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Fenton NM, Qian L, Paine EG, Sharpe LJ, Brown AJ. A paREDOX in the control of cholesterol biosynthesis: Does the NADPH sensor and E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCHF6 protect mammalian cells during oxidative stress by controlling sterol biosynthesis? Bioessays 2024; 46:e2400073. [PMID: 38760877 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202400073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
Sterols and the reductant nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH), essential for eukaryotic life, arose because of, and as an adaptation to, rising levels of molecular oxygen (O2). Hence, the NADPH and O2-intensive process of sterol biosynthesis is inextricably linked to redox status. In mammals, cholesterol biosynthesis is exquisitely regulated post-translationally by multiple E3 ubiquitin ligases, with membrane associated Really Interesting New Gene (RING) C3HC4 finger 6 (MARCHF6) degrading at least six enzymes in the pathway. Intriguingly, all these MARCHF6-dependent enzymes require NADPH. Moreover, MARCHF6 is activated by NADPH, although what this means for control of cholesterol synthesis is unclear. Indeed, this presents a paradox for how NADPH regulates this vital pathway, since NADPH is a cofactor in cholesterol biosynthesis and yet, low levels of NADPH should spare cholesterol biosynthesis enzymes targeted by MARCHF6 by reducing its activity. We speculate MARCHF6 helps mammalian cells adapt to oxidative stress (signified by low NADPH levels) by reducing degradation of cholesterogenic enzymes, thereby maintaining synthesis of protective cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Fenton
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Lydia Qian
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Eloise G Paine
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Laura J Sharpe
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew J Brown
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Dziedzic A, Maciak K, Miller ED, Starosta M, Saluk J. Targeting Vascular Impairment, Neuroinflammation, and Oxidative Stress Dynamics with Whole-Body Cryotherapy in Multiple Sclerosis Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3858. [PMID: 38612668 PMCID: PMC11011409 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS), traditionally perceived as a neurodegenerative disease, exhibits significant vascular alternations, including blood-brain barrier (BBB) disruption, which may predispose patients to increased cardiovascular risks. This vascular dysfunction is intricately linked with the infiltration of immune cells into the central nervous system (CNS), which plays a significant role in perpetuating neuroinflammation. Additionally, oxidative stress serves not only as a byproduct of inflammatory processes but also as an active contributor to neural damage. The synthesis of these multifaceted aspects highlights the importance of understanding their cumulative impact on MS progression. This review reveals that the triad of vascular damage, chronic inflammation, and oxidative imbalance may be considered interdependent processes that exacerbate each other, underscoring the need for holistic and multi-targeted therapeutic approaches in MS management. There is a necessity for reevaluating MS treatment strategies to encompass these overlapping pathologies, offering insights for future research and potential therapeutic interventions. Whole-body cryotherapy (WBCT) emerges as one of the potential avenues for holistic MS management approaches which may alleviate the triad of MS progression factors in multiple ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Dziedzic
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (K.M.)
| | - Karina Maciak
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (K.M.)
| | - Elżbieta Dorota Miller
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland; (E.D.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Michał Starosta
- Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Medical University of Lodz, Milionowa 14, 93-113 Lodz, Poland; (E.D.M.); (M.S.)
| | - Joanna Saluk
- Department of General Biochemistry, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Pomorska 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland; (A.D.); (K.M.)
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Escobar-Peso A, Martínez-Alonso E, Hadjipavlou-Litina D, Alcázar A, Marco-Contelles J. Synthesis, antioxidant and neuroprotective analysis of diversely functionalized α-aryl-N-alkyl nitrones as potential agents for ischemic stroke therapy. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 266:116133. [PMID: 38218126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we report the synthesis, antioxidant and biological evaluation of 32 monosubstituted α-arylnitrones derived from α-phenyl-tert-butyl nitrone (PBN) in the search for neuroprotective compounds for ischemic stroke therapy, trying to elucidate the structural patterns responsible for their neuroprotective activity. Not surprisingly, the N-tert-butyl moiety plays beneficious role in comparison to other differently N-substituted nitrone groups. It seems that electron donor substituents at the ortho position and electron withdrawing substituents at the meta position of the aryl ring induce good neuroprotective activity. As a result, (Z)-N-tert-butyl-1-(2-hydroxyphenyl)methanimine oxide (21a) and (Z)-N-tert-butyl-1-(2-(prop-2-yn-1-yloxy)phenyl)methanimine oxide (24a) showed a significant increase in neuronal viability in an experimental ischemia model in primary neuronal cultures, and induced neuroprotection and improved neurodeficit score in an in vivo model of transient cerebral ischemia. These results showed that nitrones 21a and 24a are new effective small and readily available antioxidants, and suitable candidates for further structure optimization in the search for new phenyl-derived nitrones for the treatment of ischemic stroke and related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Escobar-Peso
- Department of Research, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain; Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Emma Martínez-Alonso
- Department of Research, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dimitra Hadjipavlou-Litina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Alberto Alcázar
- Department of Research, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, 28034, Madrid, Spain.
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratory of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of General Organic Chemistry (CSIC), 28006, Madrid, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), CIBER, ISCIII, Madrid, Spain.
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Krishnamoorthy NK, Roohi TF, Peddha MS, Kinattingal N, Wani SUD, Krishna KL, Shakeel F, Mehdi S. Evaluation of Antidepressant Activity of Capsaicin Nanoemulsion in Nicotine Withdrawal-Induced Depression in Mice. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1668. [PMID: 38137115 PMCID: PMC10742298 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13121668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Depression is a low-energy condition that has an impact on a person's thoughts, actions, propensities, emotional state, and sense of wellbeing. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), 5% of adults are depressed. Individuals who are depressed are commonly prescribed antidepressants, and sometimes, individuals may have other psychiatric conditions that share overlapping symptoms with depression. These cooccurring conditions can complicate the diagnostic process, leading to a misdiagnosis and the prescription of antidepressants. Capsaicin (CAP) is a known antidepressant. Hence, this study aimed to assess the antidepressant activity of CAP nanoemulsion in nicotine (NC) withdrawal-induced depression in mice. Mice treated with CAP (3 mg/kg) showed reduced immobility in the forced swimming test (FST), tail-suspension test (TST), and open field test (OFT). During the OFT, the animals treated with nanoemulsion (CAP 3 mg/kg) spent less time in the corners than the control animals. Biochemical parameters, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione (GSH), were observed in reduced quantities in the NC withdrawal model (NWM), where they were slightly increased in the high-dose nanoemulsion (CAP 3 mg/kg) compared to the low-dose nanoemulsion (CAP 1 mg/kg). These results suggest that CAP caused antidepressant activity in the NWM via the nanoemulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naveen Kumar Krishnamoorthy
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (N.K.K.); (T.F.R.); (N.K.); (K.L.K.)
| | - Tamsheel Fatima Roohi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (N.K.K.); (T.F.R.); (N.K.); (K.L.K.)
| | - Muthukumar Serva Peddha
- Department of Biochemistry, CSIR-Central Food Technological Research Institute (CSIR-CFTRI), Mysuru 570020, India;
| | - Nabeel Kinattingal
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (N.K.K.); (T.F.R.); (N.K.); (K.L.K.)
| | - Shahid Ud Din Wani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Srinagar 190006, India;
| | - Kamsagara Linganna Krishna
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (N.K.K.); (T.F.R.); (N.K.); (K.L.K.)
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2457, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Seema Mehdi
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India; (N.K.K.); (T.F.R.); (N.K.); (K.L.K.)
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