, Yang Y, Lu D, Ye L, Cui P, Liang H, Huang J. The role of gut microbiota in the occurrence and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1257903. [PMID: 38249477 PMCID: PMC10797006 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1257903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most prevalent cause of chronic liver disease worldwide, and gut microbes are associated with the development and progression of NAFLD. Despite numerous studies exploring the changes in gut microbes associated with NAFLD, there was no consistent pattern of changes. Method We retrieved studies on the human fecal microbiota sequenced by 16S rRNA gene amplification associated with NAFLD from the NCBI database up to April 2023, and re-analyzed them using bioinformatic methods. Results We finally screened 12 relevant studies related to NAFLD, which included a total of 1,189 study subjects (NAFLD, n = 654; healthy control, n = 398; obesity, n = 137). Our results revealed a significant decrease in gut microbial diversity with the occurrence and progression of NAFLD (SMD = -0.32; 95% CI -0.42 to -0.21; p < 0.001). Alpha diversity and the increased abundance of several crucial genera, including Desulfovibrio, Negativibacillus, and Prevotella, can serve as an indication of their predictive risk ability for the occurrence and progression of NAFLD (all AUC > 0.7). The occurrence and progression of NAFLD are significantly associated with higher levels of LPS biosynthesis, tryptophan metabolism, glutathione metabolism, and lipid metabolism. Conclusion This study elucidated gut microbes relevance to disease development and identified potential risk-associated microbes and functional pathways associated with NAFLD occurrence and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanzhuo Mai
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xing Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yulan Xie
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jie Zhou
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yiru Wei
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yuecong Yang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Dongjia Lu
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Li Ye
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases in China (Guangxi)-ASEAN, Nanning, China
| | - Ping Cui
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases in China (Guangxi)-ASEAN, Nanning, China
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Hao Liang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Joint Laboratory for Emerging Infectious Diseases in China (Guangxi)-ASEAN, Nanning, China
- Life Sciences Institute, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jiegang Huang
- School of Public Health, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of AIDS Prevention and Treatment, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
- Guangxi Colleges and Universities Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Highly Prevalent Diseases, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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Choi YR, Kim YS, Kim MJ. Cinnamyl Alcohol Attenuates Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells by Arresting the Cell Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:693. [PMID: 38255766 PMCID: PMC10815721 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25020693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/01/2024] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Cinnamyl alcohol (CA) is an aromatic compound found in several plant-based resources and has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial activities. However, the anti-adipogenic mechanism of CA has not been sufficiently studied. The present study aimed to investigate the effect and mechanism of CA on the regulation of adipogenesis. As evidenced by Oil Red O staining, Western blotting, and real-time PCR (RT-PCR) analyses, CA treatment (6.25-25 μM) for 8 d significantly inhibited lipid accumulation in a concentration-dependent manner and downregulated adipogenesis-related markers (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ), CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein α (C/EBPα), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), adiponectin, fatty acid synthase (FAS)) in 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, dexamethasone, and insulin(MDI)-treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In particular, among the various differentiation stages, the early stage of adipogenesis was critical for the inhibitory effect of CA. Cell cycle analysis using flow cytometry and Western blotting showed that CA effectively inhibited MDI-induced initiation of mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) by arresting the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase and downregulating the expression of C/EBPβ, C/EBPδ, and cell cycle markers (cyclin D1, cyclin-dependent kinase 6 (CDK6), cyclin E1, CDK2, and cyclin B1). Moreover, AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC), and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), markers of upstream signaling pathways, were phosphorylated during MCE by CA. In conclusion, CA can act as an anti-adipogenic agent by inhibiting the AMPKα and ERK1/2 signaling pathways and the cell cycle and may also act as a potential therapeutic agent for obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yae Rim Choi
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea;
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea;
| | - Young-Suk Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Ewha Womans University, Seoul 03760, Republic of Korea;
| | - Min Jung Kim
- Division of Food Functionality Research, Korea Food Research Institute, Wanju-gun 55365, Republic of Korea;
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Rusdiana R, Widyawati T, Sari DK, Widjaja SS, Putra DP. The anti-obesity properties of Anredera cordifolia leaf extract in rats fed a high-fat diet through inhibition of adipogenesis. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10:809-816. [PMID: 38370901 PMCID: PMC10868684 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2023.j737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Various disease complications are a risk of overweight or obesity, so losing weight can reduce the risk of diseases caused by obesity. Binahong leaf ethanol extract (Anredera cordifolia) is a weight-loss herbal preparation. Aim This study aims to analyze whether A. cordifolia extract is effective in losing weight by affecting the mechanism of adipogenesis in an animal obesity model. Materials and Methods Animals were grouped into six groups as follows: the normal diet (K1), the negative control group (K2), the positive control group with Orlistat at a dose of 20 mg/kg BW (K3), an ethanol extract of A. cordifolia leaves at doses of 50 mg/kg BW (P1), 100 mg/kg BW group (P2), and 150 mg/kg BW (P3). All rats were fed a diet that consisted of high fat for eight weeks, except K1. Afterward, the treatments were given based on group distribution. Then, the rats were treated based on their groups for 4 weeks, and the high-fat diet was still given during the treatment for the control groups (K2). Anthropometric examinations such as body weight, length, and the circumference of the abdomen were measured. Metabolic parameters, including blood glucose, cholesterol levels, triglyceride levels, and abdominal fat weight, were measured using molecular parameters that measured PI3K levels and Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in abdominal fat tissue samples using the ELISA method. Results ERK levels of abdominal fat were lowered in the treatment group using the extract of A. cordifolia (50 mg/kg BW (P1) and 100 mg/kg BW (P2)) compared to the control group that was given a high-fat diet without treatment. The control group, which was fed a high-fat diet without treatment, had an average ERK level of 10.17 ± 2.98 ng/ml, P1 (50 mg/kg BW). Furthermore, when ethanol extracts were used as opposed to the control group, which received a high-fat diet without treatment, there was an increase in phosphoinositide three-kinase (PI3K) levels (K2). The control group received 9.35 ± 2.87 ng/ml, the treatment group received 100 mg/kg BW (P2) 9.48 ± 1.54 ng/ml, and the treatment group received 150 mg/kg BW (P3) 7.87 ± 1.79 ng/ml. The weight of fat in the abdomen differed between the groups that received a high-fat diet without treatment (K2) and those that received a high-fat diet with treatment (P1, P2, P3; p < 0.05). Conclusion Anredera cordifolia extract possesses anti-obesity activities by decreasing ERK and increasing PI3K levels, as well as reducing abdominal fat weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rusdiana Rusdiana
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Tri Widyawati
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Dina Keumala Sari
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
| | - Sry Suryani Widjaja
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Medan, Indonesia
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Wang L, Yan Y, Wu L, Peng J. Natural products in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD): Novel lead discovery for drug development. Pharmacol Res 2023; 196:106925. [PMID: 37714392 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
With changing lifestyles, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become the most prevalent liver disease worldwide. A substantial increase in the incidence, mortality, and associated burden of NAFLD-related advanced liver disease is expected. Currently, the initial diagnosis of NAFLD is still based on ultrasound and there is no approved treatment method. Lipid-lowering drugs, vitamin supplementation, and lifestyle improvement treatments are commonly used in clinical practice. However, most lipid-lowering drugs can produce poor patient compliance and specific adverse effects. Therefore, the exploration of bio-diagnostic markers and active lead compounds for the development of innovative drugs is urgently needed. More and more studies have reported the anti-NAFLD effects and mechanisms of natural products (NPs), which have become an important source for new drug development to treat NAFLD due to their high activity and low side effects. At present, berberine and silymarin have been approved by the US FDA to enter clinical phase IV studies, demonstrating the potential of NPs against NAFLD. Studies have found that the regulation of lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and inflammation-related pathways may play important roles in the process. With the continuous updating of technical means and scientific theories, in-depth research on the targets and mechanisms of NPs against NAFLD can provide new possibilities to find bio-diagnostic markers and innovative drugs. As we know, FXR agonists, PPARα agonists, and dual CCR2/5 inhibitors are gradually coming on stage for the treatment of NAFLD. Whether NPs can exert anti-NAFLD effects by regulating these targets or some unknown targets remains to be further studied. Therefore, the study reviewed the potential anti-NAFLD NPs and their targets. Some works on the discovery of new targets and the docking of active lead compounds were also discussed. It is hoped that this review can provide some reference values for the development of non-invasive diagnostic markers and new drugs against NAFLD in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Yonghuan Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Linfang Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
| | - Jinyong Peng
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Western 9 Lvshunnan Road, Dalian 116044, China.
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14
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Molonia MS, Salamone FL, Muscarà C, Costa G, Vento G, Saija A, Speciale A, Cimino F. Regulation of mitotic clonal expansion and thermogenic pathway are involved in the antiadipogenic effects of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1225586. [PMID: 37614314 PMCID: PMC10442822 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1225586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Obesity is a metabolic disease with an increase both in cell size (hypertrophy) and in cell number (hyperplasia) following differentiation of new adipocytes. Adipogenesis is a well-orchestrated program in which mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) occurs in the early step followed by the late terminal differentiation one. Methods: Aim of the study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside (C3G), an anthocyanin present in many fruits and vegetables, in the early or late phase of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes differentiation. Results: C3G exposure in the early phase of adipogenesis process induced a more marked reduction of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-β (C/EBPβ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPAR-ɣ) and fatty acid synthase (Fasn) expression than late phase exposure and these effects were associated to a reduced MCE with cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase via p21 expression. Furthermore, C3G exposure during the early phase activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway better than in the late phase promoting the enhancement of beige-like adipocytes. In fact, C3G induced thermogenic biomarkers uncoupling protein-1 (Ucp1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (Pgc1) and these effects were more evident during early phase exposure. Conclusion: Our data demonstrate that C3G reduces the terminal adipogenic process affecting the early phase of differentiation and inducing a thermogenic program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Sofia Molonia
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
- “Prof Antonio Imbesi” Foundation, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Federica Lina Salamone
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Claudia Muscarà
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Gregorio Costa
- Department of Human and Pediatric Pathology “Gaetano Barresi”, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Grazia Vento
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genova, Genoa, Italy
| | - Antonella Saija
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonio Speciale
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Francesco Cimino
- Department of Chemical Biological Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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15
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Paik S, Song GY, Jo EK. Ginsenosides for therapeutically targeting inflammation through modulation of oxidative stress. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 121:110461. [PMID: 37331298 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are steroid glycosides derived from ginseng plants such as Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, and Panax notoginseng. Advances in recent studies have identified numerous physiological functions of each type of ginsenoside, i.e., immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory functions, in the context of inflammatory diseases. Accumulating evidence has revealed the molecular mechanisms by which the single or combined ginsenoside(s) exhibit anti-inflammatory effects, although it remains largely unclear. It is well known that excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with pathological inflammation and cell death in a variety of cells, and that inhibition of ROS generation ameliorates the local and systemic inflammatory responses. The mechanisms by which ginsenosides attenuate inflammation are largely unknown; however, targeting ROS is suggested as one of the crucial mechanisms for the ginsenosides to control the pathological inflammation in the immune and non-immune cells. This review will summarize the latest progress in ginsenoside studies, particularly in the context of antioxidant mechanisms for its anti-inflammatory effects. A better understanding of the distinct types and the combined action of ginsenosides will pave the way for developing potential preventive and therapeutic modalities in treating various inflammation-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seungwha Paik
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea.
| | - Gyu Yong Song
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, South Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea; Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, South Korea.
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16
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Choi SW, Oh H, Park SY, Cho W, Abd El-Aty AM, Hacimuftuoglu A, Jeong JH, Jung TW. Myokine musclin alleviates lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes through PKA/p38-mediated upregulation of lipolysis and suppression of lipogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2023; 642:113-117. [PMID: 36566562 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2022.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Musclin (MUS), an exercise-responsive myokine, has been documented to attenuate inflammation and enhance physical endurance. However, the effects of MUS on differentiation and related molecular mechanisms in adipocytes have not yet been studied. In this study, we found that treatment with MUS attenuated lipid accumulation in fully differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Furthermore, MUS treatment enhanced lipolysis assessed by glycerol release, and caused apoptosis, whereas it reduced the expression of lipogenic proteins, such as PPARγ and processed SREBP1. Treatment with MUS augmented phosphorylated PKA expression, whereas suppressed p38 phosphorylation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. H89, a selective PKA inhibitor reduced the effects of MUS on lipogenic lipid accumulation as well as lipolysis except for apoptosis. These results suggest that MUS promotes lipolysis and suppresses lipogenesis through a PKA/p38-dependent pathway, thereby ameliorating lipid deposition in cultured adipocytes. The current study offers the potential of MUS as a therapeutic approach for treating obesity with few side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sung Woo Choi
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heeseung Oh
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Yeon Park
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonjun Cho
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A M Abd El-Aty
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, 12211, Giza, Egypt; Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Hacimuftuoglu
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey; Vaccine Development Application and Research Center, Ataturk University, Erzurum, 25240, Turkey
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Heo SW, Chung KS, Yoon YS, Kim SY, Ahn HS, Shin YK, Lee SH, Lee KT. Standardized Ethanol Extract of Cassia mimosoides var. nomame Makino Ameliorates Obesity via Regulation of Adipogenesis and Lipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Cells and High-Fat Diet-Induced Obese Mice. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15030613. [PMID: 36771320 PMCID: PMC9920205 DOI: 10.3390/nu15030613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a major cause of conditions such as type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, posing a threat to public health worldwide. Here, we analyzed the anti-obesity effects of a standardized ethanol extract of Cassia mimosoides var. nomame Makino (EECM) in vitro and in vivo. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with EECM suppressed adipogenesis and lipogenesis via the AMP-activated protein kinase pathway by downregulating the expression levels of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-alpha, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1, and fatty acid synthase and upregulating the acetyl-CoA carboxylase. EECM inhibited mitotic clonal expansion during early adipocyte differentiation. Oral administration of EECM for 10 weeks significantly alleviated body weight gain and body fat accumulation in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. EECM mitigated adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in white adipose and liver tissues of HFD-induced obese mice. It regulated the levels of adipogenic hormones including insulin, leptin, and adipokine in the blood plasma. In brown adipose tissue, EECM induced the expression of thermogenic factors such as uncoupling protein-1, PPAR-α, PPARγ co-activator-1α, sirtuin 1, and cytochrome c oxidase IV. EECM restored the gut microbiome composition at the phylum level and alleviated dysbiosis. Therefore, EECM may be used as a promising therapeutic agent for the prevention of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Won Heo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Sook Chung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Seo Yoon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Fundamental Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Shin Ahn
- Department of New Material Development, COSMAXBIO, Seongnam 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyong Shin
- Department of New Material Development, COSMAXBIO, Seongnam 13486, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Hee Lee
- Department of New Material Development, COSMAXBIO, Seongnam 13486, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.L.); (K.-T.L.); Tel.: +82-31-8018-0390 (S.-H.L.); +82-2-961-0860 (K.-T.L.)
| | - Kyung-Tae Lee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry, College of Pharmacy, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, 26 Kyungheedae-ro, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (S.-H.L.); (K.-T.L.); Tel.: +82-31-8018-0390 (S.-H.L.); +82-2-961-0860 (K.-T.L.)
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18
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Li N, Pang Q, Zhang Y, Lin J, Li H, Li Z, Liu Y, Fang X, An Y, Bai H, Li D, Cao Z, Liu J, Yang Q, Hu S. Ginsenoside ompound K reduces neuronal damage and improves neuronal synaptic dysfunction by targeting Aβ. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1103012. [PMID: 36873999 PMCID: PMC9977807 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1103012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative condition worldwide, with amyloid ß (Aβ) fibrils presenting as its main pathological feature. This study investigated whether Ginsenoside Compound K (CK) has activity against Aβ and its mechanism in reducing synaptic damage and cognitive impairment. Methods: The binding capacity of CK to Aβ42 and Nrf2/Keap1 was determined using molecular docking. Transmission electron microscopy was used to monitor CK-mediated degradation of Aβ fibrils. The effect of CK on the survival of Aβ42-damaged HT22 cells was determined using a CCK-8 assay. The therapeutic efficacy of CK in a scopoletin hydrobromide (SCOP) induced cognitive dysfunction mouse model was measured using a step-down passive avoidance test. GO enrichment analysis of mouse brain tissue was peformed using Genechip. Hydroxyl radical scavenging and reactive oxygen species assays were performed to verify the antioxidant activity of CK. The effects of CK on the expression of Aβ42, the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway, and other proteins were determined by western blotting, immunofluorescence, and immunohistochemistry. Results: Molecular docking results showed that CK interacts with Lys16 and Glu3 of Aβ42. CK reduced the aggregation of Aβ42 as observed using transmission electron microscopy. CK increased the level of insulin-degrading enzyme and decreased the levels ß-secretase and γ-secretase; therefore, it can potentially inhibit the accumulation of Aβ in neuronal extracellular space in vivo. CK improved cognitive impairment and increased postsynaptic density protein 95 and synaptophysin expression levels in mice with SCOP-induced cognitive dysfunction. Further, CK inhibited the expression of cytochrome C, Caspase-3, and cleaved Caspase-3. Based on Genechip data, CK was found to regulate molecular functions such as oxygen binding, peroxidase activity, hemoglobin binding, and oxidoreductase activity, thus affecting the production of oxidative free radicals in neurons. Further, CK regulated the expression of the Nrf2/Keap1 signaling pathway through its interaction with the Nrf2/Keap1 complex. Conclusion: Our findings show that CK regulates the balance between Aβ monomers production and clearance, CK binds to Aβ monomer to inhibits the accumulation of Aβ, increases the level of Nrf2 in neuronal nuclei, reduces oxidative damage of neurons, improves synaptic function, thus ultimately protecting neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qihang Pang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jianan Lin
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Li
- Department of General Surgery, Qian Wei Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yaxin Liu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Xingyu Fang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Yu An
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Haonan Bai
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Dianyu Li
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zhanhong Cao
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Jian Liu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Qing Yang
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Shaodan Hu
- Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
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