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Anwar F, Mahrye, Khan R, Qadir R, Saadi S, Gruczynska-Sekowska E, Saari N, Hossain Brishti F. Exploring the Biochemical and Nutra-Pharmaceutical Prospects of Some Thymus Species - A Review. Chem Biodivers 2024; 21:e202400500. [PMID: 38719739 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202400500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The Thymus genus includes various medicinal and aromatic species, cultivated worldwide for their unique medicinal and economic value. Besides, their conventional use as a culinary flavoring agent, Thymus species are well-known for their diverse biological effects, such as antioxidant, anti-fungal, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-hypertensive properties. Hence, they are used in the treatment of fever, colds, and digestive and cardiovascular diseases. The pharmaceutical significance of Thymus plants is due to their high levels of bioactive components such as natural terpenoid phenol derivatives (p-cymene, carvacrol, thymol, geraniol), flavonoids, alkaloids, and phenolic acids. This review examines the phytochemicals, biological properties, functional food, and nutraceutical attributes of some important Thymus species, with a specific focus on their potential uses in the nutra-pharmaceutical industries. Furthermore, the review provides an insight into the mechanisms of biological activities of key phytochemicals of Thymus species exploring their potential for the development of novel natural drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farooq Anwar
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Mahrye
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Rahim Khan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Qadir
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sami Saadi
- Institute de la Nutrition, de l'Alimentation et des Technologies Agroalimetaires INATAA, Universitédes Frères Mentouri Constantine 1, Route de Ain El Bey-Constantine, Algeria
- Laboratoire de Génie Agro-Alimentaire (GeniAAl), INATAA, Université Frères Mentouri Constantine 1 UFC1, Route de Ain, El Bey-Constantine, Algeria
| | - Eliza Gruczynska-Sekowska
- Institute of Food Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159 C, PL-02-776, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Nazamid Saari
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fatema Hossain Brishti
- Department of Food Technology, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Martins-Gomes C, Nunes FM, Silva AM. Linking Variability in Phytochemical Composition with Safety Profile of Thymus carnosus Boiss. Extracts: Effect of Major Compounds and Evaluation of Markers of Oxidative Stress and Cell Death. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5343. [PMID: 38791385 PMCID: PMC11120720 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural products are generally considered safe for human consumption, but this classification is often based on ethnobotanical surveys or their use in traditional medicine over a long period of time. However, edaphoclimatic factors are known to produce different chemotypes, which may affect the safety profile and bioactivities, and are not commonly considered for plants exploited as crops worldwide. Thymus carnosus Boiss., a thyme species with various health-promoting effects, has potential pharmaceutical applications, but edaphoclimatic factors were found to significantly impact its phytochemical composition. Thus, we aimed to assess the safety profile of T. carnosus extracts obtained from plants harvested in two locations over three consecutive years and to establish an association with specific components, an essential study in the search for new sources of nutraceuticals. Thus, the antiproliferative effect of an aqueous decoction (AD), hydroethanolic (HE) extracts, and major extracts' components of T. carnosus was evaluated on intestinal (Caco-2) and hepatic (HepG2) cell models, revealing effects dependent on extract type, cell line, and tested compounds. Flavonoids induced different cytotoxic patterns, which could be attributed to molecular structural differences. Flow cytometry analysis showed apoptosis and necrosis induction, mediated by the modulation of intracellular reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential, effects that were dependent on the cell line and phytochemical composition and on the synergism between extracts components, rather than on the activity of an isolated compound. While ursolic acid was the component with the strongest impact on the difference between extraction methods, flavonoids assumed a pivotal role in the response of different cell lines to the extracts. We report for the first time, for Thymus spp. extracts, that variations in the phytochemical composition clearly influence the cellular response, thus highlighting the need for extract standardization for medicinal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Cell Biology and Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Fernando M. Nunes
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Cell Biology and Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-Food Production (Inov4gro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Frazão DF, Martins-Gomes C, Díaz TS, Delgado F, Gonçalves JC, Silva AM. Labdanum Resin from Cistus ladanifer L. as a Source of Compounds with Anti-Diabetic, Neuroprotective and Anti-Proliferative Activity. Molecules 2024; 29:2222. [PMID: 38792084 PMCID: PMC11124373 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29102222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Labdanum resin or "gum" can be obtained from Cistus ladanifer L. by two different extraction methods: the Zamorean and the Andalusian processes. Although its main use is in the fragrance and perfumery sectors, ethnobotanical reports describe its use for medicinal purposes in managing hyperglycemia and mental illnesses. However, data concerning the bioactivities and pharmacological applications are scarce. In this work, it was found that the yield of labdanum resin extracted by the Andalusian process was 25-fold higher than the Zamorean one. Both resins were purified as absolutes, and the Andalusian absolute was purified into diterpenoid and flavonoid fractions. GC-EI-MS analysis confirmed the presence of phenylpropanoids, labdane-type diterpenoids, and methylated flavonoids, which are already described in the literature, but revealed other compounds, and showed that the different extracts presented distinct chemical profile. The potential antidiabetic activity, by inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and the potential neuroprotective activity, by inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, were investigated. Diterpenoid fraction produced the higher α-amylase inhibitory effect (~30% and ~40% at 0.5 and 1 mg/mL, respectively). Zamorean absolute showed the highest α-glucosidase inhibitory effect (~14% and ~24%, at 0.5 and 1 mg/mL, respectively). Andalusian absolute showed the highest acetylcholinesterase inhibitory effect (~70% and ~75%, at 0.5 and 1 mg/mL, respectively). Using Caco-2 and HepG2 cell lines, Andalusian absolute and its purified fractions showed moderate cytotoxic/anti-proliferative activity at 24 h exposure (IC50 = 45-70 µg/mL, for Caco-2; IC50 = 60-80 µg/mL, for HepG2), whereas Zamorean absolute did not produce cytotoxicity (IC50 ≥ 200.00 µg/mL). Here we show, for the first time, that labdanum resin obtained by the Andalusian process, and its fractions, are composed of phytochemicals with anti-diabetic, neuroprotective and anti-proliferative potential, which are worth investigating for the pharmaceutical industry. However, toxic side-effects must also be addressed when using these products by ingestion, as done traditionally.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Frazão
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (D.F.F.); (C.M.-G.)
- Plant Biotechnology Center of Beira Interior (CBPBI), Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, Apartado 119, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (F.D.); (J.C.G.)
- Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development (MED), Centre of Agronomic and Agro-Industrial Biotechnology of Alentejo (CEBAL), 7801-908 Beja, Portugal
| | - Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (D.F.F.); (C.M.-G.)
| | - Teresa Sosa Díaz
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Fernanda Delgado
- Plant Biotechnology Center of Beira Interior (CBPBI), Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, Apartado 119, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (F.D.); (J.C.G.)
- Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco (IPCB), Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, Apartado 119, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - José C. Gonçalves
- Plant Biotechnology Center of Beira Interior (CBPBI), Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, Apartado 119, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (F.D.); (J.C.G.)
- Research Centre for Natural Resources, Environment and Society (CERNAS), Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco (IPCB), Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, Apartado 119, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (D.F.F.); (C.M.-G.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Martins-Gomes C, Nunes FM, Silva AM. Natural Products as Dietary Agents for the Prevention and Mitigation of Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in the Intestinal Barrier. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:65. [PMID: 38247489 PMCID: PMC10812469 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Food intake is a basic need to sustain life, but foodborne pathogens and food-related xenobiotics are also the main health concerns regarding intestinal barrier homeostasis. With a predominant role in the well-being of the entire human body, intestinal barrier homeostasis is strictly regulated by epithelial and immune cells. These cells are also the main intervenients in oxidative stress and inflammation-related diseases in the intestinal tract, triggered, for example, by genetic/epigenetic factors, food additives, pesticides, drugs, pathogens, and their metabolites. Nevertheless, the human diet can also be seen as a solution for the problem, mainly via the inclusion of functional foods or nutraceuticals that may act as antioxidant/anti-inflammatory agents to prevent and mitigate acute and chronic oxidative damage and inflammation. A literature analysis of recent advances in this topic highlights the significant role of Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) and NF-kB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) pathways in these biological processes, with many natural products and phytochemicals targeting endogenous antioxidant systems and cytokine production and balance. In this review, we summarized and discussed studies using in vitro and in vivo models of the intestinal tract used to reproduce oxidative damage and inflammatory events, as well as the role of natural products as modulators of Nrf2 and NK-kB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Cell Biology and Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Fernando M. Nunes
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Cell Biology and Biochemistry Laboratory, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Institute for Innovation, Capacity Building and Sustainability of Agri-food Production (Inov4gro), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Abraão A, Martins-Gomes C, Domínguez-Perles R, Barros A, Silva AM. Molecular Characterization of Prunus lusitanica L. Fruit Extracts and Their Health-Promoting Potential in Inflammation, Diabetes, and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108830. [PMID: 37240175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Prunus lusitanica L. is a shrub belonging to the genus Prunus L. (Rosaceae family) that produces small fruits with none known application. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the phenolic profile and some health-promoting activities of hydroethanolic (HE) extracts obtained from P. lusitanica fruits, harvested from three different locations. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of extracts was performed using HPLC/DAD-ESI-MS and antioxidant activity was assessed by in vitro methods. Antiproliferative/cytotoxic activity was determined on Caco-2, HepG2, and RAW 264.7 cells, anti-inflammatory activity was assessed using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, and the antidiabetic, antiaging, and neurobiological action of extracts was determined in vitro by assessing their inhibitory effect against the activity of α-amylase, α-glucosidase, elastase, tyrosinase, and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Results showed that P. lusitanica fruit HE extracts from the three different locations showed identical phytochemical profile and bioactivities, although small differences were observed regarding the quantities of some compounds. Extracts of P. lusitanica fruits contain high levels in total phenolic compounds, namely, hydroxycinnamic acids, as well as flavan-3-ols and anthocyanins, primarily cyanidin-3-(6-trans-p-coumaroyl)glucoside. P. lusitanica fruit extracts have a low cytotoxic/antiproliferative effect, with the lowest IC50 value obtained in HepG2 cells (352.6 ± 10.0 μg/mL, at 48 h exposure), but high anti-inflammatory activity (50-60% NO release inhibition, at 100 μg/mL extract) and neuroprotective potential (35-39% AChE inhibition, at 1 mg/mL), and moderate antiaging (9-15% tyrosinase inhibition, at 1 mg/mL) and antidiabetic (9-15% α-glucosidase inhibition, at 1 mg/mL) effects. The bioactive molecules present in the fruits of P. lusitanica deserve to be further explored for the development of new drugs of interest to the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Abraão
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Raúl Domínguez-Perles
- Phytochemistry and Healthy Foods Lab (LabFAS), Department of Food Science and Technology (CEBAS-CSIC), University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Barros
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Amélia M Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA-ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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Galindo-Camacho RM, Haro I, Gómara MJ, Espina M, Fonseca J, Martins-Gomes C, Camins A, Silva AM, García ML, Souto EB. Cell penetrating peptides-functionalized Licochalcone-A-loaded PLGA nanoparticles for ocular inflammatory diseases: evaluation of in vitro anti-proliferative effects, stabilization by freeze-drying and characterization of an in-situ forming gel. Int J Pharm 2023; 639:122982. [PMID: 37116598 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2023.122982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Licochalcone-A (Lico-A) PLGA NPs functionalized with cell penetrating peptides B6 and Tet-1 are proposed for the treatment of ocular anti-inflammatory diseases. In this work, we report the in vitro biocompatibility of cell penetrating peptides-functionalized Lico-A-loaded PLGA NPs in Caco-2 cell lines revealing a non-cytotoxic profile, and their anti-inflammatory activity against RAW 264.7 cell lines. Given the risk of hydrolysis of the liquid suspensions, freeze-drying was carried out testing different cryoprotectants (e.g., disaccharides, alcohols, and oligosaccharide-derived sugar alcohol) to prevent particle aggregation and mitigate physical stress. As the purpose is the topical eye instillation of the nanoparticles, to reduce precorneal wash-out, increase residence time and thus Lico-A bioavailability, an in-situ forming gel based on poloxamer 407 containing Lico-A loaded PLGA nanoparticles functionalized with B6 and Tet-1 for ocular administration has been developed. Developed formulations remain in a flowing semi-liquid state under non-physiological conditions and transformed into a semi-solid state under ocular temperature conditions (35 °C), which is beneficial for ocular administration. The pH, viscosity, texture parameters and gelation temperature results met the requirements for ophthalmic formulations. The gel has characteristics of viscoelasticity, suitable mechanical and mucoadhesive performance which facilitate its uniform distribution over the conjunctiva surface. In conclusion, we anticipate the potential clinical significance of our developed product provided that a synergistic effect is achieved by combining the high anti-inflammatory activity of Lico-A delivered by PLGA NPs with B6 and Tet-1 for site-specific targeting in the eye, using an in-situ forming gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth M Galindo-Camacho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Haro
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María J Gómara
- Unit of Synthesis and Biomedical Applications of Peptides, IQAC-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Espina
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joel Fonseca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Antoni Camins
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain; Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Amélia M Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, P-5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - María L García
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology, and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Sciences, University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; UCIBIO - Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, MEDTECH, Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Drug Sciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal; Associate Laboratory i4HB - Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Park SY, Raka RN, Hui XL, Song Y, Sun JL, Xiang J, Wang J, Jin JM, Li XK, Xiao JS, Wu H. Six Spain Thymus essential oils composition analysis and their in vitro and in silico study against Streptococcus mutans. BMC Complement Med Ther 2023; 23:106. [PMID: 37020229 PMCID: PMC10074788 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-023-03928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Streptococcus mutans is a well-known oral pathogen that plays a critical role in the development of dental caries. Many studies have been directed to discover the chemical compounds present in natural products to inhibit the growth and biofilm formation activity of S. mutans. Thymus essential oils exhibit good inhibition on the growth and pathogenesis of S. mutans. However, details about the active compounds in Thymus essential oil and the inhibition mechanism still remain unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the antimicrobial activity of 6 Thymus species (Three samples of Thymus vulgaris, two samples of Thymus zygis, and one sample of Thymus satureioides essential oils) on S. mutans, to identify the potential active components, and to reveal the underlying mechanism. METHODS The composition of Thymus essential oils was analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. And its antibacterial effect was evaluated based on the bacterial growth, acid production, biofilm formation and genetic expression of virulence factors by S. mutans. Potential active components of the Thymus essential oil were identified using molecular docking and correlation analysis. RESULTS GC-MS analysis showed that the major components in the 6 Spain Thymus essential oils were linalool, α-terpineol, p-cymene, thymol and carvacrol. MIC and MBC analysis showed that 3 Thymus essential oils showed very sensitive antimicrobial activity, and were chosen for further analysis. The 3 Thymus essential oil exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on acid production, adherence and biofilm formation of S. mutans and the expression of virulence genes, such as brpA, gbpB, gtfB, gtfC, gtfD, vicR, spaP and relA. Correlation analysis showed that phenolic components, such as carvacrol and thymol, were positively related to DIZ value, which suggests that they are the potential antimicrobial components. Molecular docking between the Thymus essential oil components and virulence proteins also found that carvacrol and thymol exhibited strong binding affinity with functional domains of virulence genes. CONCLUSIONS Thymus essential oil showed significant inhibition against the growth and pathogenesis of S. mutans depending on their composition and concentration. And phenolic compounds, such as carvacrol and thymol, are the major active components. Thymus essential oil could be used in oral healthcare products as a potential anti-caries ingredient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Yeon Park
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Rifat Nowshin Raka
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xiu-Li Hui
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Song
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jin-Long Sun
- Department of Stomatology, General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Xiang
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Juan Wang
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Jian-Ming Jin
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Xu-Kai Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, College of Life Sciences, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, China
| | - Jun-Song Xiao
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Hua Wu
- College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Building No.1, Fucheng Road 11#, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China.
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Martins-Gomes C, Steck J, Keller J, Bunzel M, Santos JA, Nunes FM, Silva AM. Phytochemical Composition and Antioxidant, Anti-Acetylcholinesterase, and Anti-α-Glucosidase Activity of Thymus carnosus Extracts: A Three-Year Study on the Impact of Annual Variation and Geographic Location. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 12:antiox12030668. [PMID: 36978915 PMCID: PMC10045533 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12030668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Thymus carnosus Boiss. is a near-threatened species, and, as for many species, its potential for medicinal purposes may be lost if measures towards plant protection are not taken. A way of preserving these species is to increase knowledge about their medicinal properties and economic potential. Thus, with the objective of studying the potentiality of introducing T. carnosus as a crop, the stability of the phytochemical profile of T. carnosus was studied during a period of three years by comparing the phytochemical profile of extracts obtained from plants harvested in two different edaphoclimatic locations, as well as by comparing the respective bioactivities, namely, antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiaging, and neuroprotective activities. It was reported, for the first time, the effect of annual variation and geographic location in the phytochemical composition of aqueous decoction and hydroethanolic extracts of T. carnosus. In addition, the presence of two salvianolic acid B/E isomers in T. carnosus extracts is here described for the first time. Despite the variations in phytochemical composition, according to harvesting location or year, T. carnosus extracts maintain high antioxidant activity, assessed by their capacity to scavenge ABTS•+, •OH , NO•, O2•- radicals, as well as to prevent β-carotene bleaching. All extracts presented significant potential to inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE), tyrosinase, and α-glucosidase, denoting neuroprotective, anti-aging, and anti-diabetic potential. In conclusion, the vegetative stage and location of harvest are key factors to obtain the maximum potential of this species, namely, a phytochemical profile with health benefit bioactivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Jan Steck
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Judith Keller
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - João A Santos
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Physics, School of Sciences and Technology, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernando M Nunes
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life and Environmental Sciences (ECVA), UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Amélia M Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment, ECVA, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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9
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Microbiota-Derived Natural Products Targeting Cancer Stem Cells: Inside the Gut Pharma Factory. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24054997. [PMID: 36902427 PMCID: PMC10003410 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24054997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have drawn much attention as important tumour-initiating cells that may also be crucial for recurrence after chemotherapy. Although the activity of CSCs in various forms of cancer is complex and yet to be fully elucidated, opportunities for therapies targeting CSCs exist. CSCs are molecularly distinct from bulk tumour cells, so they can be targeted by exploiting their signature molecular pathways. Inhibiting stemness has the potential to reduce the risk posed by CSCs by limiting or eliminating their capacity for tumorigenesis, proliferation, metastasis, and recurrence. Here, we briefly described the role of CSCs in tumour biology, the mechanisms involved in CSC therapy resistance, and the role of the gut microbiota in cancer development and treatment, to then review and discuss the current advances in the discovery of microbiota-derived natural compounds targeting CSCs. Collectively, our overview suggests that dietary intervention, toward the production of those identified microbial metabolites capable of suppressing CSC properties, is a promising approach to support standard chemotherapy.
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10
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Martins-Gomes C, Nunes FM, Silva AM. Modulation of Cell Death Pathways for Cellular Protection and Anti-Tumoral Activity: The Role of Thymus spp. Extracts and Their Bioactive Molecules. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021691. [PMID: 36675206 PMCID: PMC9864824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products used for their health-promoting properties have accompanied the evolution of humanity. Nowadays, as an effort to scientifically validate the health-promoting effects described by traditional medicine, an ever-growing number of bioactivities are being described for natural products and the phytochemicals that constitute them. Among them, medicinal plants and more specifically the Thymus genus spp., arise as products already present in the diet and with high acceptance, that are a source of phytochemicals with high pharmacological value. Phenolic acids, flavonoid glycoside derivatives, and terpenoids from Thymus spp. have been described for their ability to modulate cell death and survival pathways, much-valued bioactivities in the pharmaceutical industry, that continually sought-after new formulations to prevent undesired cell death or to control cell proliferation. Among these, wound treatment, protection from endogenous/exogenous toxic molecules, or the induction of selective cell death, such as the search for new anti-tumoral agents, arise as main objectives. This review summarizes and discusses studies on Thymus spp., as well as on compounds present in their extracts, with regard to their health-promoting effects involving the modulation of cell death or survival signaling pathways. In addition, studies regarding the main bioactive molecules and their cellular molecular targets were also reviewed. Concerning cell survival and proliferation, Thymus spp. present themselves as an option for new formulations designed for wound healing and protection against chemicals-induced toxicity. However, Thymus spp. extracts and some of their compounds regulate cell death, presenting anti-tumoral activity. Therefore Thymus spp. is a rich source of compounds with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Cell Biology and Biochemistry Lab, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, UTAD Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernando M. Nunes
- Chemistry Research Centre-Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, UTAD Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), Cell Biology and Biochemistry Lab, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259-350-921
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11
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dos Santos TR, dos Santos Melo J, dos Santos AV, Severino P, Lima ÁS, Souto EB, Zielińska A, Cardoso JC. Development of a Protein-Rich By-Product by 2 3 Factorial Design: Characterization of Its Nutritional Value and Sensory Analysis. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27248918. [PMID: 36558047 PMCID: PMC9783521 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27248918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was the development of a cereal bar based on bee pollen (BP), honey (H), and flour by-products (peel passion fruit flour-PPFF), generating an innovative product. BP is a protein-rich ingredient and can be used in the composition of cereal bars. PPFF is a by-product rich in fibers. The formulations were developed using a 23 factorial design with four replicates in the center point, studying the sensory analysis as a response variable. The texture and nutritional parameters were performed for the optimal formulation. BP showed ca. 15% of protein. The final formulation (10.35% BP, 6.8% PPFF, and 25% H) presented 22.2% moisture, 1.8% ash, 0.4% total fat, 3.0% fiber, 63.1% carbohydrates, and 74.0 Kcal/25 g. The sensory analysis presented valued around 7 (typical of a traditional bar). Regarding the possibility of purchasing the product, 51% of the panelists said they would probably buy the developed product. The formulated cereal bar had a similar composition as those already marketed. Moreover, it can be considered a source of fiber and is sensory acceptable. This approach opens up new opportunities for developing nutritional and functional foodstuff with improved sensorial aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thamara R. dos Santos
- Department of Pharmacy, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Murilo Dantas Ave. 300, Farolândia, Aracaju 49032-490, SE, Brazil
| | - Jakcline dos Santos Melo
- Department of Pharmacy, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Murilo Dantas Ave. 300, Farolândia, Aracaju 49032-490, SE, Brazil
| | - Alysson V. dos Santos
- Post-Graduation Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Murilo Dantas Ave. 300, Farolândia, Aracaju 49032-490, SE, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Department of Pharmacy, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Murilo Dantas Ave. 300, Farolândia, Aracaju 49032-490, SE, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Industrial Biotechnology, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Murilo Dantas Ave. 300, Farolândia, Aracaju 49032-490, SE, Brazil
- Technology and Research Institute (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Murilo Dantas Ave. 300, Farolândia, Aracaju 49032-490, SE, Brazil
| | - Álvaro S. Lima
- Post-Graduation Program in Process Engineering, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Murilo Dantas Ave. 300, Farolândia, Aracaju 49032-490, SE, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Industrial Biotechnology, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Murilo Dantas Ave. 300, Farolândia, Aracaju 49032-490, SE, Brazil
- Technology and Research Institute (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Murilo Dantas Ave. 300, Farolândia, Aracaju 49032-490, SE, Brazil
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- REQUIMTE/UCIBIO, Faculty of Pharmacy of University of Porto, Rua Jorge de Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
- Correspondence: (E.B.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Aleksandra Zielińska
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Strzeszyńska 32, 60-479 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: (E.B.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Juliana C. Cardoso
- Department of Pharmacy, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Murilo Dantas Ave. 300, Farolândia, Aracaju 49032-490, SE, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Industrial Biotechnology, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Murilo Dantas Ave. 300, Farolândia, Aracaju 49032-490, SE, Brazil
- Post-Graduation Program in Environmental and Health, Tiradentes University (UNIT), Murilo Dantas Ave. 300, Farolândia, Aracaju 49032-490, SE, Brazil
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12
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Molecular Characterization of Thymus capitellatus Extracts and Their Antioxidant, Neuroprotective and Anti-Proliferative Activities. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232315187. [PMID: 36499513 PMCID: PMC9738728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232315187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus capitellatus Hoffmanns & Link is an endemic species of the Iberian Peninsula listed as near-threatened, due to its restricted geographical distribution, occurring mainly in Portugal's mainland. In this work, we detail for the first time T. capitellatus extracts' phytochemical composition, as well as an evaluation of bioactivities to point out potential health benefits. Aqueous decoction (AD) and hydroethanolic (HE) extracts were obtained, both rich in flavonoids. However, quercetin-(?)-O-hexoside was identified as the main compound in T. capitellatus HE extract, while the phenolic acid rosmarinic acid was the main component of AD extracts. In addition, HE extract presents significant amounts of salvianolic acids and of the terpenoids oleanolic and ursolic acid. Both extracts showed antioxidant activity, evaluated by their capacity to scavenge ABTS and superoxide radicals, as well as an ability to prevent lipid peroxidation. AD extracts were also effective in scavenging hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals. As potential functional foods, T. capitellatus extracts presented neuroprotective and anti-diabetic activity, in addition to time- and dose-dependent anti-proliferative activity against Caco-2 (colorectal adenocarcinoma) and HepG2 (hepatic carcinoma) cells. HE extract presented higher cytotoxicity than AD extract, and HepG2 cells were more resistant than Caco-2 cells. After 24 h exposure to HE extract, the IC50 values were 330 μg/mL and 447 μg/mL for Caco-2 and HepG2 cells, respectively. T. capitellatus has potential as a functional food or as a source of bioactive molecules. These results also highlight the need to preserve species with as yet unknown molecular compositions and potential medicinal applications.
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13
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Chemical profile and in vitro Antibacterial potential of Essential Oils and Hydrolat Extracts from Aerial Parts of Three Wild species of Moroccan Thymus. SCIENTIFIC AFRICAN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sciaf.2022.e01434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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14
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Ferreira SS, Martins-Gomes C, Nunes FM, Silva AM. Elderberry (Sambucus nigra L.) extracts promote anti-inflammatory and cellular antioxidant activity. Food Chem X 2022; 15:100437. [PMID: 36211754 PMCID: PMC9532789 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2022.100437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracts of Sambucus nigra berries have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Elderberries prevented the oxidative damage induced by tert-butyl-hydroperoxide. Elderberries protect HepG2 and Caco-2 cells from t-BOOH-induced oxidative stress. Elderberry extracts prevented GSH depletion, ROS production, and DNA fragmentation. Elderberries can be considered a functional food or a sources of nutraceuticals.
Despite the high value of Portuguese elderberries, recognized for decades by European markets, only a few studies address their beneficial effects at cellular level. Aiming to explore the anti-inflammatory and the cellular antioxidant potential characterized extracts from the three main Portuguese elderberry cultivars (Sabugueiro, Sabugueira, Bastardeira) were used. Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells pre-exposed to elderberry extracts exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of nitric oxide release, evidencing anti-inflammatory activity. Concerning cellular antioxidant protection, HepG2 and Caco-2 cells pre-exposure to elderberry extracts (50 µg/mL) prevented up-to 90 % of tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH)-induced toxicity. In Caco-2 cells, elderberry extracts prevented glutathione depletion, reactive oxygen species production, abnormal morphological changes and DNA fragmentation, in response to t-BOOH oxidative insult. Results demonstrated that elderberries have high potential in reducing cellular oxidative stress as well as in preventing inflammatory processes. Thus, elderberries have high potential as health promoters, acting as functional foods or as sources of nutraceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine S. Ferreira
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Chemistry Research Center – Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab., University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Chemistry Research Center – Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab., University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernando M. Nunes
- Chemistry Research Center – Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab., University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Corresponding authors at: Chemistry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (F.M. Nunes). Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal (A.M. Silva).
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Biology and Environment, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Corresponding authors at: Chemistry Department, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal (F.M. Nunes). Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal (A.M. Silva).
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15
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Silva AM, Martins-Gomes C, Ferreira SS, Souto EB, Andreani T. Molecular Physicochemical Properties of Selected Pesticides as Predictive Factors for Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis-Dependent Cell Death in Caco-2 and HepG2 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158107. [PMID: 35897683 PMCID: PMC9331544 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, three pesticides of different physicochemical properties: glyphosate (GLY, herbicide), imidacloprid (IMD, insecticide), and imazalil (IMZ, fungicide), were selected to assess their cytotoxicity against Caco-2 and HepG2 cells. Cell viability was assessed by the Alamar Blue assay, after 24 and 48 h exposure to different concentrations, and IC50 values were calculated. The mechanisms underlying toxicity, namely cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), glutathione (GSH) content, lipid peroxidation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), and apoptosis/necrosis induction were assessed by flow cytometry. Cytotoxic profiles were further correlated with the molecular physicochemical parameters of pesticides, namely: water solubility, partition coefficient in an n-octanol/water (Log Pow) system, topological polar surface area (TPSA), the number of hydrogen-bonds (donor/acceptor), and rotatable bonds. In vitro outputs resulted in the following toxicity level: IMZ (Caco-2: IC50 = 253.5 ± 3.37 μM, and HepG2: IC50 = 94 ± 12 μM) > IMD (Caco-2: IC50 > 1 mM and HepG2: IC50 = 624 ± 24 μM) > GLY (IC50 >>1 mM, both cell lines), after 24 h treatment, being toxicity time-dependent (lower IC50 values at 48 h). Toxicity is explained by oxidative stress, as IMZ induced a higher intracellular ROS increase and lipid peroxidation, followed by IMD, while GLY did not change these markers. However, the three pesticides induced loss of MMP in HepG2 cells while in Caco-2 cells only IMZ produced significant MMP loss. Increased ROS and loss of MMP promoted apoptosis in Caco-2 cells subjected to IMZ, and in HepG2 cells exposed to IMD and IMZ, as assessed by Annexin-V/PI. The toxicity profile of pesticides is directly correlated with their Log Pow, as affinity for the lipophilic environment favours interaction with cell membranes governs, and is inversely correlated with their TPSA; however, membrane permeation is favoured by lower TPSA. IMZ presents the best molecular properties for membrane interaction and cell permeation, i.e., higher Log Pow, lower TPSA and lower hydrogen-bond (H-bond) donor/acceptor correlating with its higher toxicity. In conclusion, molecular physicochemical factors such as Log Pow, TPSA, and H-bond are likely to be directly correlated with pesticide-induced toxicity, thus they are key factors to potentially predict the toxicity of other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélia M. Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.M.-G.); (S.S.F.)
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259-350-921
| | - Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.M.-G.); (S.S.F.)
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Sandrine S. Ferreira
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.M.-G.); (S.S.F.)
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Andreani
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre and Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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16
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Silva AM, Martins-Gomes C, Silva TL, Coutinho TE, Souto EB, Andreani T. In Vitro Assessment of Pesticides Toxicity and Data Correlation with Pesticides Physicochemical Properties for Prediction of Toxicity in Gastrointestinal and Skin Contact Exposure. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070378. [PMID: 35878283 PMCID: PMC9317861 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this work, three pesticides of different physicochemical properties, namely, glyphosate (herbicide), imidacloprid (insecticide) and imazalil (fungicide), were selected to assess their cytotoxicity against distinct cell models (Caco-2, HepG2, A431, HaCaT, SK-MEL-5 and RAW 264.7 cells) to mimic gastrointestinal and skin exposure with potential systemic effect. Cells were subjected to different concentrations of selected pesticides for 24 h or 48 h. Cell viability was assessed by Alamar Blue assay, morphological changes by bright-field microscopy and the IC50 values were calculated. Cytotoxic profiles were analysed using the physico-chemical parameters of the pesticides, namely: molecular weight, water solubility, the partition coefficient in the n-octanol/water (Log Pow) system, the topological polar surface area (TPSA), and number of hydrogen-bonds (donor/acceptor) and rotatable bonds. Results showed that glyphosate did not reduce cell viability (up to 1 mM), imidacloprid induced moderate toxicity (IC50 > 1 mM for Caco-2 cells while IC50 = 305.9 ± 22.4 μM for RAW 264.7 cells) and imazalil was highly cytotoxic (IC50 > 253.5 ± 3.37 for Caco-2 cells while IC50 = 31.3 ± 2.7 μM for RAW 264.7 cells) after 24 h exposure. Toxicity was time-dependent as IC50 values at 48 h exposure were lower, and decrease in cell viability was accompanied by changes in cell morphology. Pesticides toxicity was found to be directly proportional with their Log Pow, indicating that the affinity to a lipophilic environment such as the cell membranes governs their toxicity. Toxicity is inverse to pesticides TPSA, but lower TPSA favours membrane permeation. The lower toxicity against Caco-2 cells was attributed to the physiology and metabolism of cell barriers equipped with various ABC transporters. In conclusion, physicochemical factors such as Log Pow, TPSA and H-bond are likely to be directly correlated with pesticide-induced toxicity, thus being key factors to potentially predict the toxicity of other compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélia M. Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.M.-G.); (T.L.S.); (T.E.C.)
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259-350-921
| | - Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.M.-G.); (T.L.S.); (T.E.C.)
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Tânia L. Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.M.-G.); (T.L.S.); (T.E.C.)
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Tiago E. Coutinho
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (C.M.-G.); (T.L.S.); (T.E.C.)
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Tatiana Andreani
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- GreenUPorto—Sustainable Agrifood Production Research Centre & Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences of the University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
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17
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Coutinho TE, Souto EB, Silva AM. Selected Flavonoids to Target Melanoma: A Perspective in Nanoengineering Delivery Systems. Bioengineering (Basel) 2022; 9:bioengineering9070290. [PMID: 35877341 PMCID: PMC9311564 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering9070290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is a complex type of cancer that depends on several metabolic factors, while the currently used therapies are not always effective and have unwanted side effects. In this review, the main factors involved in the etiology of cutaneous carcinoma are highlighted, together with the main genes and proteins that regulate cancer invasion and metastization. The role of five selected flavonoids, namely, apigenin, epigallocatechin-3-gallate, kaempferol, naringenin, and silybin, in the modulating receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) and Wnt pathways is reported with their relevance in the future design of drugs to mitigate and/or treat melanoma. However, as phenolic compounds have some difficulties in reaching the target site, the encapsulation of these compounds in nanoparticles is a promising strategy to promote improved physicochemical stabilization of the bioactives and achieve greater bioavailability. Scientific evidence is given about the beneficial effects of loading these flavonoids into selected nanoparticles for further exploitation in the treatment of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiago E. Coutinho
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal;
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-259-350-921
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Frazão DF, Martins-Gomes C, Steck JL, Keller J, Delgado F, Gonçalves JC, Bunzel M, Pintado CMBS, Díaz TS, Silva AM. Labdanum Resin from Cistus ladanifer L.: A Natural and Sustainable Ingredient for Skin Care Cosmetics with Relevant Cosmeceutical Bioactivities. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11111477. [PMID: 35684251 PMCID: PMC9183103 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Labdanum resin from Cistus ladanifer L. (Cistaceae) is an abundant natural resource in the Iberian Peninsula worth being explored in a sustainable manner. It is already used in the cosmetic industry; mainly by the fragrances/perfumery sector. However, given the highest market share and traditional uses, labdanum resin also has the potential to be used and valued as a cosmetic ingredient for skincare. Aiming to evaluate this potential, labdanum methanolic absolute and fractions purified by column chromatography were characterized by UPLC-DAD-ESI-MS and then evaluated for UV-protection, antioxidant, anti-elastase, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial activities. Labdanum absolute represented ~70% of the resin; diterpenoid and flavonoid fractions represented ~75% and 15% of the absolute, respectively. Labdane-type diterpenoids and methylated flavonoids were the main compounds in labdanum absolute and in diterpenoid and flavonoid fractions, respectively. Labdanum absolute showed a spectrophotometric sun protection factor (SPF) near 5, which is mainly due to flavonoids, as the flavonoids’ SPF was 13. Low antioxidant activity was observed, with ABTS radical scavenging being the most significant (0.142 ± 0.017, 0.379 ± 0.039 and 0.010 ± 0.003 mgTE/mgExt, for the absolute and flavonoid and terpene fractions, respectively). Anti-aging and anti-inflammatory activity are reported here for the first time, by the inhibition of elastase activity (22% and 13%, by absolute and flavonoid extract at 1 mg/mL), and by the inhibition of nitric oxide production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells (84% to 98%, at 15 µg/mL extracts, flavonoid fraction the most active), respectively. Antimicrobial activity, against relevant skin and cosmetic product microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Candida albicans, and Escherichia coli, revealed that only S. aureus was susceptible to labdanum absolute (MIC: 1.2 mg/mL) and its fractions (MIC: <0.3 mg/mL). In conclusion, labdanum resin showed potential to be used in sunscreen cosmetics, anti-inflammatory skincare cosmeceuticals or medicines but has low potential as a cosmetic product preservative given the low antioxidant and low-spectrum antimicrobial activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- David F. Frazão
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (D.F.F.); (C.M.-G.)
- Plant Biotechnology Center of Beira Interior (CBPBI), Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, Apartado 119, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (F.D.); (J.C.G.); (C.M.B.S.P.)
| | - Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (D.F.F.); (C.M.-G.)
| | - Jan L. Steck
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, Building 50.41, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.L.S.); (J.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Judith Keller
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, Building 50.41, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.L.S.); (J.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Fernanda Delgado
- Plant Biotechnology Center of Beira Interior (CBPBI), Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, Apartado 119, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (F.D.); (J.C.G.); (C.M.B.S.P.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco-School of Agriculture (IPCB-ESA), Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - José C. Gonçalves
- Plant Biotechnology Center of Beira Interior (CBPBI), Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, Apartado 119, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (F.D.); (J.C.G.); (C.M.B.S.P.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco-School of Agriculture (IPCB-ESA), Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry, Institute of Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Adenauerring 20a, Building 50.41, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany; (J.L.S.); (J.K.); (M.B.)
| | - Cristina M. B. S. Pintado
- Plant Biotechnology Center of Beira Interior (CBPBI), Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, Apartado 119, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal; (F.D.); (J.C.G.); (C.M.B.S.P.)
- Polytechnic Institute of Castelo Branco-School of Agriculture (IPCB-ESA), Quinta da Senhora de Mércules, 6001-909 Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Teresa Sosa Díaz
- Department of Plant Biology, Ecology and Earth Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Extremadura, 06006 Badajoz, Spain;
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal; (D.F.F.); (C.M.-G.)
- Department of Biology and Environment, School of Life Sciences and Environment, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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19
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Elemental Profiles of Wild Thymus L. Plants Growing in Different Soil and Climate Conditions. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12083904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Plants of the genus Thymus L. are traditionally used in medicine and cooking due to the presence of biologically active compounds in them that have fungicidal, antibacterial and other medicinal properties and original taste qualities. Genetic features and growing conditions cause the elemental composition, responsibly of the synthesised medicinal compounds. However, information on the contents and distributions of elements in the organs of Thymus L. is very limited. This study was to set and compare the elements in organs of wild thyme for different soil and climatic conditions. Two species of wild Thymus L. from Mongolian steppe and on the coast of Lake Baikal were collected during flowering. Twenty-four elements, including Si, in soils, roots, stems, leaves and flowers were simultaneously determined by atomic emission spectrometry. Elemental profiles of two species of wild Thymus L. are described. It is assumed that Si is a necessary element of the plant. The predominance of the genetic resistance of plants over the influence of soil and climatic conditions is shown.
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20
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Antonietti S, Silva AM, Simões C, Almeida D, Félix LM, Papetti A, Nunes FM. Chemical Composition and Potential Biological Activity of Melanoidins From Instant Soluble Coffee and Instant Soluble Barley: A Comparative Study. Front Nutr 2022; 9:825584. [PMID: 35223955 PMCID: PMC8870621 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.825584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work a comparative study of the chemical composition and potential biological activity of high molecular weight (HMW) melanoidins isolated from instant soluble coffee (ISC) and instant soluble barley (ISB) was performed. ISB HMW melanoidins were almost exclusively composed by an ethanol soluble (EtSn) melanoidin fraction composed by glucose (76% w/w) partially susceptible to in vitro digestion, whereas ISC was composed mainly by arabinogalactans (~41% w/w) and lower amounts of galactomannans (~14% w/w) presenting a range of ethanol solubilities and resistant to in vitro digestion. Melanoidins from ISC presented a significantly higher content of condensed phenolic compounds (17/100 g) when compared to ISB (8/100 g) showing also a higher in vitro scavenging of ABTS•+ (329 mmol Trolox/100 g vs. 124 mmol Trolox/100 g) and NO radicals (inhibition percentage of 57 and 26%, respectively). Nevertheless, ISB EtSn melanoidins presented, on average a higher inhibitory effect on NO production from LPS-stimulated macrophages. ISB melanoidins, up to 1 mg/mL, did not induce toxicity in Caco-2, HepG2 and RAW 264.7 cell lines while at the highest concentration ISC slightly reduced cell viability. Thus, consumption of a diet rich in ISC and ISB melanoidins may reduce the oxidative stress, the inflammatory levels and increase the protective effects against chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Antonietti
- Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, Chemistry Department, CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre – Vila Real, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Amélia M. Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA-ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment (UTAD-ECVA), Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Cristiana Simões
- Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, Chemistry Department, CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre – Vila Real, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Diana Almeida
- Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA-ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment (UTAD-ECVA), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luis M. Félix
- Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA-ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, School of Life Sciences and Environment (UTAD-ECVA), Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre for Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB-UTAD), Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Adele Papetti
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fernando M. Nunes
- Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, Chemistry Department, CQ-VR, Chemistry Research Centre – Vila Real, School of Life Sciences and Environment, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- *Correspondence: Fernando M. Nunes
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21
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Silva AM, Félix LM, Teixeira I, Martins-Gomes C, Schäfer J, Souto EB, Santos DJ, Bunzel M, Nunes FM. Orange thyme: Phytochemical profiling, in vitro bioactivities of extracts and potential health benefits. Food Chem X 2021; 12:100171. [PMID: 34901827 PMCID: PMC8639431 DOI: 10.1016/j.fochx.2021.100171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of orange thyme as food, condiments and infusions has health benefits. Phytochemical characterization of hydroethanolic and aqueous extracts was performed. Orange thyme extracts present neuroprotective, anti-aging and antioxidant activity. Orange thyme extracts present high anti-inflammatory activity with no cytotoxicity.
Orange thyme (Thymus fragrantissimus) is becoming widely used in food as a condiment and herbal tea, nevertheless its chemical composition and potential bioactivities are largely unknown. Thus the objective of this work is to obtain a detailed phytochemical profile of T. fragrantissimus by exhaustive ethanolic extraction and by aqueous decoction mimicking its consumption. Extracts showed high content in rosmarinic acid, luteolin-O-hexuronide and eriodictyol-O-hexuronide; these were the main phenolic compounds present in orange thyme accounting for 85% of the total phenolic compounds. Orange thyme extracts presented high scavenging activity against nitric oxide and superoxide radicals. Both extracts presented significant inhibitory effect of tyrosinase activity and moderate anti-acetylcholinesterase activity. Both extracts showed a good in vitro anti-inflammatory activity and a weak anti-proliferative/cytotoxic activity against Caco-2 and HepG2 cell lines supporting its safe use. Orange thyme is a very good source of bioactive compounds with potential use in different food and nutraceutical industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélia M Silva
- Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA-ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.,Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Luís M Félix
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Isabel Teixeira
- Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA-ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Carlos Martins-Gomes
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.,Chemistry Research Center -Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Judith Schäfer
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.,CEB-Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Dario J Santos
- Department of Biology and Environment (DeBA-ECVA), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal.,Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mirko Bunzel
- Chemistry Research Center -Vila Real (CQ-VR), Food and Wine Chemistry Lab, UTAD, Quinta de Prados, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Fernando M Nunes
- Department of Food Chemistry and Phytochemistry - Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal Vila Real, Portugal
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22
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Chemical and Biological Profile and Allergenicity of Thymus baicalensis Plant of Mongolian Origin. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10121905. [PMID: 34943008 PMCID: PMC8750244 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus baicalensis is a medicinal plant recognized as a traditional Mongolian therapeutic and health-promoting food supplement. The aim of the study was to check the suitability of the tested plant for supporting the treatment of certain diseases. The following study is the first one to showcase the versatile scope of characteristics of T. baicalensis, including its volatile oil composition, polyphenolic composition, lipid composition, phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant activity, antimicrobial properties and ingestive allergenicity. Myrcene, at 26.15%, was shown to be the most abundant component of the volatile oil. Compounds known as inherent components of the Thymus genus: thymol and carvacrol made up only about 0.24% of the extracted oil. As much as 10.11 g kg−1 of polyphenol compounds were identified as derivatives of luteolin-7-O-glucuronide. The lipid extract was found to be rich in palmitic acid (31.05%), while unsaturated fatty acids were not reported. Spectrophotometric determination of the phenols and flavonoids indicated 7.541 mg of gallic acid g−1 and 4.345 mg of quercitin g−1, respectively. The free radical scavenging activity was determined by the 2,2-difenylo-1-pikrylohydrazyl method at IC50 = 206.97 µg mL−1. The extracts also had a strong inhibitory effect on M. flavus and P. fluorescenes bacteria, as well as S. cerevisiae yeasts. The Bet v 1 and profilin allergens in T. baicalensis were reported at 175.17 ng g−1 and 1.66 ng g−1, respectively.
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23
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Gonçalves S, Mansinhos I, Rodríguez-Solana R, Pereira-Caro G, Moreno-Rojas JM, Romano A. Impact of Metallic Nanoparticles on In Vitro Culture, Phenolic Profile and Biological Activity of Two Mediterranean Lamiaceae Species: Lavandula viridis L'Hér and Thymus lotocephalus G. López and R. Morales. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216427. [PMID: 34770836 PMCID: PMC8587770 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) recently emerged as new chemical elicitors acting as signaling agents affecting several processes in plant metabolism. The aim of this work was to investigate the impact of the addition of copper oxide (CuO), zinc oxide (ZnO) and iron oxide (Fe3O4) NPs (<100 nm) at different concentrations (1, 5 and 10 mg/L) to the culture media on several morphological, physiological and -biochemical parameters of in vitro shoot cultures of Lavandula viridis L’Hér and Thymus lotocephalus G. López and R. Morales (Lamiaceae), as well as on phenolic profile and bioactivity (antioxidant and enzyme inhibition capacities). Although some decreases in shoot number and length were observed in response to NPs, biomass production was not affected or was improved in both species. Most NPs treatments decreased total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and increased malondialdehyde levels, an indicator of lipid peroxidation, in both species. HPLC-HR-MS analysis led to the identification of thirteen and twelve phenolic compounds, respectively, in L. viridis and T. lotocephalus extracts, being rosmarinic acid the major compound found in all the extracts. ZnO and Fe3O4 NPs induced an increase in total phenolic and rosmarinic acid contents in T. lotocephalus extracts. Additionally, some NPs treatments also increased antioxidant activity in extracts from this species and the opposite was observed for L. viridis. The capacity of the extracts to inhibit tyrosinase, acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase enzymes was not considerably affected. Overall, NPs had a significant impact on different parameters of L. viridis and T. lotocephalus in vitro shoot cultures, although the results varied with the species and NPs type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra Gonçalves
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (I.M.); or (R.R.-S.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (A.R.); Tel.: +351-289800910 (A.R.)
| | - Inês Mansinhos
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (I.M.); or (R.R.-S.)
| | - Raquel Rodríguez-Solana
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (I.M.); or (R.R.-S.)
- Department of Food Science and Health, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Avenida Menendez-Pidal, SN, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (G.P.-C.); (J.M.M.-R.)
| | - Gema Pereira-Caro
- Department of Food Science and Health, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Avenida Menendez-Pidal, SN, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (G.P.-C.); (J.M.M.-R.)
| | - José Manuel Moreno-Rojas
- Department of Food Science and Health, Andalusian Institute of Agricultural and Fisheries Research and Training (IFAPA), Avenida Menendez-Pidal, SN, 14004 Córdoba, Spain; (G.P.-C.); (J.M.M.-R.)
| | - Anabela Romano
- MED-Mediterranean Institute for Agriculture, Environment and Development, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; (I.M.); or (R.R.-S.)
- Correspondence: (S.G.); (A.R.); Tel.: +351-289800910 (A.R.)
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24
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Joshi BC, Juyal V, Sah AN, Verma P, Mukhija M. Review On Documented Medicinal Plants Used For The Treatment Of Cancer. CURRENT TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/2215083807666211011125110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Background:
Cancer is a frightful disease and it is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Naturally derived compounds are gaining interest of research workers as they have less toxic side effects as compared to currently used treatments such as chemotherapy. Plants are the pool of chemical compounds which provides a promising future for research on cancer.
Objective:
This review paper provides updated information gathered on medicinal plants and isolated phytoconstituents used as anticancer agents and summarises the plant extracts and their isolated chemical constituents exhibiting anticancer potential on clinical trials.
Methods:
An extensive bibliographic investigation was carried out by analysing worldwide established scientific databases like SCOPUS, PUBMED, SCIELO, ScienceDirect, Springerlink, Web of Science, Wiley, SciFinder and Google Scholar etc. In next few decades, herbal medicine may become a new epoch of medical system.
Results:
Many researches are going on medicinal plants for the treatment of cancer but it is a time to increase further experimental studies on plant extracts and their chemical constituents to find out their mechanism of action at molecular level.
Conclusion:
The article may help many researchers to start off further experimentation that might lead to the drugs for the cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuwan Chandra Joshi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital-263136, India
| | - Vijay Juyal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital-263136, India
| | - Archana N. Sah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Technology, Kumaun University, Bhimtal Campus, Nainital-263136, India
| | - Piyush Verma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical science and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun-248001, India
| | - Minky Mukhija
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ch. Devi Lal College of Pharmacy, Buria Road, Bhagwangarh, Jagadhri-135003, India
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25
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Extraction Processes Affect the Composition and Bioavailability of Flavones from Lamiaceae Plants: A Comprehensive Review. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lamiaceae plants are a widespread family of herbaceous plants with around 245 plant genera and nearly 22,576 species distributed in the world. Some of the most representative and widely studied Lamiaceae plants belong to the Ocimum, Origanum, Salvia, and Thymus genera. These plants are a rich source of bioactive molecules such as terpenes, flavonoids, and phenolic acids. In this sense, there is a subgroup of flavonoids classified as flavones. Flavones have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and anti-diabetic potential; thus, efficient extraction techniques from their original plant matrixes have been developed. Currently, conventional extraction methods involving organic solvents are no longer recommended due to their environmental consequences, and new environmentally friendly techniques have been developed. Moreover, once extracted, the bioactivity of flavones is highly linked to their bioavailability, which is often neglected. This review aims to comprehensively gather recent information (2011–2021) regarding extraction techniques and their important relationship with the bioavailability of flavones from Lamiaceae plants including Salvia, Ocimum, Thymus, and Origanum.
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26
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Estaiano de Rezende RA, Soares MP, Sampaio FG, Cardoso IL, Ishikawa MM, Lima Dallago BS, Rantin FT, Teixeira Duarte MC. Phytobiotics blend as a dietary supplement for Nile tilapia health improvement. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:293-300. [PMID: 34004271 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Functional additives of natural origin included as dietary supplements have become an alternative to synthetic antibiotics to improve health and resistance to ecologically correct pathogenic diseases in fish farming. We tested whether incorporating a mixture of phytobiotics such as volatile oils of thyme, red thyme and pepper rosemary into the diet improves growth performance, oxidative stress, immune and hematological responses and resistance of juvenile Nile tilapia when subjected to a challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila compared to a synthetic antibiotic (enrofloxacin). The experimental design was completely randomized with three experimental groups: control diet, diets containing a mixture of thyme phytobiotic essential oils, red thyme and pepper rosemary (FTB) and the synthetic antibiotic enrofloxacin (ATB), with four replicates (14 fish per repetition/experimental unit). Plasma glucose levels, leukocyte respiratory activity, serum lysozyme levels, number of circulating erythrocytes and leukocytes, levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity at the end of 20 days of feeding (phase) were evaluated and 24 h after exposure to bacteria (phase II). The supplementation of FTB and ATB did not change the performance parameters, but it was sufficient to increase lysozyme, leukocytes, neutrophils and monocytes after the bacterial challenge, reduction of CAT and LPO activity and the highest GST activity (P < 0.05). The results of the present study suggest that FTB as a dietary supplement has benefits and can replace synthetic ATB, including supplementation with FTB for 20 days to provide greater antioxidant protection in Nile tilapia, mitigate the impacts of stressors and modulate immunity, providing to fish greater resistance and protection against diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Antunes Estaiano de Rezende
- Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA), Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Paulínia, SP, Brazil.
| | - Michelly Pereira Soares
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Fernanda Garcia Sampaio
- Embrapa Environment, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Rod. SP 340, Km 127,5, Caixa Postal 69, CEP: 13.918-110, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil.
| | - Israel Luz Cardoso
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Márcia Mayumi Ishikawa
- Embrapa Environment, Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation (EMBRAPA), Rod. SP 340, Km 127,5, Caixa Postal 69, CEP: 13.918-110, Jaguariúna, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruno Stéfano Lima Dallago
- Laboratory of Animal Welfare, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil.
| | - Francisco Tadeu Rantin
- Joint Graduate Program in Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos-UFSCar/São Paulo State University, UNESP Campus Araraquara, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marta Cristina Teixeira Duarte
- Chemical, Biological and Agricultural Pluridisciplinary Research Center (CPQBA), Campinas State University (UNICAMP), Paulínia, SP, Brazil.
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de Oliveira DM, Menezes DB, Andrade LR, Lima FDC, Hollanda L, Zielinska A, Sanchez-Lopez E, Souto EB, Severino P. Silver nanoparticles obtained from Brazilian pepper extracts with synergistic anti-microbial effect: production, characterization, hydrogel formulation, cell viability, and in vitro efficacy. Pharm Dev Technol 2021; 26:539-548. [PMID: 33685334 DOI: 10.1080/10837450.2021.1898634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant extracts is known as a green approach, as it does not require the use of high pressure, energy, high temperature, or toxic chemicals. The approach makes use of plant extracts in a process called bioreduction, which is mediated by enzymes, proteins, amino acids, and metabolites found in bark, seed, and leaf extracts, transforming silver ions into metallic silver. This work aimed at developing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Brazilian pepper, applying this green methodology. Hydroalcoholic extract of leaves of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi was prepared and its concentration of polyphenols, tannins, and saponins quantified. The produced nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TG), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and zeta potential (ZP). AgNPs were formulated in sodium alginate hydrogels to obtain a nano-based semi-solid formulation for skin application. The obtained silver nanoparticles of mean size between 350 and 450 nm showed no cytotoxicity against L929 mouse fibroblasts within the concentration range of 0.025 mg/mL and 10 mg/mL. Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi was found to enhance microbial inhibition against the tested strains, especially against gram-negative bacteria. Its potential use as an alternative to overcome bacterial resistance can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele M de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil.,Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Diego B Menezes
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil.,Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Lucas R Andrade
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil.,Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Felipe da C Lima
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil.,Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Luciana Hollanda
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil.,Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil
| | - Aleksandra Zielinska
- Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUC), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Elena Sanchez-Lopez
- Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUC), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Technology and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (IN2UB), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eliana B Souto
- Faculty of Pharmacy (FFUC), Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,CEB - Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Severino
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Nanomedicine (LNMED), Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Tiradentes University (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil.,Industrial Biotechnology Program, University of Tiradentes (UNIT), Aracaju, Brazil.,Tiradentes Institute, Dorchester, MA, USA.,Center for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women & Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
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28
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Hamurcu M, Khan MK, Pandey A, Ozdemir C, Avsaroglu ZZ, Elbasan F, Omay AH, Gezgin S. Nitric oxide regulates watermelon ( Citrullus lanatus) responses to drought stress. 3 Biotech 2020; 10:494. [PMID: 33134012 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02479-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of exogenous nitric oxide (NO) application in alleviating drought stress responses by enhancing the antioxidant activities in plants is well established for several species. However, none of the studies reported its role in protecting the watermelon genotypes from drought stress. In this study, we aimed to observe the effect of NO application on the physiological and biochemical responses of the two watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus) genotypes grown under drought stress conditions by treating the plants with 15% polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) and 100 µM sodium nitroprusside (SNP), which is a NO donor in Hoagland solution. Among the two genotypes, one genotype, KAR 98 was drought tolerant; while another, KAR 147 was drought sensitive. Drought stress showed a decrease in the growth parameters of both the genotypes; however, as expected it was higher in the susceptible genotype, KAR 147. NO application could not prevent the reductions in the growth parameters; however, it reduced the increment in malondialdehyde (MDA) content caused by the drought stress in both watermelon genotypes. Moreover, while drought stress condition reduced the ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), and peroxidase (POX) activities in both genotypes, NO + PEG application increased the APX activity in the tolerant genotype, KAR 98. Though the obtained results does not show the direct involvement of NO in increasing drought tolerance of watermelon plants, the increase in the APX antioxidant enzyme activity on NO application under drought stress confirmed its role in protecting the watermelon genotypes from the oxidative damage caused by the drought stress. Moreover, it can be concluded that the effect of NO application on watermelons' responses towards drought stress condition may vary according to the specific genotypes. As to date none of the studies reported the effect of NO application on the antioxidant activity of watermelon genotypes under drought stress, the present study may provide information about the mechanisms that can be focused to improve drought stress tolerance of watermelon genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Hamurcu
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42079 Konya, Turkey
| | - Mohd Kamran Khan
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42079 Konya, Turkey
| | - Anamika Pandey
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42079 Konya, Turkey
| | - Canan Ozdemir
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters, Celal Bayar University, Manisa, Turkey
| | - Zuhal Zeynep Avsaroglu
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42079 Konya, Turkey
| | - Fevzi Elbasan
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42079 Konya, Turkey
| | - Ayse Humeyra Omay
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42079 Konya, Turkey
| | - Sait Gezgin
- Department of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Selcuk University, 42079 Konya, Turkey
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29
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de Mendonça MAA, Ribeiro ARS, de Lima AK, Bezerra GB, Pinheiro MS, de Albuquerque-Júnior RLC, Gomes MZ, Padilha FF, Thomazzi SM, Novellino E, Santini A, Severino P, B. Souto E, Cardoso JC. Red Propolis and Its Dyslipidemic Regulator Formononetin: Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity and Gastroprotective Effects in Rat Model of Gastric Ulcer. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12102951. [PMID: 32993069 PMCID: PMC7600383 DOI: 10.3390/nu12102951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Propolis has various pharmacological properties of clinical interest, and is also considered a functional food. In particular, hydroalcoholic extracts of red propolis (HERP), together with its isoflavonoid formononetin, have recognized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, with known added value against dyslipidemia. In this study, we report the gastroprotective effects of HERP (50–500 mg/kg, p.o.) and formononetin (10 mg/kg, p.o.) in ethanol and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-induced models of rat ulcer. The volume, pH, and total acidity were the evaluated gastric secretion parameters using the pylorus ligature model, together with the assessment of gastric mucus contents. The anti-Helicobacter pylori activities of HERP were evaluated using the agar-well diffusion method. In our experiments, HERP (250 and 500 mg/kg) and formononetin (10 mg/kg) reduced (p < 0.001) total lesion areas in the ethanol-induced rat ulcer model, and reduced (p < 0.05) ulcer indices in the indomethacin-induced rat ulcer model. Administration of HERP and formononetin to pylorus ligature models significantly decreased (p < 0.01) gastric secretion volumes and increased (p < 0.05) mucus production. We have also shown the antioxidant and anti-Helicobacter pylori activities of HERP. The obtained results indicate that HERP and formononetin are gastroprotective in acute ulcer models, suggesting a prominent role of formononetin in the effects of HERP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcio A. A. de Mendonça
- University of Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju CEP 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil; (M.A.A.d.M.); (A.K.d.L.); (G.B.B.); (M.S.P.); (R.L.C.d.A.-J.); (M.Z.G.); (F.F.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Ana R. S. Ribeiro
- Departament of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, Cidade Universitária, São Cristóvão CEP 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil; (A.R.S.R.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Adriana K. de Lima
- University of Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju CEP 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil; (M.A.A.d.M.); (A.K.d.L.); (G.B.B.); (M.S.P.); (R.L.C.d.A.-J.); (M.Z.G.); (F.F.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Gislaine B. Bezerra
- University of Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju CEP 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil; (M.A.A.d.M.); (A.K.d.L.); (G.B.B.); (M.S.P.); (R.L.C.d.A.-J.); (M.Z.G.); (F.F.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Malone S. Pinheiro
- University of Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju CEP 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil; (M.A.A.d.M.); (A.K.d.L.); (G.B.B.); (M.S.P.); (R.L.C.d.A.-J.); (M.Z.G.); (F.F.P.); (P.S.)
| | - Ricardo L. C. de Albuquerque-Júnior
- University of Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju CEP 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil; (M.A.A.d.M.); (A.K.d.L.); (G.B.B.); (M.S.P.); (R.L.C.d.A.-J.); (M.Z.G.); (F.F.P.); (P.S.)
- Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju CEP 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Margarete Z. Gomes
- University of Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju CEP 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil; (M.A.A.d.M.); (A.K.d.L.); (G.B.B.); (M.S.P.); (R.L.C.d.A.-J.); (M.Z.G.); (F.F.P.); (P.S.)
- Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju CEP 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Francine F. Padilha
- University of Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju CEP 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil; (M.A.A.d.M.); (A.K.d.L.); (G.B.B.); (M.S.P.); (R.L.C.d.A.-J.); (M.Z.G.); (F.F.P.); (P.S.)
- Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju CEP 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Sara M. Thomazzi
- Departament of Physiology, Federal University of Sergipe, Av. Marechal Rondon, Cidade Universitária, São Cristóvão CEP 49100-000, Sergipe, Brazil; (A.R.S.R.); (S.M.T.)
| | - Ettore Novellino
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Antonello Santini
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Napoli Federico II, Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (E.B.S.); (J.C.C.); Tel.: +39-81-253-9317 (A.S.); +351-239-488-400 (E.B.S.); +55-79-3218-2190 (J.C.C.)
| | - Patricia Severino
- University of Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju CEP 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil; (M.A.A.d.M.); (A.K.d.L.); (G.B.B.); (M.S.P.); (R.L.C.d.A.-J.); (M.Z.G.); (F.F.P.); (P.S.)
- Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju CEP 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil
- Tiradentes Institute, 150 Mt Vernon St, Dorchester, MA 02125, USA
| | - Eliana B. Souto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Pólo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
- CEB—Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (E.B.S.); (J.C.C.); Tel.: +39-81-253-9317 (A.S.); +351-239-488-400 (E.B.S.); +55-79-3218-2190 (J.C.C.)
| | - Juliana C. Cardoso
- University of Tiradentes, Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju CEP 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil; (M.A.A.d.M.); (A.K.d.L.); (G.B.B.); (M.S.P.); (R.L.C.d.A.-J.); (M.Z.G.); (F.F.P.); (P.S.)
- Institute of Technology and Research (ITP), Av. Murilo Dantas, 300, Aracaju CEP 49032-490, Sergipe, Brazil
- Correspondence: (A.S.); (E.B.S.); (J.C.C.); Tel.: +39-81-253-9317 (A.S.); +351-239-488-400 (E.B.S.); +55-79-3218-2190 (J.C.C.)
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30
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Afonso AF, Pereira OR, Cardoso SM. Health-Promoting Effects of Thymus Phenolic-Rich Extracts: Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory and Antitumoral Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E814. [PMID: 32882987 PMCID: PMC7555682 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymus genus comprises numerous species that are particularly abundant in the West Mediterranean region. A growing body of evidence suggests that many of these species are a rich source of bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds such as rosmarinic acid, salvianolic acids and luteolin glycosides, able to render them potential applications in a range of industrial fields. This review collects the most relevant studies focused on the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer of phenolic-rich extracts from Thymus plants, highlighting correlations made by the authors with respect to the main phenolic players in such activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea F. Afonso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
- Public Health Laboratory of Bragança, Local Health Unit, Rua Eng. Adelino Amaro da Costa, 5300-146 Bragança, Portugal
| | - Olívia R. Pereira
- Centro de Investigação de Montanha (CIMO), Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Campus de Santa Apolónia, 5300-253 Bragança, Portugal;
| | - Susana M. Cardoso
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal;
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31
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Gd-Complex of a Rosmarinic Acid Conjugate as an Anti-Inflammatory Theranostic Agent via Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080744. [PMID: 32823673 PMCID: PMC7464237 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Rosmarinic acid (RosA), an important polyphenol, is known for its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. However, its application in theranostics has been rarely reported. Therefore, a new single-molecule anti-inflammatory theranostic compound containing RosA would be of great interest. A gadolinium (Gd) complex of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane-1,4,7-trisacetic acid (DO3A) and RosA (Gd(DO3A-RosA)(H2O)) was synthesized and examined for use as a single-molecule theranostic agent. Its kinetic stability is comparable to that of clinically used macrocyclic magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. In addition, its relaxivity is higher than that of structurally analogous Gd-BT-DO3A. This agent was evaluated for inflammatory targeting magnetic resonance contrast and showed strong and prolonged enhancement of imaging in inflamed tissues of mice. The theranostic agent also possesses antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, as evidenced by reactive oxygen species scavenging, superoxide dismutase activity, and inflammatory factors. The novel RosA-conjugated Gd complex is a promising theranostic agent for the imaging of inflamed tissues, as well as for the treatment of inflammation and oxidative stress.
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