|
1
|
Zhong K, Du X, Niu Y, Li Z, Tao Y, Wu Y, Zhang R, Guo L, Bi Y, Tang L, Dou T, Wang L. Progress in the mechanism of functional dyspepsia: roles of mitochondrial autophagy in duodenal abnormalities. Front Med (Lausanne) 2024; 11:1491009. [PMID: 39655235 PMCID: PMC11627220 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2024.1491009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2024] [Accepted: 11/12/2024] [Indexed: 12/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are the main source of energy for cellular activity. Their functional damage or deficiency leads to cellular deterioration, which in turn triggers autophagic reactions. Taking mitochondrial autophagy as a starting point, the present review explored the mechanisms of duodenal abnormalities in detail, including mucosal barrier damage, release of inflammatory factors, and disruption of intracellular signal transduction. We summarized the key roles of mitochondrial autophagy in the abnormal development of the duodenum and examined the in-depth physiological and pathological mechanisms involved, providing a comprehensive theoretical basis for understanding the pathogenesis of functional dyspepsia. At present, it has been confirmed that an increase in the eosinophil count and mast cell degranulation in the duodenum can trigger visceral hypersensitive reactions and cause gastrointestinal motility disorders. In the future, it is necessary to continue exploring the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways of mitochondrial autophagy in duodenal abnormalities. A deeper understanding of mitochondrial autophagy provides important references for developing treatment strategies for functional dyspepsia, thereby improving clinical efficacy and patient quality of life.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Zhong
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaojuan Du
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Niu
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zhengju Li
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yongbiao Tao
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yuqian Wu
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ruiting Zhang
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Linjing Guo
- Clinical College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yurong Bi
- Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Lijuan Tang
- College of Pharmacy, Gansu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tianyu Dou
- College of Life Sciences, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Longde Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Gansu University of Chinese Medicine, Lanzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
2
|
Yang NV, Chao JY, Garton KA, Tran T, King SM, Orr J, Oei JH, Crawford A, Kang M, Zalpuri R, Jorgens DM, Konchadi P, Chorba JS, Theusch E, Krauss RM. TOMM40 regulates hepatocellular and plasma lipid metabolism via an LXR-dependent pathway. Mol Metab 2024; 90:102056. [PMID: 39489289 PMCID: PMC11600064 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2024.102056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2024] [Revised: 10/20/2024] [Accepted: 10/22/2024] [Indexed: 11/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gene encoding TOMM40 (Transporter of Outer Mitochondrial Membrane 40) is adjacent to that encoding APOE, which has a central role in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. While human genetic variants near APOE and TOMM40 have been shown to be strongly associated with plasma lipid levels, a specific role for TOMM40 in lipid metabolism has not been established, and the present study was aimed at assessing this possibility. METHODS TOMM40 was knocked down by siRNA in human hepatoma HepG2 cells, and effects on mitochondrial function, lipid phenotypes, and crosstalk between mitochondria, ER, and lipid droplets were examined. Additionally, hepatic and plasma lipid levels were measured in mice following shRNA-induced knockdown of Tomm40 shRNA. RESULTS In HepG2 cells, TOMM40 knockdown upregulated expression of APOE and LDLR in part via activation of LXRB (NR1H2) by oxysterols, with consequent increased uptake of VLDL and LDL. This is in part due to disruption of mitochondria-endoplasmic reticulum contact sites, with resulting accrual of reactive oxygen species and non-enzymatically derived oxysterols. With TOMM40 knockdown, cellular triglyceride and lipid droplet content were increased, effects attributable in part to receptor-mediated VLDL uptake, since lipid staining was significantly reduced by concomitant suppression of either LDLR or APOE. In contrast, cellular cholesterol content was reduced due to LXRB-mediated upregulation of the ABCA1 transporter as well as increased production and secretion of oxysterol-derived cholic acid. Consistent with the findings in hepatoma cells, in vivo knockdown of TOMM40 in mice resulted in significant reductions of plasma triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations, reduced hepatic cholesterol and increased triglyceride content, and accumulation of lipid droplets leading to development of steatosis. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate a role for TOMM40 in regulating hepatic lipid and plasma lipoprotein levels and identify mechanisms linking mitochondrial function with lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil V Yang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Justin Y Chao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kelly A Garton
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Tommy Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Sarah M King
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Joseph Orr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jacob H Oei
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alexandra Crawford
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Misun Kang
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Reena Zalpuri
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Danielle M Jorgens
- Electron Microscope Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Pranav Konchadi
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John S Chorba
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Division of Cardiology, Zuckerberg San Francisco General Hospital, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Elizabeth Theusch
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Department of Nutritional Sciences & Toxicology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
|
3
|
Zhu Q, Yuan C, Dong X, Wang Y, Li B, Tu B, Chen W, Xu X, Gong W, Xiao W, Ding Y, Hu L, Li W, Lu G. Bile acid metabolomics identifies chenodeoxycholic acid as a therapeutic agent for pancreatic necrosis. Cell Rep Med 2023; 4:101304. [PMID: 38035885 PMCID: PMC10772342 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.101304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Bile acids are altered and associated with prognosis in patients with acute pancreatitis (AP). Here, we conduct targeted metabolomic analyses to detect bile acids changes in patients during the acute (n = 326) and the recovery (n = 133) phases of AP, as well as in healthy controls (n = 60). Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) decreases in the acute phase, increases in the recovery phase, and is associated with pancreatic necrosis. CDCA and its derivative obeticholic acid exhibit a protective effect against acinar cell injury in vitro and pancreatic necrosis in murine models, and RNA sequencing reveals that the oxidative phosphorylation pathway is mainly involved. Moreover, we find that overexpression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR, CDCA receptor) inhibits pancreatic necrosis, and interfering expression of FXR exhibits an opposite phenotype in mice. Our results possibly suggest that targeting CDCA is a potential strategy for the treatment of acinar cell necrosis in AP, but further verification is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingtian Zhu
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chenchen Yuan
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowu Dong
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yaodong Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Kunshan Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunshan Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Kunshan, China
| | - Baiqiang Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Weiwei Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Clinical Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xingmeng Xu
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weijuan Gong
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Weiming Xiao
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanbing Ding
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Lianghao Hu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Changhai Hospital, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Weiqin Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Research Institute of General Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Guotao Lu
- Pancreatic Center, Department of Gastroenterology, Yangzhou Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease, Institute of Digestive Diseases, The Affiliated Hospital of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
|
4
|
Chen M, Zhao Y, Ji H, Li L, Liu H, Wang S, Zhang D, Yin J, Wang J, Zhang X. Chenodeoxycholic Acid Improves Embryo Implantation and Metabolic Health through Modulating Gut Microbiota-Host Metabolites Interaction during Early Pregnancy. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:8. [PMID: 38275628 PMCID: PMC10812749 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Fetus loss in early pregnancy is of major concern to both humans and animals, and this issue is largely influenced by embryo implantation. Chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA), a primary bile acid, contributes to metabolic improvements and protects against intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy. However, the effect of CDCA on embryo implantation during early pregnancy has not been investigated. The present study demonstrated that CDCA administration during early pregnancy improved embryo implantation in sows and rats, thereby improving the pregnancy outcomes of sows. CDCA significantly reduced inflammation, oxidative stress, and insulin resistance. The metabolomics analysis indicated significant differences in the fecal metabolome, especially regarding the level of secondary bile acids, between the control and CDCA-treated sows. CDCA also influenced the serum metabolite profiles in sows, and the serum L-Histidine level was significantly correlated with the abundance of 19 differential fecal metabolites. Importantly, L-Histidine administration improved embryo implantation and metabolic health in rats during early pregnancy. Moreover, CDCA administration during early pregnancy also led to long-term metabolic improvements in sows. Our data indicated that CDCA improved embryo implantation by alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress, improving insulin sensitivity, and modulating the interaction between the gut microbiota and host metabolites. Therefore, CDCA intervention is a potential therapeutic strategy regarding embryo loss during pregnancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meixia Chen
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (M.C.); (H.J.); (L.L.); (H.L.); (S.W.); (D.Z.)
| | - Ying Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China;
| | - Haifeng Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (M.C.); (H.J.); (L.L.); (H.L.); (S.W.); (D.Z.)
| | - Lu Li
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (M.C.); (H.J.); (L.L.); (H.L.); (S.W.); (D.Z.)
- College of Life Science and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan 056038, China
| | - Hui Liu
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (M.C.); (H.J.); (L.L.); (H.L.); (S.W.); (D.Z.)
| | - Sixin Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (M.C.); (H.J.); (L.L.); (H.L.); (S.W.); (D.Z.)
| | - Dongyan Zhang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (M.C.); (H.J.); (L.L.); (H.L.); (S.W.); (D.Z.)
| | - Jingdong Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| | - Jing Wang
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China; (M.C.); (H.J.); (L.L.); (H.L.); (S.W.); (D.Z.)
| | - Xin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China;
| |
Collapse
|
|
5
|
Luo X, Zhang T, Xu D, Zhu M, Zhang J, Zhang R, Hu Q, Wang Y, He G, Chen Z, Mei S, Zhou B, Wang K, Chen C, Zhu E, Cheng Z. The effect of feeding fermented distillers' grains diet on the intestinal metabolic profile of Guanling crossbred cattle. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1238064. [PMID: 37929280 PMCID: PMC10622970 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1238064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fermented distiller's grains (FDG)-based diets are nutritious and can improve the growth and intestinal immunity in livestock. However, there is limited research examining the effect of feeding FDG-based diets on changes in intestinal metabolites and related pathways in livestock. In this study, nine Guanling crossbred cattle (Guizhou Guanling Yellow cattle × Simmental cattle) were selected and randomly divided into a basal diet (BD) group and two experimental groups fed with FDG replacing 15% and 30% of the daily ration concentrates (FDG-Case A and FDG-Case B), respectively, with three cattle in each group. Fresh jejunum (J) and cecum (C) tissues were collected for metabolomic analysis. Differential metabolites and metabolic pathways were explored by means of univariate and multivariate statistical analysis. Compared with the J-BD group, 30 and 100 differential metabolites (VIP > 1, p < 0.05) were obtained in the J-FDG-Case A group and J-FDG-Case B group, respectively, and the J-FDG-Case B vs. J-FDG-Case A comparison revealed 63 significantly differential metabolites, which were mainly divided into superclasses including lipids and lipid-like molecules, organoheterocyclic compounds, and organic acids and derivatives. Compared with the C-BD, 3 and 26 differential metabolites (VIP > 1, p < 0.05) were found in the C-FDG-Case A group and C-FDG-Case B group, respectively, and the C-FDG-Case B vs. C-FDG-Case A comparison revealed 21 significantly different metabolites, which were also mainly divided into superclasses including lipids and lipid-like molecules, organoheterocyclic compounds, and organic acids and derivatives. A total of 40 metabolic pathways were identified, with a significance threshold set at p < 0.05. Among them, 2, 14, and 18 metabolic pathways were significantly enriched in the J-FDG-Case A vs. J-BD, J-FDG-Case B vs. J-BD, and J-FDG-Case B vs. J-FDG-Case A comparisons, respectively. Meanwhile, 1, 2, and 3 metabolic pathways were obtained in the C-FDG-Case A vs. C-BD, C-FDG-Case B vs. C-BD, and C-FDG-Case B vs. C-FDG-Case A comparisons, respectively. Furthermore, four significant metabolic pathways, namely insulin resistance, biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids, linoleic acid metabolism, and primary bile acid biosynthesis, were significantly enriched in Guanling crossbred cattle fed FDG diets. These results suggest that feeding FDG diets may promote the growth and intestinal immunity of Guanling crossbred cattle by regulating metabolic patterns of lipid compounds and related metabolic pathways. This study sheds light on the potential metabolic regulatory mechanisms of FDG diets and offers some references for their use in livestock feed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofen Luo
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Tiantian Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Duhan Xu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Mingming Zhu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Junjie Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Qian Hu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yongxuan Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Guangxia He
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ze Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Shihui Mei
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Bijun Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Kaigong Wang
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Erpeng Zhu
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhentao Cheng
- College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Diseases and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, China
| |
Collapse
|
|
6
|
Zhang S. From Challenge to Opportunity: Addressing Oxidative Stress in Animal Husbandry. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:1543. [PMID: 37627538 PMCID: PMC10451671 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12081543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Years of study have explored the issues caused by oxidative stress in livestock and poultry production [...].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shihai Zhang
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition Control, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- College of Animal Science and National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| |
Collapse
|