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Sukmana BI, Saleh RO, Najim MA, AL-Ghamdi HS, Achmad H, Al-Hamdani MM, Taher AAY, Alsalamy A, Khaledi M, Javadi K. Oral microbiota and oral squamous cell carcinoma: a review of their relation and carcinogenic mechanisms. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1319777. [PMID: 38375155 PMCID: PMC10876296 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1319777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC) is the most common type of head and neck cancer worldwide. Emerging research suggests a strong association between OSCC and the oral microbiota, a diverse community of bacteria, fungi, viruses, and archaea. Pathogenic bacteria, in particular Porphyromonas gingivalis and Fusobacterium nucleatum, have been closely linked to OSCC. Moreover, certain oral fungi, such as Candida albicans, and viruses, like the human papillomavirus, have also been implicated in OSCC. Despite these findings, the precise mechanisms through which the oral microbiota influences OSCC development remain unclear and necessitate further research. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the oral microbiota and its relationship with OSCC and discusses potential carcinogenic pathways that the oral microbiota may activate or modulate are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raed Obaid Saleh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Techniques, Al-Maarif University College, Al-Anbar, Iraq
| | | | - Hasan S. AL-Ghamdi
- Internal Medicine Department, Division of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Albaha University, Albaha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Harun Achmad
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia (Lecture of Pediatric Dentistry), Makassar, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Ali Alsalamy
- College of Technical Engineering, Imam Ja’afar Al‐Sadiq University, Al‐Muthanna, Iraq
| | - Mansoor Khaledi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Kasra Javadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shahed University, Tehran, Iran
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Debta P, Swain SK, Sahu MC, Abuderman AA, Alzahrani KJ, Banjer HJ, Qureshi AA, Bakri MMH, Sarode GS, Patro S, Siddhartha S, Patil S. Evaluation of Candidiasis in Upper-Aerodigestive Squamous Cell Carcinoma Patients—A Clinico-Mycological Aspect. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19148510. [PMID: 35886361 PMCID: PMC9318475 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19148510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Candida is a commensal yeast. It can be infective when the host’s defense mechanism is weakened, as in the case of squamous cell carcinoma patients. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence and clinical mycological manifestation of candidiasis in 150 cancer cases comprised of preoperative and post-operative (with or without radiotherapy) upper aerodigestive squamous cell carcinoma. A total of 150 patients suffering from squamous cell carcinoma of the Upper Aero-Digestive Tract (UADT) were divided into preoperative (n = 48), post-operative without radiotherapy (n = 29) and post-operative with radiotherapy (n = 73). Samples were collected using cotton swabs and cultured. Candida species were identified according to color pigmentation on Candida Differential Agar (CDA) plate. The clinico-mycological association of patients was evaluated by the chi-square test, and 98 out of 150 patients showed the presence of various Candida species. The major species isolated was Candida albicans (53%), followed by Candida tropicalis (16%). There was a significant statistical difference between patients who showed mycological associations and patients who did not have any such association (p = 0.0008). The prevalence of oral candidiasis was found to be 65.33% among total cases of upper aero-digestive squamous cell carcinoma. Chronic erythematous cases of candidiasis were mainly seen in preoperative squamous cell carcinoma cases, whereas the acute erythematous type of candidiasis was mainly seen in post-operative cases who received radiotherapy. The clinicomycological assessment can help to correlate the signs and symptoms with the presence of candidiasis in upper aerodigestive squamous cell carcinoma patients. Meticulous testing and examination can help in the early detection of candidiasis. Future studies are needed to develop advance scientific preventive strategies for high-risk cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Debta
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Institute of Dental Sciences, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to Be University, K8, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India; or
| | - Santosh Kumar Swain
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, IMS and SUM Hospital, Siksha ‘O’ Anusandhan Deemed to Be University, K8, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India;
| | | | - Abdulwahab A. Abuderman
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Price Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 16278, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Khalid J. Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (K.J.A.); (H.J.B.)
| | - Hamsa Jameel Banjer
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia; (K.J.A.); (H.J.B.)
| | - Ahtesham Ahmad Qureshi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.Q.); (M.M.H.B.)
| | - Mohammed Mousa H. Bakri
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.Q.); (M.M.H.B.)
| | - Gargi S. Sarode
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India; or
| | - Sangram Patro
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar 751007, Odisha, India;
| | - Saswati Siddhartha
- Department of Oral Pathology & Microbiology, Hi-Tech Dental College and Hospital, Bhubaneswar 751007, Odisha, India;
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan 45412, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
- Correspondence:
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Sankari SL, Mahalakshmi K, Kumar VN. A comparative study of Candida species diversity among patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma and oral potentially malignant disorders. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:488. [PMID: 33081839 PMCID: PMC7576765 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-05336-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives To determine the prevalence of Candida species by PCR–RFLP method in the saliva of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC), oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD) and healthy cohorts. Unstimulated saliva was collected from patients with OSCC (n = 97), OPMD (n = 200), and healthy controls (n = 200). Candida species were isolated using the standard protocol. The isolates were identified using phenotypic and genotypic methods. The odds/risk ratio was calculated using Pearson’s Chi-square test. The significance of Candidal carriage was calculated by independent T-test. Results Oral Candidal carriage was 72.2%, 58% and 20.5% among patients with OSCC, OPMD, and healthy controls respectively. The oral Candidal carriage in OSCC and OPMD was highly significant (p = 0.0001). Non albicans Candida predominated over Candida albicans. Candida species were diverse among the study groups with a predominance of Candida krusei, Candida tropicalis, and Pichia anomala formerly Candida pelliculosa. P. anomala occurrence outnumbered in health. The odds/risk ratio for OSCC and OPMD were 4.25/11.87 and 3.52/6.99 respectively. A high prevalence of non albicans Candida was observed both in all the three groups (OSCC, OPMD and healthy controls). High odds and risk ratio associates Candida species to OSCC and OPMD. Candida famata may be associated with OSCC and OPMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sankar Leena Sankari
- Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600100, India
| | - Krishnan Mahalakshmi
- Department of Microbiology, Research Lab for Oral-systemic Health, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital, Bharath Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, 600100, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Venkatesan Naveen Kumar
- Research Lab for Oral-systemic Health, Sree Balaji Dental College and Hospital/ImmuGenix Biosciences Pvt Ltd, No 16/2 Nattal Garden 1st Street, Perambur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600011, India
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