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Candice Costa Silva J, Medeiros Santos N, de Sousa Silva N, Cristina Silveira Martins A, Maria Gomes Dutra L, Eduardo Alves Dantas C, Dos Santos Lima M, Fechine Tavares J, Sobral da Silva M, Mangueira do Nascimento Y, Ferreira da Silva E, Eduardo Vasconcelos de Oliveira C, Elieidy Gomes de Oliveira M, Elias Pereira D, Carolina Dos Santos Costa A, Carlo Rufino Freitas J, Késsia Barbosa Soares J, Bordin Viera V. Characterization of flours from the aroeira leaf (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi), obtained by different drying methods. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2024; 1239:124126. [PMID: 38688175 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2024.124126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
The present work aimed at the development and characterization of aroeira leaf flour (Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi), obtained by lyophilization and drying in an air circulation oven. The technological, physical, physico-chemical, morphological, functional, and microbiological aspects were analyzed. Physico-chemical analysis identified the following properties with values provided respectively for fresh leaves (FOin) and flours (FES and FLIO): low water activity (0.984, 0.370, 0.387 g/100 g), moisture (64.52, 5.37, 7.97 g /100 g), ash (2.69, 6.51, and 6.89 g/100 g), pH (0.89, 4.45, 4.48 g/100 g), lipids (0.84, 1.67, 5.23 g/100 g), protein (3.29, 8.23, 14.12 g/100 g), carbohydrates (17.02, 53.12, 33.02 g/100 g), ascorbic acid (19.70, 34.20, 36.90 mg/100 g). Sources of fiber from plant leaves and flours (11.64, 25.1, 32.89 g/100 g) showed increased levels of luminosity. For NMR, the presence of aliphatic and aromatic compounds with olefinic hydrogens and a derivative of gallic acid were detected. The most abundant minerals detected were potassium and calcium. Micrographs identified the presence of irregular, non-uniform, and sponge-like particles. The main sugars detected were: fructose, glucose, and maltose. Malic, succinic, citric, lactic, and formic acids were found. Fifteen phenolic compounds were identified in the samples, highlighting: kaempferol, catechin, and caffeic acid. The values found for phenolics were (447, 716.66, 493.31 mg EAG/100 g), flavonoids (267.60, 267.60, 286.26 EC/100 g). Antioxidant activity was higher using the ABTS method rather than FRAP for analysis of FOin, FES, and FLIO. Since the flours of the aroeira leaf have an abundant matrix of nutrients with bioactive properties and antioxidant activity, they have a potential for technological and functional use when added to food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nayane Medeiros Santos
- Program of Natural Sciences Biotechnology, Federal University of Campina Grande -UFCG, Cuité, PB, Brazil
| | - Nayara de Sousa Silva
- Program of Natural Sciences Biotechnology, Federal University of Campina Grande -UFCG, Cuité, PB, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa Maria Gomes Dutra
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Paraiba, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Eduardo Alves Dantas
- Laboratory of Bromatology, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Marcos Dos Santos Lima
- Department of Food Technology, Federal Institute of Sertão Pernambucano, Petrolina 56302-100, Brazil
| | - Josean Fechine Tavares
- Post-Graduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Sobral da Silva
- Post-Graduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Yuri Mangueira do Nascimento
- Post-Graduate Program in Bioactive Natural and Synthetic Products, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | - Evandro Ferreira da Silva
- Institute for Research in Drugs and Medicines - IPeFarM, Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa 58051-900, Brazil
| | | | | | - Diego Elias Pereira
- Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Paraiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Késsia Barbosa Soares
- Program of Natural Sciences Biotechnology, Federal University of Campina Grande -UFCG, Cuité, PB, Brazil; Laboratory of Experimental Nutrition, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Paraiba, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Bordin Viera
- Program of Natural Sciences Biotechnology, Federal University of Campina Grande -UFCG, Cuité, PB, Brazil; Laboratory of Bromatology, Department of Nutrition, Federal University of Campina Grande, Cuité, Paraiba, Brazil
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Pinto M, Sousa B, Martins M, Pereira C, Soares C, Fidalgo F. Unveiling the efficacy of pre-emergent application of young Eucalyptus globulus leaves as a weed control strategy: Bridging macroscopic effects and cellular responses. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 203:108010. [PMID: 37714024 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.108010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy, the inhibition of neighbouring plant growth by certain plants, can be particularly useful if applied in a targeted way for weed management. So, this study aimed to assess and characterize the herbicidal activity of fresh and dried leaves from young Eucalyptus globulus Labill. trees applied as a soil amendment. For this, fresh and dried leaves (FL and DL, respectively) were incorporated into the soil at different concentrations (0, 1, 5, and 10% w/w), where Portulaca oleracea L. seeds were sown. After 5 weeks of exposure, results revealed that the soil incorporation of DL at 10% (w/w) presented the strongest herbicidal properties, inhibiting seed germination by 63% and inducing the loss of cell viability. To unravel the possible mode of action and the main targets at both cellular and subcellular levels, an in vitro experiment was performed. Purslane seeds were sown in a nutritive medium containing different dilutions of an aqueous extract prepared with dried eucalyptus leaves. After 5 days of exposure, germinated seedlings were processed for transmission electron microscopy and histological analyses as well as for reactive oxygen species (ROS) in vivo detection by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Results revealed that the allelochemical release from DL induced ROS overproduction, resulting in the loss of cell integrity and organization, which was characterized by damage to several cellular sub-structures, along with enhanced accumulation of lipid droplets. Overall, the incorporation of DL into the soil can represent a sustainable alternative to reduce synthetic herbicide application and subsequent environmental contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mafalda Pinto
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/INOV4AGRO, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; CIBIO, Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos, InBIO Laboratório Associado, Campus de Vairão, Universidade do Porto, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal; Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal; BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning, CIBIO, Campus de Vairão, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.
| | - Bruno Sousa
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/INOV4AGRO, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria Martins
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/INOV4AGRO, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pereira
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/INOV4AGRO, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cristiano Soares
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/INOV4AGRO, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Fidalgo
- GreenUPorto - Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre/INOV4AGRO, Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences of University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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He J, Leng SY, Qin L. Growth, Physiology and Nutritional Quality of C 4 Halophyte Portulaca oleracea L. Grown Aeroponically in Different Percentages of Artificial Seawater under Different Light-Emitting Diode Spectral Qualities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:3214. [PMID: 37765377 PMCID: PMC10535323 DOI: 10.3390/plants12183214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Edible halophyte Portulaca oleracea L., known as purslane, was grown in two percentages of artificial seawater (ASW) under two combined red (R) and blue (B) LED spectra. High salinity (40% ASW) negatively affected shoot productivity and leaf growth of purslane compared to those grown in 10% ASW. Photosynthetic pigment and total reduced nitrogen concentrations were significantly higher in purslane grown in 10% ASW than in 40% ASW. However, LED spectral quality did not markedly influence these parameters. Grown in 10% ASW under R/B 2.2, purslane had the highest maximum nitrate reductase activity, while those in 40% ASW under R/B 2.2 had the highest activation state. Under both light qualities, purslane had a sevenfold increase in proline concentration in 40% ASW than in 10% ASW. Total phenolic compounds' concentration was the highest in 10% ASW under R/B 0.9, while there were no significant differences in the accumulation of total soluble sugars and ascorbic acids among all plants. Antioxidant enzymes activities were lower in 40% ASW under R/B 2.2 compared to the other conditions. In conclusion, salinity affected the yield, physiology and nutritional quality of purslane. The impacts of LED spectral quality on purslane were only reflected by certain physiological and nutritional parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie He
- Natural Sciences and Science Education Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, 1 Nanyang Walk, Singapore 637616, Singapore; (S.Y.L.); (L.Q.)
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Al-Quwaie DA, Allohibi A, Aljadani M, Alghamdi AM, Alharbi AA, Baty RS, Qahl SH, Saleh O, Shakak AO, Alqahtani FS, Khalil OSF, El-Saadony MT, Saad AM. Characterization of Portulaca oleracea Whole Plant: Evaluating Antioxidant, Anticancer, Antibacterial, and Antiviral Activities and Application as Quality Enhancer in Yogurt. Molecules 2023; 28:5859. [PMID: 37570829 PMCID: PMC10421184 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) is rich in phenolic compounds, protein, and iron. This study aims to produce functional yogurt with enhanced antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, and antimicrobial properties by including safe purslane extract in yogurt formulation; the yogurt was preserved for 30 days at 4 °C, and then biochemical fluctuations were monitored. The purslane extract (PuE) had high phenolic compounds and flavonoids of 250 and 56 mg/mL, respectively. Therefore, PuE had considerable antioxidant activity, which scavenged 93% of DPPH˙, inhibited the viability of MCF-7, HCT, and HeLa cell lines by 84, 82, and 80%, respectively, and inhibited 82% of the interaction between the binding between Spike and ACE2 compared to a SARS-CoV-2 inhibitor test kit. PuE (20-40 µg/mL) inhibited the growth of tested pathogenic bacteria and Candida strains, these strains isolated from spoild yogurt and identified at gene level by PCR. Caffeic acid glucoside and catechin were the main phenolic compounds in the HPLC profile, while the main flavor compound was carvone and limonene, representing 71% of total volatile compounds (VOCs). PuE was added to rats' diets at three levels (50, 150, and 250 µg/g) compared to butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA). The body weight of the rats fed the PuE diet (250 µg/g) increased 13% more than the control. Dietary PuE in rats' diets lowered the levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels by 72% and increased the levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) by 36%. Additionally, liver parameters in rats fed PuE (150 µg/g) decreased aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels by 50, 43, and 25%, respectively, while TP, TA, and GSH were increased by 20, 50, and 40%, respectively, compared to BHA. Additionally, PuE acts as a kidney protector by lowering creatinine and urea. PuE was added to yogurt at three concentrations (50, 150, and 250 µg/g) and preserved for 30 days compared to the control. The yogurt's pH reduced during storage while acidity, TSS, and fat content increased. Adding PuE increased the yogurt's water-holding capacity, so syneresis decreased and viscosity increased, which was attributed to enhancing the texture properties (firmness, consistency, and adhesiveness). MDA decreased in PuE yogurt because of the antioxidant properties gained by PuE. Additionally, color parameters L and b were enhanced by PuE additions and sensorial traits, i.e., color, flavor, sugary taste, and texture were enhanced by purslane extract compared to the control yogurt. Concerning the microbial content in the yogurt, the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) count was maintained as a control. Adding PuE at concentrations of 50, 150, and 250 µg/g to the yogurt formulation can enhance the quality of yogurt.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana A. Al-Quwaie
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia (A.O.S.)
| | - Aminah Allohibi
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia (A.O.S.)
| | - Majidah Aljadani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amira M. Alghamdi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Asmaa Ali Alharbi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.A.); (A.A.A.)
| | - Roua S. Baty
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Safa H. Qahl
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ohud Saleh
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, University of Jeddah, Jeddah 21959, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Amani Osman Shakak
- Biological Sciences Department, College of Science & Arts, King Abdulaziz University, Rabigh 21911, Saudi Arabia (A.O.S.)
- Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Shendi, Shendi P.O. Box 142, Sudan
| | - Fatimah S. Alqahtani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Bisha, P.O. Box 551, Bisha 61922, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Osama S. F. Khalil
- Dairy Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Aswan University, Aswan 81528, Egypt;
| | - Mohamed T. El-Saadony
- Department of Agricultural Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed M. Saad
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44511, Egypt
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Pereira AG, Cassani L, Liu C, Li N, Chamorro F, Barreira JCM, Simal-Gandara J, Prieto MA. Camellia japonica Flowers as a Source of Nutritional and Bioactive Compounds. Foods 2023; 12:2825. [PMID: 37569093 PMCID: PMC10417519 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, plants have strengthened their relevance as sources of molecules potentially beneficial for health. This underpinning effect also arises from the extensive research that has been conducted on plants that are typically undervalued, besides being scarcely used. This is the case with Camellia japonica in Galicia (NW Spain), where, despite its abundance, it is exclusively used for ornamental purposes and has been studied only for its proximate composition. Thus, the present study was conducted on several additional parameters in the flowers of eight C. japonica varieties. Our results show that camellia has a high nutritional value, with carbohydrates as the most abundant macronutrients followed by a moderate protein content (4.4-6.3 g/100 g dry weight) and high levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (especially ω-3 fatty acids, which represent 12.9-22.7% of the total fatty acids), raising its potential for use for nutritional purposes. According to the thermochemical characterization and elemental composition of camellia, the raw material has poor mineralization and low nitrogen content, but high percentages of volatile matter and high carbon-fixation rates, making it a promising alternative for biofuel production. Furthermore, preliminary analysis reveals a high concentration of different bioactive compounds. As a result of these findings, camellias can be used as food or functional ingredients to improve the nutritional quality of food formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antia G. Pereira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.G.P.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Lucia Cassani
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.G.P.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250000, China;
| | - Ningyang Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266005, China;
| | - Franklin Chamorro
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.G.P.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.A.P.)
| | - João C. M. Barreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Jesus Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.G.P.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.A.P.)
| | - Miguel A. Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Department of Analytical and Food Chemistry, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universidade de Vigo, Ourense Campus, 32004 Ourense, Spain; (A.G.P.); (L.C.); (F.C.); (M.A.P.)
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Biswas A, Dey S, Xiao A, Huang S, Birhanie ZM, Deng Y, Liu L, Li D. Phytochemical content and antioxidant activity of different anatomical parts of Corchorus olitorius and C. capsularis during different phenological stages. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16494. [PMID: 37274682 PMCID: PMC10238717 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Different parts of Corchorus olitorius and C. capsularis possess different antioxidant compounds. This study investigated the phytochemical components and antioxidant capacities of ultrasound-assisted extraction of different plant parts of both species using spectrophotometry at various phenological stages. Results also indicate that leaves, stems and roots of C. olitorius at various growth stages showed higher phytochemical components and antioxidant potential compared to C. capsularis. The phytochemical components from roots to leaves in C. olitorius including total polyphenol 0.97-11.11 mg GAE/g DW, total flavonoid 0.99-7.78 mg QE/g DW and total tannin 4.02-26.89 TA E/g DW, whereas C. capsularis total polyphenol 1.04-7.93 mg GAE/g DW, total flavonoid 0.77-5.5.92 mg QE/g DW and total tannin content 3.17-22.73 TA E/g DW. C. olitorius produced overall 22.23%, 13.61%, 12.24% higher total polyphenol, total flavonoid and total tannin, respectively compare to C. capsularis. Different parts extract also significantly affected antioxidant capacities including DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP activity with values of 22.03-79.46% inhibition, 10.84-104.10 μmol TE/g DW, and 10.84-104.10 μmol Fe2+/g DW respectively for C. olitorius, while C. capsularis demonstrated 14.03-70.97% of DPPH inhibition, 9.16-95.60 μmol TE/g DW of ABTS and 5.31-71.82 μmol Fe2+/g DW of FRAP activity. Moreover, leaves of the flowering stage, young stems and aged roots of both species displayed a higher content of phytochemical and antioxidant activities than other growth stages. A positive correlation between the phytochemical and antioxidant potential indicated that phenolic constituents solely affected antioxidant activity. Thus, this study established that the plant's parts and phenological growth stages significantly influence the concentration of phytoconstituents and antioxidant activities, and determine the harvesting stages of the different organs of C. olitorius and C. capsularis for considerable medicinal importance as folk and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashok Biswas
- Annual Bast Fiber Breeding Lab., Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
- Department of Horticulture, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Susmita Dey
- Annual Bast Fiber Breeding Lab., Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
- Department of Plant Pathology and Seed Science, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, 3100, Bangladesh
| | - Aiping Xiao
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Siqi Huang
- Annual Bast Fiber Breeding Lab., Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Ziggiju Mesenbet Birhanie
- Annual Bast Fiber Breeding Lab., Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Yong Deng
- Annual Bast Fiber Breeding Lab., Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Liangliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Defang Li
- Annual Bast Fiber Breeding Lab., Institute of Bast Fiber Crops, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changsha, 410205, China
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Montoya-García CO, García-Mateos R, Magdaleno-Villar JJ, Volke-Haller VH, Villa-Ruano N, Zepeda-Vallejo LG, Becerra-Martínez E. NMR-based metabolomics to determine the fluctuation of metabolites in hydroponic purslane crops at different harvesting times. Food Res Int 2023; 166:112489. [PMID: 36914359 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.112489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) has a high content of nutrients and medicinal effects that depend on the genotype, harvesting time, and production system. The objective of the present research work was to elucidate the NMR-based metabolomics profiling of three native purslane cultivars from Mexico (Xochimilco, Mixquic, and Cuautla) grown under hydroponic conditions and harvested in three different times (32, 39, and 46 days after emergence). Thirty-nine metabolites identified in the 1H NMR spectra of aerial parts of purslane, 5 sugars, 15 amino acids, 8 organic acids, 3 caffeoylquinic acids, as well as 2 alcohols and 3 nucleosides, choline, O-phosphocholine and trigonelline were also detected. A total of 37 compounds were detected in native purslane from Xochimilco and Cuautla, whereas 39 compounds were detected in purslane from Mixquic. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) separated the cultivars into three clusters. Mixquic cultivar had the highest number of differential compounds (amino acids and carbohydrates), followed by Xochimilco and Cuautla cultivars, respectively. Changes in the metabolome were observed in latest times of harvest for all the cultivars studied. The differential compounds were glucose, fructose, galactose, pyruvate, choline, and 2-hydroxysobutyrate. The results obtained in this investigation may contribute to selecting the best cultivar of purslane and the best time in which the levels of nutrients are optimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- César Omar Montoya-García
- Universidad Autónoma Chapingo - Departamento de Fitotecnia, Km. 38.5, Carretera México-Texcoco, 56230 Chapingo, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Rosario García-Mateos
- Universidad Autónoma Chapingo - Departamento de Fitotecnia, Km. 38.5, Carretera México-Texcoco, 56230 Chapingo, Estado de México, Mexico.
| | - J Jesús Magdaleno-Villar
- Universidad Autónoma Chapingo - Departamento de Fitotecnia, Km. 38.5, Carretera México-Texcoco, 56230 Chapingo, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Víctor Hugo Volke-Haller
- Colegio de Postgraduados - Campus Montecillo, Km. 36.5, Carretera México-Texcoco, Montecillo, Texcoco, 56230 Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Nemesio Villa-Ruano
- CONACyT-Centro Universitario de Vinculación y Transferencia de Tecnología, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, CP 72570 Puebla, Mexico
| | - L Gerardo Zepeda-Vallejo
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Prol. de Carpio y Plan de Ayala S/N, Col. Santo Tomas, Delegación, Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico
| | - Elvia Becerra-Martínez
- Centro de Nanociencias y Micro y Nanotecnologías, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Luis Enrique Erro S/N, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Zacatenco, Delegación Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico.
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Carrascosa A, Pascual JA, Ros M, Petropoulos SA, Alguacil MDM. Agronomical Practices and Management for Commercial Cultivation of Portulaca oleracea as a Crop: A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1246. [PMID: 36986934 PMCID: PMC10058561 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Soil is an essential resource, and its degradation is challenging modern agriculture, while its impact is expected to increase in the near future. One of the strategies to address this issue is to incorporate new alternative crops able to tolerate arduous conditions, as well as for the use of sustainable agricultural practices in order to recover and/or improve soil health. Additionally, the increasing market for new functional/healthy natural foods promotes the search for potential alternative crop species with promising bioactive compounds content. For this purpose, wild edible plants are a key option because they have already been consumed for hundreds of years in traditional gastronomy and there is well-established evidence of their health-promoting effects. Moreover, since they are not a cultivated species, they are able to grow under natural conditions without human intervention. Among them, common purslane is an interesting wild edible species and a good candidate for integration in commercial farming systems. With worldwide spread, it is able to tolerate drought, salinity and heat stress and is already used in traditional dishes, while it is highly appreciated for its high nutritional value due to its bioactive compound content, especially omega-3 fatty acids. In this review, we aim to present the breeding and cultivation practices of purslane, as well as the effects of abiotic stressors on yield and chemical composition of the edible parts. Finally, we present information that helps to optimize purslane cultivation and facilitate its management in degraded soils for their exploitation in the existing farming systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel Carrascosa
- CSIC-Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Campus de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Jose Antonio Pascual
- CSIC-Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Campus de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Margarita Ros
- CSIC-Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Campus de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Spyridon A. Petropoulos
- Department of Agriculture, Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 38446 Volos, Greece
| | - Maria del Mar Alguacil
- CSIC-Centro de Edafología y Biología Aplicada del Segura, Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Campus de Espinardo, P.O. Box 164, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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9
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Rayan AM, Swailam HM, Hamed YS. Composition, Structure, and Techno-Functional Characteristics of the Flour, Protein Concentrate, and Protein Isolate from Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) Seeds. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 78:117-123. [PMID: 36357659 PMCID: PMC9947059 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-022-01028-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
One potential avenue to increase the production of valuable protein ingredients for the food industry is developing vegetable proteins from non-traditional plant sources. In the present study, the composition, structure and techno-functional characteristics of defatted purslane flour (DF), protein concentrate (PC), and protein isolate (AP) were investigated. The results revealed that DF, PC, and PI contained low levels of moisture, ash, and fat. However, there were significant differences (P < 0.05) in protein content between DF, PC, and PI (32.9, 60.8 and 90.9%, respectively). The techno-functional characteristics of purslane proteins were enhanced by processing purslane flour into PC and PI products. Furthermore, the ratios of total essential amino acids to total amino acids in purslane protein samples were well above that stated for ideal food proteins. SDS-PAGE analysis indicated three subunits of protein in DF, PC, and PI. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that DF exhibited a compact-like structure; PC had a small, flaky, but porous type of particle, and PI had an intact flake-like structure. The FTIR analysis revealed that some alterations in the secondary structure of protein were occurred. In summary, purslane proteins can be considered new functional food ingredients with different nutritional and technological characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Rayan
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
| | - Hesham M Swailam
- National Center for Radiation Research, and Technology (NCRRT), Atomic Energy Authority (AEA), Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yahya S Hamed
- Food Technology Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt.
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10
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Darvish Damavandi R, Shidfar F, Najafi M, Janani L, Masoodi M, Heshmati J, Ziaei S. Effect of portulaca oleracea (purslane) extract on inflammatory factors in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A randomized, double-blind clinical trial. J Funct Foods 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2023.105465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
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11
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Jalali J, Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar M. Ameliorative effects of Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) and its active constituents on nervous system disorders: A review. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2023; 26:2-12. [PMID: 36594059 PMCID: PMC9790064 DOI: 10.22038/ijbms.2022.65764.14464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, the global interest in the use of herbal medicines and their main components in developing novel effective medications with fewer adverse effects is rising. Precise medicinal plants have potential advantageous applications for several neurodegenerative disorders. Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) belongs to the Portulacaceae Juss family. In folk medicine, it has been used as a febrifuge, antiseptic, vermifuge, and in treating arthritis, burns, cough, headache, intestine, stomach, liver disorders, as well as shortness of breath. Pharmacological investigations have also disclosed its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, immunomodulatory, antidepressant, anxiolytic, and neuroprotective properties. The current work prepared an updated and broad literature review on purslane highlighting its therapeutic effects on some nervous system disorders. It has been shown that P. oleracea and its active constituents have considerable neuroregenerative, neuroprotective, and antinociceptive properties. Accordingly, our team classified and discussed the outcomes of some nervous system disorders comprising Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, depression, epilepsy, anxiety, psychosis, drug dependence, hypoxia, and pain; although, additional preclinical and clinical assessments are necessary to reinforce the beneficial effects of purslane on nervous system disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mahboobeh Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Corresponding author: Mahboobeh Ghasemzadeh Rahbardar. Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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12
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Oh JH, Karadeniz F, Lee JI, Seo Y, Kong CS. Oleracone C from Portulaca oleracea attenuates UVB-induced changes in matrix metalloproteinase and type I procollagen production via MAPK and TGF-β/Smad pathways in human keratinocytes. Int J Cosmet Sci 2022; 45:166-176. [PMID: 36415152 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces photo-oxidation, which in turn causes the overproduction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and collagen degradation. These symptoms are referred to as photoaging, which is characterized by skin thickness, irregular pigmentation, elastosis and coarse wrinkles. In this study, the protective effects of oleracone C isolated from Portulaca olerace against UVB-induced changes in MMPs and type I procollagen production were investigated in human keratinocytes. METHODS Human immortalized keratinocytes have been used as an in vitro cell model to study the abnormal skin barrier development such as in photoaging. The effects of the compound on cell viability were determined by colorimetric MTT assay. This study also measured ROS production using DCFH-DA assay. Releases of MMPs and type Iα1 procollagen were analysed by ELISA. RT-PCR and Western blot were carried out to test the expressions of mRNA and proteins related to MMPs and type I procollagen biosynthesis. RESULT Effect of oleracone C against UVB-mediated oxidative stress was evaluated measuring its ability to eliminate UVB-induced activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Treatment of oleracone C hindered the production of intracellular ROS. UVB exposure increased MMPs (MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9) release from keratinocytes and decreased the release of type I procollagen. Treatment with oleracone C reversed these effects of UVB exposure. Oleracone C treatment also diminished the intracellular expression of MMP-1, MMP-2 and MMP-9 and elevated the type I procollagen. Oleracone C suppressed the UVB irradiation-dependent upregulation phosphorylation of p38 and ERK1/2 in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Furthermore, oleracone C stimulated collagen production through the TGF-β signalling pathway, which activates collagen synthesis in UVB-irradiated keratinocytes. CONCLUSION These findings reasonably suggest ameliorating the potential of oleracone C against the UVB-induced photoaging of the human keratinocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hwan Oh
- Marine Biotechnology Center for Pharmaceuticals and Foods, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan, Korea
| | - Fatih Karadeniz
- Marine Biotechnology Center for Pharmaceuticals and Foods, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan, Korea
| | - Jung Im Lee
- Marine Biotechnology Center for Pharmaceuticals and Foods, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan, Korea
| | - Youngwan Seo
- Division of Convergence on Marine Science, Korea Maritime and Ocean University, Busan, Korea
| | - Chang-Suk Kong
- Marine Biotechnology Center for Pharmaceuticals and Foods, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan, Korea.,Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Medical and Life Sciences, Silla University, Busan, Korea
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Mungofa N, Sibanyoni JJ, Mashau ME, Beswa D. Prospective Role of Indigenous Leafy Vegetables as Functional Food Ingredients. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27227995. [PMID: 36432098 PMCID: PMC9696032 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Indigenous leafy vegetables (ILVs) play a pivotal role in sustaining the lives of many people of low socio-economic status who reside in rural areas of most developing countries. Such ILVs contribute to food security since they withstand harsher weather and soil conditions than their commercial counterparts and supply important nutrients such as dietary fibre, vitamins and minerals. Furthermore, ILVs contain bioactive components such as phenolic compounds, flavonoids, dietary fibre, carotene content and vitamin C that confer health benefits on consumers. Several studies have demonstrated that regular and adequate consumption of vegetables reduces risks of chronic conditions such as diabetes, cancer, metabolic disorders such as obesity in children and adults, as well as cardiovascular disease. However, consumption of ILVs is very low globally as they are associated with unbalanced and poor diets, with being food for the poor and with possibly containing toxic heavy metals. Therefore, this paper reviews the role of ILVs as food security crops, the biodiversity of ILVs, the effects of processing on the bioactivity of ILVs, consumer acceptability of food derived from ILVs, potential toxicity of some ILVs and the potential role ILVs play in the future of eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyarai Mungofa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
| | - July Johannes Sibanyoni
- School of Hospitality and Tourism, University of Mpumalanga, Mbombela Campus, Mbombela 1200, South Africa
| | - Mpho Edward Mashau
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Engineering and Agriculture, University of Venda, Thohoyandou 0950, South Africa
| | - Daniso Beswa
- Department of Life and Consumer Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of South Africa, Science Campus, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
- Department of Biotechnology and Food Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Johannesburg, Doornfontein Campus, Johannesburg 1709, South Africa
- Correspondence:
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Enhancing the nutritional value of Portulaca oleracea L. by using soilless agronomic biofortification with zinc. Food Res Int 2022; 155:111057. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2022.111057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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15
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Fukalova Fukalova T, García-Martínez MD, Raigón MD. Nutritional Composition, Bioactive Compounds, and Volatiles Profile Characterization of Two Edible Undervalued Plants: Portulaca oleracea L. and Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11030377. [PMID: 35161358 PMCID: PMC8839399 DOI: 10.3390/plants11030377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Wild edible plants are an important source of healthy food and have played an important role in traditional Mediterranean diets. In this paper, quality characteristics were typified in Portulaca oleracea L. and Porophyllum ruderale (Jacq.) Cass, undervalued plants inherent to the spring-summer season in the Valencian coastal region. Nutritional composition and bioactive compounds were analyzed and compared between plants in wild and organic cultivation conditions. Proximate analysis was carried out according to Association of Official Analytical Chemists methods. Total antioxidants were measured as 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl hydrate and total polyphenols content via the Folin-Ciocalteu procedure. The HS-SPME technique was used to characterize the volatiles profile, and the polyphenol profile was evaluated by HPLC. The most important microelement was iron. Total antioxidants ranged from 4392.16 to 7315.00 μmol Trolox·equivalents 100 g-1 fw, and total phenolic content ranged from 99.09 to 391.18 mg gallic acid equivalents·100 g-1 fw. Results show that the content of antioxidants and phenols was higher in wild species than in cultivated ones. The volatiles profile revealed that P. ruderale was rich in monoterpenoids (48.65-55.82%), and fatty alcohols were characteristic in P. oleracea species (16.21-54.18%). The results suggest that both plants could be healthy foods and could have new sustainable agro-ecological potential for the local commercial sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Fukalova Fukalova
- Laboratorio de Fitoquímica y Productos Biológicos, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Central del Ecuador, Quito 170521, Ecuador;
| | - María Dolores García-Martínez
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrobiodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
| | - María Dolores Raigón
- Instituto de Conservación y Mejora de la Agrobiodiversidad Valenciana, Universitat Politècnica de València, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-963-877347
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16
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Kumar A, Sreedharan S, Kashyap AK, Singh P, Ramchiary N. A review on bioactive phytochemicals and ethnopharmacological potential of purslane ( Portulaca oleracea L.). Heliyon 2022; 8:e08669. [PMID: 35028454 PMCID: PMC8741462 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Portulaca oleracea L. commonly known as purslane is distributed all over the world and easily grows in diverse soil and climatic conditions. It has been traditionally used as a nutritious and ethnomedicinal food across the globe. Various studies have shown that the plant is a rich source of various important phytochemicals such as flavonoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, proteins, carbohydrates, and vitamins such as A, C, E, and B, carotenoids and minerals such as phosphorus, calcium, magnesium and zinc. It is particularly very important because of the presence of a very high concentration of omega-3- fatty acids especially α-linolenic acid, gamma-linolenic acid and linoleic acid, which are not generally synthesized in terrestrial plants. Various parts of purslane are known for ethnomedicinal and pharmacological uses because of its anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, skeletal muscle relaxant, antitumor, hepatoprotective, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-insomnia, analgesic, gastroprotective, neuroprotective, wound healing and antiseptic activities. Due to multiple benefits of purslane, it has become an important wonder crop and various scientists across the globe have shown much interest in it as a healthy food for the future. In this review, we provide an update on the phytochemical and nutritional composition of purslane, its usage as nutritional and an ethnomedicinal plant across the world. We further provide a detailed account on ethnopharmacological studies that have proved the ethnomedicinal properties of purslane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar
- Department of Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, 671316, Kerala, India
| | - Sajana Sreedharan
- Department of Plant Science, School of Biological Sciences, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, 671316, Kerala, India
| | - Arun Kumar Kashyap
- Department of Biotechnology, Government E. Raghavendra Rao Postgraduate Science College, Bilaspur, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - Pardeep Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, PGDAV College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110065, India
| | - Nirala Ramchiary
- School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Physicochemical, antioxidant and sensory properties of yogurt fortified with common purslane (Portulaca oleracea) extract. JOURNAL OF FOOD MEASUREMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11694-021-00949-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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18
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Voynikov Y, Nedialkov P, Gevrenova R, Zheleva-Dimitrova D, Balabanova V, Dimitrov I. UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS Tentative Identification of 51 Oleraceins (Cyclo-Dopa Amides) in Portulaca oleracea L. Cluster Analysis and MS 2 Filtering by Mass Difference. PLANTS 2021; 10:plants10091921. [PMID: 34579453 PMCID: PMC8473048 DOI: 10.3390/plants10091921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Oleraceins are a class of indoline amide glycosides found in Portulaca oleracea L. (Portulacaceae), or purslane. These compounds are characterized by 5,6-dihydroxyindoline-2-carboxylic acid N-acylated with cinnamic acid derivatives, and many are glucosylated. Herein, hydromethanolic extracts of the aerial parts of purslane were subjected to UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS analysis, in negative ionization mode. Diagnostic ion filtering (DIF), followed by diagnostic difference filtering (DDF), were utilized to automatically filter out MS data and select plausible oleracein structures. After an in-depth MS2 analysis, a total of 51 oleracein compounds were tentatively identified. Of them, 26 had structures, matching one of the already known oleracein, and the other 25 were new, undescribed in the literature compounds, belonging to the oleracein class. Moreover, based on selected diagnostic fragment ions, clustering algorithms and visualizations were utilized. As we demonstrate, clustering methods provide valuable insights into the mass fragmentation elucidation of natural compounds in complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulian Voynikov
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria;
- Correspondence:
| | - Paraskev Nedialkov
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.N.); (R.G.); (D.Z.-D.); (V.B.)
| | - Reneta Gevrenova
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.N.); (R.G.); (D.Z.-D.); (V.B.)
| | - Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.N.); (R.G.); (D.Z.-D.); (V.B.)
| | - Vessela Balabanova
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria; (P.N.); (R.G.); (D.Z.-D.); (V.B.)
| | - Ivan Dimitrov
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Sofia, 2 Dunav Str., 1000 Sofia, Bulgaria;
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Neglected and Underutilized Plant Species (NUS) from the Apulia Region Worthy of Being Rescued and Re-Included in Daily Diet. HORTICULTURAE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/horticulturae7070177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Neglected and underutilized species (NUS) are cultivated, semi-domesticated, or wild plant species, not included in the group of the major staple crops, since, in most cases, they do not meet the global market requirements. As they often represent resilient species and valuable sources of vitamins, micronutrients, and other phytochemicals, a wider use of NUS would enhance sustainability of agro-systems and a choice of nutritious foods with a strategic role for addressing the nutritional security challenge across Europe. In this review, we focused on some examples of NUS from the Apulia Region (Southern Italy), either cultivated or spontaneously growing species, showing interesting adaptative, nutritional, and economical potential that can be exploited and properly enhanced in future programs.
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20
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Fernandes Serra Moura H, de Souza Dias F, Beatriz Souza E Souza L, Magalhães BEAD, de Aragão Tannus C, Correia de Carvalho W, Cardoso Brandão G, Dos Santos WNL, Graças Andrade Korn M, Cristina Muniz Batista Dos Santos D, Vieira Lopes M, de Andrade Santana D, de Freitas Santos Júnior A. Evaluation of multielement/proximate composition and bioactive phenolics contents of unconventional edible plants from Brazil using multivariate analysis techniques. Food Chem 2021; 363:129995. [PMID: 34144423 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.129995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Unconventional edible plants (UEP) are potential supplementary sources of minerals and bioactive compounds. However, there is still a gap in the literature on UEP composition. In this study, the multielement/proximate composition of ten UEP from Brazil was evaluated by ICP OES. Furthermore, phenolic bioactives were quantified by HPLC-UV-DAD. The UEP showed high moisture content (84.85-95.27%) and elements (in mg Kg-1): Al (122-657), Ca (145-14,229), Cu (8.3-18.81), Fe (177-586), K (12.46-34.50%), Mg (157-1,552), Mn (16.85-84.96), Na (1,107-23,775), P (2,535-6,127), Si (189-1,695), Sr (25.56-104.63) and Zn (0.3-72.31). Nine phenolic bioactive compounds (1-2,147) and three flavonoids (1-2,042 mg Kg-1) were determined. PCA and HCA grouped samples (Java ginseng, Coriander, Spearmint and Indian borage) rich in minerals. Spearmint showed high levels of transcinamic acid, kaempferol and quercetin. This study contributes to the scientific development and use of UEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesrom Fernandes Serra Moura
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Fernanda de Souza Dias
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Laura Beatriz Souza E Souza
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Bárbara Elizabeth Alves de Magalhães
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Caroline de Aragão Tannus
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Geovani Cardoso Brandão
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Walter Nei Lopes Dos Santos
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Maria Graças Andrade Korn
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, 40170-115, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Mariângela Vieira Lopes
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Débora de Andrade Santana
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Aníbal de Freitas Santos Júnior
- Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil; Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Campus I - Cabula, Departamento de Ciências da Vida, 41150-000, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil.
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Pereira AG, Fraga-Corral M, García-Oliveira P, Jimenez-Lopez C, Lourenço-Lopes C, Carpena M, Otero P, Gullón P, Prieto MA, Simal-Gandara J. Culinary and nutritional value of edible wild plants from northern Spain rich in phenolic compounds with potential health benefits. Food Funct 2021; 11:8493-8515. [PMID: 33034610 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02147d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Wild edible plants (WEPs) have been consumed since ancient times. They are considered as non-domesticated plants that grow spontaneously in nature, particularly in forests and bushlands, where they can be found and collected to be incorporated into human nutrition. Increasingly, WEPs are gaining importance as they are potential sources of food due to their nutritional value, besides showing positive health effects and offer innovative applications in haute cuisine. As these autochthonous plants grow naturally in the environment, they are more suitable to adapt to different climatic conditions as well as biotic and abiotic factors. Therefore, a door has been opened for their possible cultivation as they seem to require fewer expenses than other commercially cultivated plants. Moreover, the consumers demand for new products of natural origin that are sustainable and ecologically labeled have also boosted WEPs' recovery and incorporation into the market. In addition, they are considered as promising sources of essential compounds needed not only in human diet including carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids but also of other minor compounds as phenols, vitamins, or carotenoids that have shown numerous beneficial bioactivities such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory, or anti-tumor activity. The use of these plants rich in bioactive molecules could be beneficial from the health point of view as the human body is not always capable of producing enough defenses, for instance, preventing oxidative damage. In particular, the presence of phenolic compounds in these vegetal matrices is supposed to provide a prophylactic effect against further pathogenesis and disorders related to aging or oxidative stresses. Regarding all this information based on traditional knowledge and ethnobotanical data, different WEPs found in the Northwestern region of Spain were selected, namely, Mentha suaveolens, Glechoma hederacea, Prunus spinosa, Apium nodiflorum, Artemisia absinthium, Silybum marianum, Picris hieracioides, Portulaca oleracea, Crithmum maritimum, and the genus Amaranthus. However, even though tradition and popular knowledge are excellent tools for the exploitation of these plants, it is necessary to develop regulations in this aspect to assure safety and veracity of food products. This article aims to review the main aspects of their bioactive properties, their traditional use, and the possibility of their incorporation into the market as new functional foods, looking at innovative and healthy gastronomic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Pereira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain. and Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - M Fraga-Corral
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain. and Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - P García-Oliveira
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain. and Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - C Jimenez-Lopez
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain. and Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolonia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - C Lourenço-Lopes
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - M Carpena
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - Paz Otero
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain. and Department of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Veterinary, University of Santiago of Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - P Gullón
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - M A Prieto
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
| | - J Simal-Gandara
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain.
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Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant Activity of Portulaca oleracea: Influence of the Steaming Cooking Process. Foods 2021; 10:foods10010094. [PMID: 33466382 PMCID: PMC7824898 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we compared the phenolic composition and antioxidant capacity of methanolic extracts of raw and steamed aerial parts of Portulaca oleracea L. Two new cyclo-dopa amides were identified, named oleraceins X and Y, along with six known ones (oleraceins A, B, C, N, J, and U). Compounds identification and quantification were done by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array and mass spectrometry detections. The most abundant compounds were phenolic alkaloids (oleraceins), and the main quantified compounds were isocitric and citric acids, with concentrations of 500–550 and 440–600 mg/100 g dried extract, respectively. The study of both the influence of the steaming process in Portulaca oleracea L. and total phenolic content and radical scavenging assays (ABTS·+ and DPPH) were also carried out. The total individual phenolic content of raw Portulaca decreased from 1380 mg/100 g DE to 1140 mg/100 g DE after the steaming process. The antioxidant capacity in ABTS and DPPH assays decreased approximately 50 and 40%, respectively, after samples were cooked by steaming. The raw extracts presented the highest concentration of bioactive compounds, as well as higher antioxidant and radical scavenging values.
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Gras A, Garnatje T, Marín J, Parada M, Sala E, Talavera M, Vallès J. The Power of Wild Plants in Feeding Humanity: A Meta-Analytic Ethnobotanical Approach in the Catalan Linguistic Area. Foods 2020; 10:foods10010061. [PMID: 33383896 PMCID: PMC7824323 DOI: 10.3390/foods10010061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild food plants (WFP) have always been present in our kitchen, although they have not always been given the same importance as crops. In the Catalan linguistic area (CLA), covered in this paper, WFP were of great importance as a subsistence food not only during the years of the Spanish civil war (1936–1939) and World War II (1939–1945), but also long before these periods and in the years thereafter. The CLA has been well studied at the level of traditional knowledge on plant biodiversity, and much of this information is collected in a database by the EtnoBioFiC research group. The aim of this work is to carry out a meta-analysis of the WFP dataset of the CLA (only regarding edible uses, drinks excluded) and to identify the most quoted plants, and the information associated with them. With data from 1659 informants, we recorded 10,078 use reports of 291 taxa (278 of which at specific or subspecific levels and 13 only determined at generic level) belonging to 67 families. The most reported taxa, also with highest cultural importance indexes, are Thymus vulgaris, Foeniculum vulgare subsp. piperitum, Laurus nobilis, Rubus ulmifolius and Mentha spicata. The ethnobotanicity index for food plants is 6.62% and the informant consensus factor, also for food uses, is a very high 0.97, supporting the robustness of the information. The results provided and discussed in this work concern a significant part of the edible resources in the territory considered, which is, often and mainly, underestimated and underutilised. Its consideration could be an opportunity to promote closer and more sustainable agriculture. From the state-of-the-art of this question, it is possible to propose old, in some cases forgotten foods that could be newly introduced onto the market, first, but not only, at a local level, which could be interesting for new crop development in the frame of a valorisation of territorial identity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airy Gras
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., Parc de Montjuïc, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (J.V.)
| | - Teresa Garnatje
- Institut Botànic de Barcelona (IBB, CSIC-Ajuntament de Barcelona), Passeig del Migdia s.n., Parc de Montjuïc, 08038 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain;
| | - Jon Marín
- Laboratori de Botànica—Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació—Institut de la Biodiversitat IRBio, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (J.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Montse Parada
- Laboratori de Botànica—Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació—Institut de la Biodiversitat IRBio, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (J.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Ester Sala
- Laboratori de Botànica—Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació—Institut de la Biodiversitat IRBio, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (J.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
| | - Marc Talavera
- Col·lectiu Eixarcolant, 08700 Igualada, Catalonia, Spain;
- Secció de Botànica i Micologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Joan Vallès
- Laboratori de Botànica—Unitat associada CSIC, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació—Institut de la Biodiversitat IRBio, Universitat de Barcelona, Av. Joan XXIII 27-31, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain; (J.M.); (M.P.); (E.S.)
- Secció de Ciències Biològiques, Institut d’Estudis Catalans, Carrer del Carme 47, 08001 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Correspondence: (A.G.); (J.V.)
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The Beneficial Health Effects of Vegetables and Wild Edible Greens: The Case of the Mediterranean Diet and Its Sustainability. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10249144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The Mediterranean diet (MD) concept as currently known describes the dietary patterns that were followed in specific regions of the area in the 1950s and 1960s. The broad recognition of its positive effects on the longevity of Mediterranean populations also led to the adoption of this diet in other regions of the world, and scientific interest focused on revealing its health effects. MD is not only linked with eating specific nutritional food products but also with social, religious, environmental, and cultural aspects, thus representing a healthy lifestyle in general. However, modern lifestyles adhere to less healthy diets, alienating people from their heritage. Therefore, considering the increasing evidence of the beneficial health effects of adherence to the MD and the ongoing transitions in consumers’ behavior, the present review focuses on updating the scientific knowledge regarding this diet and its relevance to agrobiodiversity. In addition, it also considers a sustainable approach for new marketing opportunities and consumer trends of the MD.
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Cruz LRO, Fernandes Â, Di Gioia F, Petropoulos SA, Polyzos N, Dias MI, Pinela J, Kostić M, Soković MD, Ferreira ICFR, Barros L. The Effect of Nitrogen Input on Chemical Profile and Bioactive Properties of Green- and Red-Colored Basil Cultivars. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020. [PMID: 33114065 DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10111824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, three red-colored (Dark Opal, Basilico Rosso, and Red Basil) and one green-colored landrace (Mitikas) of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) were grown under four nitrogen regimes, namely Control (no fertilizer added), 200 ppm, 400 ppm, and 600 ppm of nitrogen (N). Fresh yield varied depending on N input following a quadratic function in all four genotypes, and green basil performed better compared to the red cultivars. A significant interaction of genotype × N input was recorded for most of the chemical parameters measured. Tocopherols contents of leaves were consistently higher in plants that received 200 ppm of N and lower in those receiving 600 ppm of N, especially in Dark Opal and Red Basil cultivars. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were the major category of fatty acids and Red Basil had the lowest ratio of omega-6/omega 3 (0.29) and thus the best fatty acid profile. Polyphenols content was the highest in Red Basil and Dark Opal (25 mg/g of extract on average) and the lowest in Mitikas and decreased with increasing N input. Similarly, antioxidant activity was the highest in Dark Opal and Red Basil fertigated with 200 ppm of N, whereas all the leaf extracts tested had good antibacterial and antifungal activity. In conclusion, basil chemical and bioactive profile was significantly influenced by both genotype and N input. Red-colored basil, although less productive, had the best chemical profile, and moderate levels of N input may provide the best compromise between yield, nutritional value, and bioactivity for the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís R O Cruz
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
- Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Instituto Superior Politécnico Jean Piaget de Benguela, Estrada Nacional 100 Lobito, Benguela 1393, Angola
| | - Ângela Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Francesco Di Gioia
- Department of Plant Science, Pennsylvania State University, 207 Tyson Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Spyridon A Petropoulos
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, N. Ionia, 38446 Magnissia, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Polyzos
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, N. Ionia, 38446 Magnissia, Greece
| | - Maria Inês Dias
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - José Pinela
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Marina Kostić
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marina D Soković
- Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković"-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Isabel C F R Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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26
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The Sustainable Use of Cotton, Hazelnut and Ground Peanut Waste in Vegetable Crop Production. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12208511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The environmental burden from crop production byproducts is gradually increasing and necessitates the sustainable management of waste towards a circular economy approach. In the present study, three byproducts (cotton ginning waste (CGW), ground hazelnut husks (GHH) and ground peanut husks (GPH)) were evaluated in lettuce cultivation. For this purpose, the tested materials were incorporated in soil at two different rates (25% and 50% of total substrate volume) while a control treatment (no addition of byproducts) was also considered. Fresh weight per plant and total yield was the highest for the GHH50% treatment. The highest fat, protein, carbohydrates and energy content were observed for the CGW25% treatment. Chemical composition also differed among the tested byproducts where CGW25% treatment had the highest total tocopherols, sugars (sucrose, fructose, trehalose and total sugars) and organic acids content. The most abundant fatty acids were α-linolenic, linoleic and palmitic acid in all the tested treatments, while the highest antioxidant activity was observed for the GHH50% treatment. Regarding polyphenols, phenolic acids content was the highest in the GHH treatments, whereas flavonoids were the highest for the CGW25% treatment. No cytotoxicity against the PLP2 non-tumor cell line was observed, whereas only the GPH50% treatment showed moderate efficacy against HeLa, HepG2 and MCF-7 cell lines. The tested extracts also showed moderate antibacterial activities and only the extracts from the CGW50% treatment were more effective than the positive control against Trichoderma viride. In conclusion, the present results showed the great potential of using the tested byproducts as soil amendments for vegetable crops production, since they may improve the nutritional parameters, the chemical profile and the bioactivities of the final product. The suggested alternative use of the tested byproducts not only will increase the added value of crops but will also alleviate the environmental burden from bulky agroindustry byproducts.
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Lyons G, Dean G, Tongaiaba R, Halavatau S, Nakabuta K, Lonalona M, Susumu G. Macro- and Micronutrients from Traditional Food Plants Could Improve Nutrition and Reduce Non-Communicable Diseases of Islanders on Atolls in the South Pacific. PLANTS 2020; 9:plants9080942. [PMID: 32722347 PMCID: PMC7464995 DOI: 10.3390/plants9080942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pacific Islanders have paid dearly for abandoning traditional diets, with diabetes and other non-communicable diseases (NCD) widespread. Starchy root crops like sweet potato, taro, and cassava are difficult to grow on the potassium-deficient soils of atolls, and high energy, low nutrient imported foods and drinks are popular. Nutritious, leafy food plants adapted to alkaline, salty, coral soils could form part of a food system strategy to reduce NCD rates. This project targeted four atolls south of Tarawa, Kiribati, and was later extended to Tuvalu. Mineral levels in diverse, local leafy food plants were compared to reveal genotype–environment interactions. Food plants varied in ability to accumulate minerals in leaves and in tolerance of mineral-deficient soils. Awareness activities which included agriculture, health, and education officers targeted atoll communities. Agriculture staff grew planting material in nurseries and provided it to farmers. Rejuvenation of abandoned giant swamp taro pits to form diversified nutritious food gardens was encouraged. Factsheets promoted the most suitable species from 24 analyzed, with multiple samples of each. These included Cnidoscolus aconitifolius (chaya), Pseuderanthemum whartonianum (ofenga), Polyscias scutellaria (hedge panax), and Portulaca oleracea (purslane). The promoted plants have been shown in other studies to have anti-NCD effects. Inclusion of the findings in school curricula and practical application in the form of demonstration school food gardens, as well as increased uptake by farmers, are needed. Further research is needed on bioavailability of minerals in plants containing phytates and tannins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham Lyons
- School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Waite Campus, Urrbrae, South Australia 5064, Australia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-83136533
| | - Geoff Dean
- Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture, University of Tasmania, Prospect, Tasmania 7250, Australia;
| | - Routan Tongaiaba
- Agriculture and Livestock Division, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agriculture Development, Tanaea, South Tarawa, Kiribati; (R.T.); (K.N.)
| | | | - Kabuati Nakabuta
- Agriculture and Livestock Division, Ministry of Environment, Lands and Agriculture Development, Tanaea, South Tarawa, Kiribati; (R.T.); (K.N.)
| | - Matio Lonalona
- Department of Agriculture, Ministry of Natural Resources, Energy and Environment, Vaiaku, Funafuti, Tuvalu;
| | - Gibson Susumu
- Gibson Susumu: Sustainable Agriculture Programme, The Pacific Community (SPC), Suva, Fiji;
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The Effect of Nitrogen Fertigation and Harvesting Time on Plant Growth and Chemical Composition of Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta (DC.) Runemark. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25143175. [PMID: 32664565 PMCID: PMC7397137 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25143175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of nitrogen fertigation (0, 200, 400, and 600 ppm of total nitrogen) and harvesting time (9 March 2018 and 19 April 2018) on the plant growth, chemical composition, and bioactive properties of Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta plants. The highest yield of fresh leaves was observed for the treatment of 200 ppm of N without compromising nutritional value. The increasing nitrogen levels resulted in an increase of α- and total tocopherols and sugars content, especially in the second harvest for tocopherols and in the first harvest for sugars. Similarly, total organic acids and oxalic acid content increased with increasing nitrogen levels in both harvests, while fatty acids composition had a varied response to the tested factors. Pinocembrin neohesperidoside and pinocembrin acetyl neohesperidoside isomer II were the most abundant phenolic compounds with the highest content being observed in the control treatment of the first and second harvest, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity was observed for the control and the 600 ppm treatments of the second harvest for the OxHLIA and TBARS assays, respectively, probably due to the high content of pinocembrin acetyl neohesperidoside isomer II and α-tocopherol, respectively. Finally, cytotoxic effects and antimicrobial properties showed a varied response depending on the treatment. In conclusion, C. raphanina subsp. mixta has low requirements of nitrogen to achieve the highest yield, while a varied response to the tested fertigation treatments and harvesting time was observed in terms of the chemical composition and the bioactive properties.
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Saffaryazdi A, Ganjeali A, Farhoosh R, Cheniany M. Variation in phenolic compounds, α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid contents and antioxidant activity of purslane ( Portulaca oleracea L.) during phenological growth stages. PHYSIOLOGY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY OF PLANTS : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 26:1519-1529. [PMID: 32647465 PMCID: PMC7326857 DOI: 10.1007/s12298-020-00836-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Revised: 05/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) contains a variety of natural products with different biological properties. The objective of this research was to estimate changes in total phenolics, flavonoids, and fatty acids (α-linolenic acid and linoleic acid) contents as well as antioxidant activity of P. oleracea at different growth stages. Seeds were germinated in soil-filled plastic pots at greenhouse. Leaves and stems were collected at the vegetative and flowering stages. Total phenol and flavonoid contents of the samples were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau and aluminum chloride methods, respectively. The contents of α-linolenic and linoleic acids were determined using gas chromatography analysis after transesterification of fatty acids. Furthermore, Ferric reducing antioxidant power and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl assays were used to determine the antioxidant activities. The highest contents of total phenols (698.6 mg GAE 100 g-1 DW), flavonoids (46.9 mg QE 100 g-1 DW), α-linolenic acid (2.7 mg g-1 DW) and linoleic acid (0.8 mg g-1 DW) were determined in the leaves at flowering stage. Free radical scavenging capacity was significantly affected (P ≤ 0.05) by age; and the leaves of purslane had more antioxidant potential compared to stems. A positive correlation was observed between the antioxidant activities and total phenols content. Overall, purslane leaves at flowering stage can be regarded as a valuable source of fatty acids (especially α-linolenic acid) and antioxidants in human diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Saffaryazdi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Ganjeali
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Reza Farhoosh
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Monireh Cheniany
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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A. Petropoulos S, Fernandes Â, Dias MI, Pereira C, Calhelha RC, Chrysargyris A, Tzortzakis N, Ivanov M, D. Sokovic M, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR. Chemical Composition and Plant Growth of Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta Plants Cultivated under Saline Conditions. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25092204. [PMID: 32397258 PMCID: PMC7248820 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25092204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this report was to study the effect of salinity (control: 2dS/m, S1: 4 dS/m and S2: 6 dS/m) and harvest time (first harvest on 9 May 2018 and second harvest on 19 April 2018) on the growth and the chemical composition of Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta plants. The plants of the first harvest were used for the plant growth measurements (fresh weight and moisture content of leaves, rosette diameter, number and thickness of leaves), whereas those of the second harvest were not used for these measurements due to the flowering initiation, which made the leaves unmarketable due to their hard texture. The results of our study showed that C. raphanina subsp. mixta plants can be cultivated under mild salinity (S1 treatment) conditions without severe effects on plant growth and yield, since a more severe loss (27.5%) was observed for the S2 treatment. In addition, harvest time proved to be a cost-effective cultivation practice that allows to regulate the quality of the final product, either in edible form (first harvest) or for nutraceutical and pharmaceutical purposes as well as antimicrobial agents in food products. Therefore, the combination of these two agronomic factors showed interesting results in terms of the quality of the final product. In particular, high salinity (S2 treatment) improved the nutritional value by increasing the fat, proteins and carbohydrates contents in the first harvest, as well as the tocopherols and sugars contents (S1 and S2 treatments, respectively) in the second harvest. In addition, salinity and harvest time affected the oxalic acid content which was the lowest for the S2 treatment at the second harvest. Similarly, the richest fatty acid (α-linolenic acid) increased with increasing salinity at the first harvest. Salinity and harvest time also affected the antimicrobial properties, especially against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus and Trichoderma viride, where the extracts from the S1 and S2 treatments showed high effectiveness. In contrast, the highest amounts of flavanones (pinocembrin derivatives) were detected in the control treatment (second harvest), which was also reflected to the highest antioxidant activity (TBARS) for the same treatment. In conclusion, C. raphanina subsp. mixta plants seem to be tolerant to medium salinity stress (S1 treatment) since plant growth was not severely impaired, while salinity and harvesting time affected the nutritional value (fat, proteins, and carbohydrates) and the chemical composition (tocopherols, sugars, oxalic acid, fatty acids), as well as the bioactive properties (cytotoxicity and antimicrobial properties) of the final product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon A. Petropoulos
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 38446 N. Ionia, Magnissia, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.A.P.); (I.C.F.R.F.); Tel.: +30-242-109-3196 (S.A.P.); +351-27-333-0904 (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Ângela Fernandes
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (Â.F.); (M.I.D.); (C.P.); (R.C.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Maria Ines Dias
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (Â.F.); (M.I.D.); (C.P.); (R.C.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Carla Pereira
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (Â.F.); (M.I.D.); (C.P.); (R.C.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Ricardo C. Calhelha
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (Â.F.); (M.I.D.); (C.P.); (R.C.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Antonios Chrysargyris
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus; (A.C.); (N.T.)
| | - Nikolaos Tzortzakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, 3603 Lemesos, Cyprus; (A.C.); (N.T.)
| | - Marija Ivanov
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Marina D. Sokovic
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Lillian Barros
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (Â.F.); (M.I.D.); (C.P.); (R.C.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (Â.F.); (M.I.D.); (C.P.); (R.C.C.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.A.P.); (I.C.F.R.F.); Tel.: +30-242-109-3196 (S.A.P.); +351-27-333-0904 (I.C.F.R.F.)
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Petropoulos SA, Fernandes Â, Dias MI, Pereira C, Calhelha R, Di Gioia F, Tzortzakis N, Ivanov M, Sokovic M, Barros L, Ferreira ICFR. Wild and Cultivated Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta: A Valuable Source of Bioactive Compounds. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040314. [PMID: 32326524 PMCID: PMC7222212 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Centaurea raphanina subsp. mixta (DC.) Runemark is a wild edible species endemic to Greece. This study evaluated the chemical composition and bioactive properties of wild and cultivated C. raphanina subsp. mixta plants. Wild plants had higher nutritional value than cultivated ones, whereas cultivated plants contained more tocopherols. Glucose and sucrose were higher in cultivated plants and trehalose in wild ones. Oxalic and total organic acids were detected in higher amounts in cultivated samples. The main fatty acids were α-linolenic, linoleic and palmitic acid, while wild plants were richer in polyunsaturated fatty acids. Two pinocembrin derivatives were the main phenolic compounds being detected in higher amounts in wild plants. Regarding the antioxidant activity, wild and cultivated plants were more effective in the oxidative haemolysis (OxHLIA) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) assays, respectively. Moreover, both extracts showed moderate cytotoxicity in non-tumor cell lines (PLP2), while cultivated plants were more effective against cervical carcinoma (HeLa), breast carcinoma (MCF-7) and non-small lung cancer (NCI-H460) cell lines. Finally, wild plants showed higher antimicrobial activity than cultivated plants against specific pathogens. In conclusion, the cultivation of C.raphanina subsp. mixta showed promising results in terms of tocopherols content and antiproliferative effects, however further research is needed to decrease oxalic acid content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon A. Petropoulos
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, Fytokou Street, 38446 N. Ionia, Greece
- Correspondence: (S.A.P.); (I.C.F.R.F.); Tel.: +30-2421-093-196 (S.A.P.); +351-273-330-904 (I.C.F.R.F.)
| | - Ângela Fernandes
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (Â.F.); (M.I.D.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Maria Ines Dias
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (Â.F.); (M.I.D.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Carla Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (Â.F.); (M.I.D.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Ricardo Calhelha
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (Â.F.); (M.I.D.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Francesco Di Gioia
- Department of Plant Science, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, PA 16802, USA;
| | - Nikolaos Tzortzakis
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Biotechnology and Food Science, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos 3603, Cyprus;
| | - Marija Ivanov
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Marina Sokovic
- Institute for Biological Research “Siniša Stanković”-National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Bulevar despota Stefana 142, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; (M.I.); (M.S.)
| | - Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (Â.F.); (M.I.D.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (L.B.)
| | - Isabel C. F. R. Ferreira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal; (Â.F.); (M.I.D.); (C.P.); (R.C.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: (S.A.P.); (I.C.F.R.F.); Tel.: +30-2421-093-196 (S.A.P.); +351-273-330-904 (I.C.F.R.F.)
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Barros L. Antioxidants Properties of Natural Products: A Themed Issue in Honor of Professor Isabel C.F.R. Ferreira. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9040286. [PMID: 32231030 PMCID: PMC7222204 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9040286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lillian Barros
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal
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Nemzer B, Al-Taher F, Abshiru N. Phytochemical composition and nutritional value of different plant parts in two cultivated and wild purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.) genotypes. Food Chem 2020; 320:126621. [PMID: 32203838 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.126621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) is a weed naturally found in driveways, lawns, and fields and edible in many regions of Europe, Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Australia. The purpose of this study was to compare the nutritional and phytochemical components of cultivated and wild purslane. Omega-3 contents of both purslane genotypes were comparable with 189.16 ± 25.52 mg/100 g dry weight and 188.48 ± 6.35 mg/100 g dry weight in cultivated and wild purslane leaves, respectively. Omega-6/omega-3 ratio (1:1-1:3) were low in both genotypes. However, high levels of oxalic acid were observed. Cultivated contained greater amounts of amino acids and vitamins than wild purslane. Of the 184 compounds identified in both genotypes by LC-MS/MS, including phenolic acids, organic acids, flavonoids, alkaloids, and betanin, more than 80 showed greater than two-fold abundance in the wild compared to cultivated purslane. Purslane has the potential to be cultivated as a food ingredient for nutraceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Nemzer
- VDF FutureCeuticals, Inc, Momence, IL 60954, USA; University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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